Shaft E O Movimento Blaxploitation: a Emergência Do Protagonismo Negro Nos Anos Setenta

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Shaft E O Movimento Blaxploitation: a Emergência Do Protagonismo Negro Nos Anos Setenta SHAFT E O MOVIMENTO BLAXPLOITATION: A EMERGÊNCIA DO PROTAGONISMO NEGRO NOS ANOS SETENTA MICHELLE S. CAETANO1 Mestranda em História Social-UFRJ/PPGHIS [email protected] Resumo: Na presente pesquisa buscaremos refletir e analisar o gênero blaxploitation2, representante do cinema negro norte-americano na década de setenta, elegemos o filme Shaft (1971) como exemplar que reúne e incorpora as demandas e características desse movimento. Sendo assim, buscaremos identificar indícios que comprovam que o movimento Blaxploitation foi um marco na mudança da representação do negro no cinema norte-americano. Tentaremos identificar no filme eleito para essa pesquisa uma guinada positiva na representação dos personagens negros, redefinindo com uma nova perspectiva a maneira como os papéis passaram a ser apresentados ao público, demostrando que a partir dos filmes produzidos por esse ciclo cinematográfico a negritude passa a ser representada com proatividade, protagonismo e empoderamento. Para tanto, consultaremos além da fonte fílmica eleita privilegiada também fontes auxiliares, como entrevistas de realizadores do movimento, além de entrevistas dos envolvidos com a fonte fílmica em questão. Palavras-chave: Blaxploitation; cinema negro; Shaft Boa parte da produção empreitada pelo cinema mainstream ao longo do século 20 foi marcada por representações estereotipadas da figura do negro. Partindo da ideia de Gubernikoff (2009), que considera cultura imagética como um meio de intervenção ideológica, pode-se então argumentar que a construção social do negro, realizada por esse cinema tem como base aspectos e critérios pré-estabelecidos socialmente. Optando por uma representação submissa, indolente, malevolente, muitas vezes, com um teor selvagem, incapaz de controlar seus impulsos sexuais. Dessa forma, o cinema 1 Bolsista do Programa de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior – CAPES. 2 O gênero do cinema negro norte-americano blaxploitation, está situado na década de 70 e que emergiu nesse período com o intuito de produzir e direcionar filmes à comunidade afro-americana, sobretudo, urbana. Esses filmes também são denominados black action films. Esse termo também será usado para denominar o movimento. O movimento blaxploitation também é balizado por estudiosos do tema, entre eles, Todd Boyd, Mike J Koven e Donald Bogle como era, ciclo, estilo ou gênero, não há um consenso acerca da categorização do mesmo. Esses diferentes modos de localizá-lo serão úteis para o desenvolvimento desta pesquisa hegemônico reforçou a manutenção de forças opressivas que confere ao negro o status de inferioridade, nulificando-o como sujeito social e cerceando seu papel social como construtor da própria imagem. A obra mais emblemática, fundadora de diverso tipos pejorativo foi O Nascimento de uma Nação (1915), de acordo com Sims, o filme de D. W. Griffith, inaugurou o arquétipo do personagem mammy, estabelecendo parâmetros para um padrão de personagem totalmente estereotipado que se repetiu ao longo do século XX, tornando o personagem um tycasting3, o longa: [...] apresentou na tela a primeira representação negativa da mulher afro- americana, por ter uma atriz branca vestindo blackface, exagerando as característica afro-americanas, interpretando o que mais tarde ficou conhecido como a figura da mammy. [...] a representação caricatural dos afro-americanos estabeleceram as bases para a representação subsequentes de mulheres afro- americanas.4 (MEISS, 2005, p. 9-10). Essa espécie de apartheid de tipos negros associados ao negativos e tipos brancos associados a bondade e virtude vai perdurar por mais ou menos um século, culminando na luta pela participação plena dos negros na sociedade americana, ou seja, a luta pelos direitos civis nos anos sessenta. O cinema nao vai fugir desse entendimento de mundo nos EUA. Os filmes vão incorporar aspectos de distincão racial e elementos míticos, que segundo Vugmam: “[...] os elementos míticos criados pela sociedade norte-americana, são representativos dos puritanos, dos primeiros colonizadores”. (MASCARELLO, 2006, p. 162) 5 Ao mesmo tempo, no início do século 20, ja existia um cinema negro reagindo as representações pejorativas e preconceituosas. Os chamados race pictures nasceram ainda na década de vinte como resposta direta as produções como O Nascimento de uma Nação (1915). Os race pictures se “[...] empenhavam em representar os aspectos positivos do caráter e da vida nas comunidades a que pertencia” (ALMEIDA, 2012, p. 3 Tycasting são o conjunto de característica que formam determinados tipos de personagens. 4 SIMS, Yvonne D. From Headscarves to Afros: Redefining Africa-American femininity and empowerment in selected 1970s black action films. In: MEISS, Tait G. Ethnic Media in America: Taking Control. Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall Publishing, 2005, p.9-10. 5 VUGMAM, Fernando Simão. Western. In: MASCARELLO, Fernando, Org. História do Cinema Mundial. Campinas – SP: Ed. Papirus, 2006, Pg.162. 33). O maior representante dessses filmes é o cineasta negro Oscar Micheaux 6, no qual as produções como The Symbol of The Unconquered (1920), Within Our Gates (1920) e Body and Soul (1925), já apontavam para uma tentativa de representar a comunidade negra com uma agência política, integrados na sociedade. Da mesma forma, a obra The Notorious Elinor (1940) já indicava uma pretensa tentativa de combate a descriminação racial e a condição de marginalidade imposta aos negros. Oscar Micheaux foi pioneiro em vários aspectos e o conjunto da sua obra representa um legado importantíssimo para os estudos do cinema negro e História da comunidade negra americana. Ousado, à frente de seu tempo, Micheaux produziu obras transgressoras em um ambiente onde a segregação racial ditava os rumos da sociedade norte-americana. Os race pictures continuaram a ser produzidos, sevindo como base nos anos setenta ao gênero blaxpoitation. Sendo assim, o movimento cinematográfico blaxploitation, eclodiu na década de setenta e estava sincronizado com as demandas da contracultura e da luta pelos direitos civis, isto é, o gênero estava intimamente inserido em um contexto de extrema politização. O movimento, nasce inicialmente em Chicago, para suprir a demanda do público negro urbano que não se via representado nas telas de cinema. Os principais contribuintes para que o gênero ascendesse são os diretores (que também eram produtores e atores) Gordon Parks7, Melvin Van Peebles, e Larry Cohen, os filmes do movimento vão do gênero policial, ação, suspense, terror, entre outros. O movimento abarca de forma bem abrangente diversos gêneros cinematográficos com seus respectivos conjuntos de narrativas e temáticas, porém todos eles têm algo em comum: são filmes que procuram de alguma forma mostrar a saída da marginalidade e, ao mesmo tempo, a entrada para legitimidade, toda essa produção cinematográfica está buscando legitimar a participação da comunidade afro-americana nos anos da contracultura. Os filmes desse ciclo eram dirigidos geralmente por cineastas negros, protagonizados por atores/atrizes negros e a maioria do elenco também o era, pois tinha como finalidade atingir o público negro, 6 O cineasta Oscar Micheaux escreveu, produziu e dirigiu em torno de quarenta longas-metragens com a temática race pictures. Ele foi um dos maiores cineastas do cinema negro, sua obra representa um legado para o estudo dos race pictures. 7 Gordon Parks foi uma das grandes figuras do movimento blaxploitation, jornalista, músico, compositor, roteirista, diretor, ator e fotógrafo, contribuiu para enriquecer o movimento, é considerado pela comunidade afro-americana como um dos grandes ativistas da causa negra. Gordon Parks é diretor do filme Shaft. sobretudo, urbano. Pode-se dizer que o movimento blaxploitation possui um parentesco com a categoria de filmes chamados de race pictures, que nasce ainda na década de 1910, como resposta as representações raciais pejorativas efetuadas pelo cinema dominante. Mas agora esses filmes ganham força com a pluralidade das demandas da contracultura. O gênero blaxploitation deu então continuidade à luta por representação, também tentando criar ambientes e temáticas que reproduzissem relações de identidade e pertencimento da comunidade negra. O gênero projetou diretores como Melvin Van Peebles e Gordon Parks, que dirigiram os sucessos de bilheteria Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song (1971) e Shaft (1971), respectivamente. Os sindicatos de cinema norte-americanos em boa parte do século XX, dificultou e segregou a participação de pessoas negras em todas as etapas da produção cinematográfica, pautados no código Hays8, contudo, a conjuntura contextual das transformações políticas da década de setenta favoreceu iniciativas ousadas como a atitude audaciosa do então ator e diretor Melvin Van Peebles. Van Peebles no final dos anos sessenta insatisfeito com a censura e barreiras na produção dos filmes reuniu diversos profissionais que trabalhavam em sets de longa-metragem (inclusive de filmes pornôs), Peebles convocou vários profissionais negros para filmarem com liberdade de criação e sem os grilhões do código Hays, nascia o movimento blaxploitation. Gênero que expôs na tela do cinema a afirmação racial como um gesto político. Nas obras desse movimento, questões do cotidiano como participação social e política são elucidadas pela iniciativa dos próprios membros dessa comunidade, seja pela atitude proativa do protagonista, seja pela ação de qualquer outro personagem. Em vista disso, o presente projeto almeja compilar indícios que indiquem que os filmes do estilo blaxploitation
Recommended publications
  • Stirling Silliphant Papers, Ca
    http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf2f59n87r No online items Finding Aid for the Stirling Silliphant Papers, ca. 1950-ca. 1985 PASC.0134 Finding aid prepared by Processed by UCLA Library Special Collections staff; machine-readable finding aid created by D.MacGill UCLA Library Special Collections Room A1713, Charles E. Young Research Library Box 951575 Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1575 (310) 825-4988 [email protected] Online finding aid last updated 14 August 2017 Finding Aid for the Stirling PASC.0134 1 Silliphant Papers, ca. 1950-ca. 1985 PASC.0134 Title: Stirling Silliphant papers Identifier/Call Number: PASC.0134 Contributing Institution: UCLA Library Special Collections Language of Material: English Physical Description: 27.0 linear feet65 boxes. Date (inclusive): ca. 1950-ca. 1985 Language of Materials: Materials are in English. Physical Location: Stored off-site at SRLF. Advance notice is required for access to the collection. Please contact the UCLA Library Special Collections Reference Desk for paging information. Restrictions on Access COLLECTION STORED OFF-SITE AT SRLF: Open for research. Advance notice required for access. Contact the UCLA Library Special Collections Reference Desk for paging information. Restrictions on Use and Reproduction Property rights to the physical object belong to the UC Regents. Literary rights, including copyright, are retained by the creators and their heirs. It is the responsibility of the researcher to determine who holds the copyright and pursue the copyright owner or his or her heir for permission to publish where The UC Regents do not hold the copyright. Preferred Citation [Identification of item], Stirling Silliphant Papers (Collection Number PASC 134).
    [Show full text]
  • Baadassss Gangstas: the Parallel Influences, Characteristics and Criticisms of the Blaxploitation Cinema and Gangsta Rap Movements
    Baadassss Gangstas: The Parallel Influences, Characteristics and Criticisms of the Blaxploitation Cinema and Gangsta Rap Movements Dustin Engels Journal of Hip Hop Studies, Volume 1, Issue 1, Spring 2014, pp. 62 ‐ 80 BAADASSS GANGSTAS . Baadassss Gangstas: The Parallel Influences, Characteristics and Criticisms of the Blaxploitation Cinema and Gangsta Rap Movements Dustin Engels Abstract Serving as two of the most visible African American cultural movements, blaxploitation cinema and gangsta rap played essential roles in giving African American artists an outlet to establish a new black identity for mainstream audiences. After exploring the similarities between the cultural and economic conditions that spawned both movements, this essay examines the parallel techniques by which the preeminent entries in both genres established themselves as culturally relevant for African American audiences. These techniques included a reliance on place and space to establish authenticity, as well as employing African American myths and folklore such as the Signifying Monkey and the badman. By establishing themselves as mainstream representations of black identity, the harshest critics and staunchest defenders of both movements came from within the African American community, a clear indication of the important role each would play in establishing a new era of black representation in popular culture. In October 2012, New Orleans rapper Curren$y released a mixtape online for his fans entitled Priest Andretti. Taking its name from the main character of the 1972 blaxploitation film Super Fly, this fourteen-track mixtape frequently pays homage to the blaxploitation movement that occurred in the early 1970s by incorporating clips from Super Fly throughout, as well as including songs entitled “Max Julien” (star of the 1973 film The Mack) and “Cleopatra Jones” (title character of the 1973 film Cleopatra Jones).
    [Show full text]
  • Spectacle, Masculinity, and Music in Blaxploitation Cinema
    Spectacle, Masculinity, and Music in Blaxploitation Cinema Author Howell, Amanda Published 2005 Journal Title Screening the Past Copyright Statement © The Author(s) 2005. The attached file is posted here with permission of the copyright owner for your personal use only. No further distribution permitted. Please refer to the journal's website for access to the definitive, published version. Downloaded from http://hdl.handle.net/10072/4130 Link to published version http://www.latrobe.edu.au/screeningthepast/ Griffith Research Online https://research-repository.griffith.edu.au Spectacle, masculinity, and music in blaxploitation cinema Spectacle, masculinity, and music in blaxploitation cinema Amanda Howell "Blaxploitation" was a brief cycle of action films made specifically for black audiences in both the mainstream and independent sectors of the U.S. film industry during the early 1970s. Offering overblown fantasies of black power and heroism filmed on the sites of race rebellions of the late 1960s, blaxploitation films were objects of fierce debate among social leaders and commentators for the image of blackness they projected, in both its aesthetic character and its social and political utility. After some time spent as the "bad object" of African-American cinema history,[1] critical and theoretical interest in blaxploitation resurfaced in the 1990s, in part due to the way that its images-- and sounds--recirculated in contemporary film and music cultures. Since the early 1990s, a new generation of African-American filmmakers has focused
    [Show full text]
  • Dolemite Is My Name
    DOLEMITE IS MY NAME Written by Scott Alexander and Larry Karaszewski FINAL IN THE BLACK We hear Marvin Gaye's "What's Goin' On" playing softly. VOICE I ain't lying. People love me. INT. DOLPHIN'S - DAY CU of a beat-up record from the 1950s. On the paper cover is a VERY YOUNG Rudy, in a tuxedo. It says "Rudy Moore - BUGGY RIDE" RUDY You play this, folks gonna start hoppin' and squirmin', just like back in the day. A hand lifts the record up to the face of RUDY RAY MOORE, late '40s, black, sweet, determined. RUDY When I sang this on stage, I swear to God, people fainted! Ambulance man was picking them off the floor! When I had a gig, the promoter would warn the hospital: "Rudy's on tonight -- you're gonna be carrying bodies out of the motherfucking club!" We see that we are in a RADIO BOOTH. A sign blinks "On The Air." The DJ, ROJ, frowns at the record. ROJ "Buggy Ride"? RUDY Wasn't no small-time shit. ROJ GodDAMN, Rudy! That record's 1000 years old! I've got Marvin Gaye singin' "Let's Get It On"! I can't be playin' no "Buggy Ride." (beat) Look, I have 60 seconds. I have to cue the next tune. Hm! Rudy bites his lip and walks away. Roj tries to go back to his job. He reaches for a Sly Stone single -- when Rudy suddenly bounds back up. RUDY How about "Step It Up and Go"? That's a real catchy rhythm-and-blues number.
    [Show full text]
  • Thousands Surrender in Romania N
    Opposed Finalist _____________________ ~ . - ' ’ ¥ ' % Opposition vocal Bast tops Man^he^er , Cuban says Castto to phone tower/3 in Rotary Club Classic/13 consider^ attack/7 HflanrhpHtpr Irralb Friday, Dec. 29, 1989 Manchester, Conn. — A City of Village Charm Newsstand Price: 35 Cents Top Stories Manchester: . rj. i- .'IW P P l Thousands ’89 a year of growth surrender It was a year for compromise and conflict, for development booms and disappointed Democrats. As the decade came to a close, Manchester found itself transformed from a small town outside Hartford to a in Romania regional city, complete with a glut BUCHAREST, Romania (AP) — The ruling council has assumed of development in the North End Thousands of members of the sweeping powers, changed the and all of the infrastructure dreaded secret police have sur­ country’s name and ordered the problems that created. rendered or been captured in the Communist emblem removed from While the town generated week since Communist dictator the national flag, the state news hundreds of stories over the course Nicolac Ceauscscu was overthrown, agency reported today. of 1989, several stood out as among Romania’s revolutionary ruling The National Salvation Front took O -n the most important in terms of their council said today. power Dec. 22 in a popular uprising impact on our readers. The follow­ The prisoners include some backed by the army, and promised ing arc the top 10 local stories for generals and high-ranking officers free elections next year. 1989 as voted by the editors of the from the security force, known as On Thursday it reorganized its ^ m Manchester Herald.
    [Show full text]
  • Mayme A. Clayton Library & Museum Collection Contact the Archive Research & Study Center for More Information at Arsc@Uc
    Mayme A. Clayton Library & Museum Collection Contact the Archive Research & Study Center For more information at [email protected] TITLE EPISODE YEAR DIRECTOR INV # RUN FORMAT TYPE [1982 BACS Winners] M156084 0:56:19 3/4 IN. VIDEOCASSETTE 3-2-1 Contact Order/diorder 1980 T117086 0:31:02 3/4 IN. VIDEOCASSETTE A Conversation with nedra wheeler 1988 Thomas, Jerome M156080 0:28:00 3/4 IN. VIDEOCASSETTE A fond little memory 1991 Hooks, Rodney Allen M156083 0:10:07 3/4 IN. VIDEOCASSETTE A Little Off the mark 1985 Wheaton, Robert M155929 0:09:00 3/4 IN. VIDEOCASSETTE a moving experience Gamy L Tayor M143096 0:08:00 3/4 IN. VIDEOCASSETTE A Piece of the Action 1977 M155918 16 SAFETY A Rhapsody in blue Aubrey Scotto M145963 16 SAFETY A shade of orange 1992 Larry Madden M155903 8:28 3/4 IN. VIDEOCASSETTE A son of africa: the slave narrative of Olaudah equiano 1996 Alrick Riley M143186 28 min 1/2 IN. VHS VIDEOCASSETTE A time to be remembered (a juneteenth story) 1995 Hank Gray M156222 59:53:00 1/2 IN. VHS VIDEOCASSETTE a view from here 1991 Richard Adisa Jones M14318216 min 3 sec 3/4 IN. VIDEOCASSETTE A warm December 1972 m146143 16 SAFETY [Aerial shots of california] ; KTLA Presents Hell in the City of Angles ; Las Vegas M14311100:09:00 ; 00:25:00! 3/4 IN. VIDEOCASSETTE [Aerial shots of california] ; KTLA Presents Hell in the City of Angles ; [Las Vegas] M14311200:09:00 ; 00:25:00 3/4 IN. VIDEOCASSETTE african-american heroes of world war II: tuskegee fighter pilots and black war time1995 radio David Peters! Gary J Nelson M156232 46:05:00 1/2 IN.
    [Show full text]
  • The Parallel Influences, Characteristics and Criticisms of the Blaxploitation Cinema and Gangsta Rap Movements Dustin Engels
    Engels: Baadassss Gangstas: The Parallel Influences, Characteristics and JOURNAL OF HIP HOP STUDIES . Baadassss Gangstas: The Parallel Influences, Characteristics and Criticisms of the Blaxploitation Cinema and Gangsta Rap Movements Dustin Engels Abstract Serving as two of the most visible African American cultural movements, blaxploitation cinema and gangsta rap played essential roles in giving African American artists an outlet to establish a new black identity for mainstream audiences. After exploring the similarities between the cultural and economic conditions that spawned both movements, this essay examines the parallel techniques by which the preeminent entries in both genres established themselves as culturally relevant for African American audiences. These techniques included a reliance on place and space to establish authenticity, as well as employing African American myths and folklore such as the Signifying Monkey and the badman. By establishing themselves as mainstream representations of black identity, the harshest critics and staunchest defenders of both movements came from within the African American community, a clear indication of the important role each would play in establishing a new era of black representation in popular culture. In October 2012, New Orleans rapper Curren$y released a mixtape online for his fans entitled Priest Andretti. Taking its name from the main character of the 1972 blaxploitation film Super Fly, this fourteen-track mixtape frequently pays homage to the blaxploitation movement that occurred in the early 1970s by incorporating clips from Super Fly throughout, as well as including songs entitled “Max Julien” (star of the 1973 film The Mack) and “Cleopatra Jones” (title character of the 1973 film Cleopatra Jones).
    [Show full text]
  • A HISTORY of TWENTIETH CENTURY AFRICAN LITERATURE.Rtf
    A HISTORY OF TWENTIETH CENTURY AFRICAN LITERATURES Edited by Oyekan Owomoyela UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA PRESS © 1993 by the University of Nebraska Press All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America The paper in this book meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences— Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI 239.48-1984. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A History of twentieth-century African literatures / edited by Oyekan Owomoyela. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8032-3552-6 (alk. paper) — ISBN 0-8032-8604-x (pbk.: alk. paper) I. Owomoyela, Oyekan. PL80I0.H57 1993 809'8896—dc20 92-37874 CIP To the memory of John F. Povey Contents Acknowledgments ix Introduction I CHAPTER I English-Language Fiction from West Africa 9 Jonathan A. Peters CHAPTER 2 English-Language Fiction from East Africa 49 Arlene A. Elder CHAPTER 3 English-Language Fiction from South Africa 85 John F. Povey CHAPTER 4 English-Language Poetry 105 Thomas Knipp CHAPTER 5 English-Language Drama and Theater 138 J. Ndukaku Amankulor CHAPTER 6 French-Language Fiction 173 Servanne Woodward CHAPTER 7 French-Language Poetry 198 Edris Makward CHAPTER 8 French-Language Drama and Theater 227 Alain Ricard CHAPTER 9 Portuguese-Language Literature 240 Russell G. Hamilton -vii- CHAPTER 10 African-Language Literatures: Perspectives on Culture and Identity 285 Robert Cancel CHAPTER II African Women Writers: Toward a Literary History 311 Carole Boyce Davies and Elaine Savory Fido CHAPTER 12 The Question of Language in African Literatures 347 Oyekan Owomoyela CHAPTER 13 Publishing in Africa: The Crisis and the Challenge 369 Hans M.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter One Chapter
    Notes Chapter One 1. This narrative of events is taken from the official government report, as reported in the Ugandan newspaper The Monitor (18 January 2002, 13). 2. For good discussions of Kabila’s life and his early career as a rebel leader, see Kennes 1999 and Wilungula 1997. 3. Hall also notes that: “Precisely because identities are constructed within, not outside, discourse, we need to understand them as produced in specific historical and institutional sites within specific discursive formations and practices, by enunciative strategies. Moreover, they emerge within the play of specific modalities of power” (Hall 1996, 4). 4. My use of discourse and discourse analysis is drawn from the works of Michel Foucault, Jacques Derrida, Ernesto Laclau, and Chantal Mouffe, who accept that a discourse is a relational totality of signifying sequences that together constitute a more or less coherent framework for what can be said and done. 5. Enunciating this Gramscian interpretation, Stuart Hall argues: “It becomes the horizon of the taken-for-granted: what the world is and how it works, for all practical purposes. Ruling ideas may dominate other conceptions of the social world by setting the limit to what will appear as rational, reasonable, credible, indeed sayable or thinkable, within the given vocabularies of motive and action available to us” (Hall 1988, 44). Chapter Two 1. Mehmed Emin Pasha, a German explorer, was the governor of an Egyptian province in the Sudan, but had been cut off from contact with Europe by a Mahdist revolt. Stanley left from Zanzibar with over eight hundred men and, after months of forced march and hunger, found Emin Pasha.
    [Show full text]
  • The Assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and the Birth of Funk Culture
    Loyola University Chicago Loyola eCommons Dissertations Theses and Dissertations 2013 Funk My Soul: The Assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. And the Birth of Funk Culture Domenico Rocco Ferri Loyola University Chicago Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss Part of the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Ferri, Domenico Rocco, "Funk My Soul: The Assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. And the Birth of Funk Culture" (2013). Dissertations. 664. https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss/664 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. Copyright © 2013 Domenico Rocco Ferri LOYOLA UNIVERSITY CHICAGO FUNK MY SOUL: THE ASSASSINATION OF DR. MARTIN LUTHER KING JR. AND THE BIRTH OF FUNK CULTURE A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY PROGRAM IN HISTORY BY DOMENICO R. FERRI CHICAGO, IL AUGUST 2013 Copyright by Domenico R. Ferri, 2013 All rights reserved. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Painstakingly created over the course of several difficult and extraordinarily hectic years, this dissertation is the result of a sustained commitment to better grasping the cultural impact of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.’s life and death. That said, my ongoing appreciation for contemporary American music, film, and television served as an ideal starting point for evaluating Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • • Interview with Lorenzo Tucker. Remembering Dorothy Dandridge. • Vonetta Mcgee • the Blaxploitation Era • Paul Robeson •
    • Interview with Lorenzo Tucker. Remembering Dorothy Dandridge. • Vonetta McGee • The Blaxploitation Era • Paul Robeson •. m Vol. 4, No.2 Spring 1988 ,$2.50 Co-produced with the Black Film Institute of the University of the District of Columbia .,.... ~. .# • ...-. .~ , .' \ r . t .• ~ . ·'t I !JJIII JlIf8€ LA~ ~N / Ul/ll /lOr&£ LAlE 1\6fJt1~ I WIL/, ,.,Dr 8~ tATE /lfVll" I h/ILl kif /J£ tlf1E M/tl# / wlU ~t11' BE 1II~ fr4lt11 I k/Ilt- /V6f Ie tJ]1f. 1t6/tlfV _ I WILL No~ ~'% .,~. "o~ ~/~-_/~ This is the Spring 1988 issue of der which we mail the magazine, the Black Fzlm Review. You're getting it U.S. Postal Service will not forward co- ~~~~~ some time in mid 1988, which means pies, even ifyou've told them your new',: - we're almost on schedule. - address. You need to tell us as well, be- \ Thank you for keeping faith with cause the Postal Service charges us to tell us. We're going to do our best not to us where you've gone. be late. Ever again. Third: Why not buy a Black Fzlm Without your support, Black Fzlm Review T-shirt? They're only $8. They Review could not have evolved from a come in black or dark blue, with the two-page photocopied newsletter into logo in white lettering. We've got lots the glossy magazine it is today. We need of them, in small, medium, large, and your continued support. extra-large sizes. First: You can tell ifyour subscrip­ And, finally, why not make a con­ tion is about to lapse by comparing the tribution to Sojourner Productions, Inc., last line of your mailing label with the the non-profit, tax-exempt corporation issue date on the front cover.
    [Show full text]
  • The Myth of the Black Male Beast in Postclassical American Cinema: ‘Forging’ Stereoytpes and Discovering Black Masculinities
    THE MYTH OF THE BLACK MALE BEAST IN POSTCLASSICAL AMERICAN CINEMA: ‘FORGING’ STEREOYTPES AND DISCOVERING BLACK MASCULINITIES BY MARTIN LUTHER PATRICK A thesis submitted to The University of Birmingham For the degree of M.Phil Department of American and Canadian Studies The University of Birmingham September 2009 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. Full name (surname first): Patrick, Martin Luther School/Department: Historical Studies/American and Canadian Studies Full title of thesis/dissertation: The myth of the Black male beast in postclassical American Cinema: ‘Forging’ stereotypes and discovering Black masculinities Degree: M.Phil. Date of submission: September 2009 Date of award of degree : December 2009 Abstract : The thesis examines how postclassical American film invent s Black male characters. It uses Levi-St rauss and B arthes’ methods of analyzing myth and critiques heg emonic authorship throug h Jung ’s work on archetypes in the collective unconscious and the ‘shadow’. Using Othello as a prototype character, I examine how he became an archetype that manifests two perceptions of B lack characters in the collective unconscious.
    [Show full text]