DOCSLIB.ORG

A Study of Interacting Multi-Scale Wind Systems, Canterbury Plains, New Zealand

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Study of Interacting Multi-Scale Wind Systems, Canterbury Plains, New Zealand Meteorol. Atmos. Phys. 35,242-252 (1986) Meteoroloe E and Atmospheric Physics 9 by Springer-Verlag 1986 551.553 Department of Geography, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand A Study of Interacting Multi-Scale Wind Systems, Canterbury Plains, New Zealand I. G. McKendry, A. P, Sturman, and I. F. Owens With 11 Figures Received March 28, 1986 Revised May 19, 1986 Summary Zusammenfassung The wind regime of the Canterbury region, New Zealand, Eine Studie zusammenwirkender Windsysteme ver- is composed of several interacting multi-scale wind schiedener Gr6t~enordnungen, Canterbury Plains, systems all of which show strong diurnal periodicity. Neuseeland The dynamic orographic effect of the Southern Alps Das Windregime des Gebiets yon Canterbury, Neuseeland, on the prevailing westerly flow results in perturbations setzt sich aus verschiedenen zusammenwirkenden Wind- to the pressure field and localized antitriptic airflow. systemen verschiedener Gr6genordnungen zusammen, Superimposed on this larger scale process are thermo- die alle einen starken Tagesgang aufweisen. Der dyna- topographic effects resulting from both regional and misch-orographische Effekt der neuseel~indischen Alpen local land-sea thermal contrasts and slope heating. auf die vorherrschende Weststr6mung fahrt zu St6rungen These processes a c t within an hierarchy of scales to im Druckfeld und lokalen Luftbewegungen im Lee. produce a complex Wind regime characterized by marked Diesem groisrfiumigen Prozet~ sind thermisch-topo- temporal variability, a layered vertical structure and the graphische Effekte t~berlagert, die sowohl durch regionale frequent occurrence of convergence lines and shear als auch lokale thermische Unterschiede zwischen Land zones. The synergistic nature of the forcing mechanisms und Meer und die Erw~irmung der Hangregion hervor- and the tendency for nocturnal decoupling of the gerufen werden. Die Vorgfinge spielen sich in einer boundary layer due to stability variations makes it Hierarchie yon Gr6t~enordnungen ab. Sie erzeugen ein difficult to differentiate and label discrete wind com- kompliziertes Windsystem, das durch hohe zeitliche ponents. Variabilit~it, eine schichtweise thermische Struktur und Attempts to simulate this regime using the Colorado hfiufige Konvergenz- und Scherungszonen gekennzeich- State University mesoscale model showed that the model net ist. Die synergetische Natur der Antriebe und die was unable to adequately resolve both the dynamic Tendenz zum n~ichtlichen Entkoppeln der planetaren orographic effect and the local thermotopographic Grenzschicht aufgrund von Stabilit~itsschwankungen effect because of their differing scales of influence. macht es schwer, die einzelnen Windkomponenten zu These results suggest that a more holistic approach trennen und zuzuordnen. to both empirical and theoretical studies in such en- Die Versuche, dieses Regime mit Hilfe des Mesosca!e- vironments is reqfiired if more accurate wind field Modells der Colorado State University zu simulieren, forecasting is to be achieved. zeigten, daiS es aufgrund der verschiedenen Gr61~enord- A Study of Interacting Multi-Scale Wind System 243 nungen des Einflusses nicht geeignet war, gleichzeitig Such studies are useful in isolating and ex- den dynamisch-orographischen und den thermo-topo- amining components of airflow regimes, but are graphischen Effekt zu reproduzieren. Diese Ergebnisse unable to explain anomalous features which legen sowohl ftir empirische wie ftir theoretische Unter- result from interacting forcing functions. suchungen einen holistischeren Ansatz nahe, um eine There are several types of forcing function genauere Prognose des Windfeldes zu ermoglichen. influencing airflow at the scales examined here. Firstly, there is the synoptic scale airflow which may be modified by topography. Secondly, 1. Introduction there is the orographic effect of mountain barriers producing pressure field perturbations The study of regional and local airflow patterns as well as airflow modification. The orographic has gained increasing popularity for both applied effect is both mechanical and thermodynamic. and theoretical reasons. "Local" is used here to Thirdly, there are thermotopographic effects represent a characteristic horizontal distance of which may operate at different scales. For approximately 10-100 km, "regional" 100- example, slope winds develop due to slope 500 km and "synoptic" 500-5000 km (similar heating and cooling, while land and sea breezes to Barry and Perry 1973). From the applied result from differential heating and cooling of point of view, an understanding of airflow at land and sea surfaces. such scales is seen as important in atmospheric This paper aims to: dispersion studies, where concern is being 1) Show the importance of taking an holistic broadened from a focus on single stack and view in examining regional and local airflow city-wide pollution to regional diffusion (for regimes and the factors that influence them. example, of radioactive material). It is also Such a view is particularly important for ac- apparent that many of the models used to curate wind field forecasting. predict pollution concentrations are wildly 2) Examine and explain apparent differences inaccurate in areas dominated by complex local between observation and classical ideas of such airflow regimes (Misra and McMillan 1980; airflow regimes in light of both field research McRae et al. 1981; Sturman 1985). These and numerical modelling. regimes have an impact on many other aspects 3) Provide a basis for more detailed analysis of mankind's activities, including aerial crop of specific aspects of local and regional airflow spraying, insect dispersion, civil aviation, severe patterns, with the ultimate objective of improv- storm development, and recreation. However, ing knowledge of the physical processes involved until recently most research of regional and local and subsequently our forecasting ability. airflow has concentrated on individual com- Previous studies (McKendry 1983; Ryan 1980; ponents, such as land and sea breezes or moun- Sturman and McKendry 1984; Sturman and tain and valley winds, without examining the Tyson 1981) suggest that the Canterbury way in which components of differing strength Plains is an ideal location for investigating the and scale interact (Clements and Nappo 1983; effect of processes acting at different scales Gutman 1983; Keen and Lyons 1983; Manins on wind regimes. and Sawford 1979; Simpson et al. 1977). A change in approach appears to have been stimu- lated by the development and application of mesoscale atmospheric circulation models. Given 2. Regional Airflow Background sufficient computing power, such models should allow the simulation of airflow over a region Airflow over the South Island of New Zealand influenced by a range of processes operating at is dominated at the synoptic scale by the inter- differing scales (Fosberg et al. 1976 ;Pielke 1984; action of high alpine topography (frequently Schlunzen and Schatzmann 1984). However, exceeding 3000 m in altitude) with the strong most simulations to date have concentrated on westerlies of this latitude zone. These westerlies the study of particular processes (Huss and lie between the band of slow-moving sub-tropical Feliks 1981; Physik 1976, 1980; Pielke 1974). anticyclones to the north and cyclonic dis- 244 I.G. McKendry et al. turbances which move more quickly from west such as the Rockies and Southern Andes. The to east over the ocean between New Zealand classic perturbation of the surface pressure field and Antarctica (Maunder 1971; Sturman et al. occurs with the development of high pressure to 1984). In spite of the strength and persistence of windward and low pressure to the lee (de Lisle westerly flow in this region, the surface wind 1969; Hill 1979; Smith 1982). However, in con- field illustrates clearly the extent of topographic trast to basic theory, the sub-synoptic scale flow produces a cross-isobaric wind normal to the orographic barrier, rather than curved flow following the distorted isobars. Thus the airflow at this scale conforms to Le Chatellier's principle which recognizes that because of inherent inertia in the strong westerly current, the wind is unable to adapt to the new pressure pattern Hokitiko -42"$ /[]]'.ii;i}ii. i ]]]]i[i~e~ll ingi~ generated by the mountains. The airflow pattern created through oro- 4;11;? graphic deformation is three dimensionally more complex than the present instrumental networks allows us to observe in detail. However, it is apparent from available data that there are both upstream and downstream effects. It is clear, for example, that westerlies arriving on the upstream side of the barrier anticipate the ob- struction and may start to rise up to perhaps 100 km before reaching the mountains (Neale and Thompson 1978). A region of slack air may Fig. I. Map of the South Island, New Zealand, showing be trapped immediately upwind of the moun- topography, surface wind roses(after Tomlinson 1976) tains or flow parallel to the alpine axis (Fig. 2). and places named in the text That which flows parallel to the mountains may travel around the ends of the barrier. This splitting of the lower layers of the air current modification (Fig. 1). Major surface wind has also been noted on the windward side of the directions either side of the Southern Alps show European Alps (Pierrehumbert and Wyman a northwest-northeast orientation, parallel to 1985). The airflow around the northern end is the mountain axis. It is apparent from
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Soaring Weather
    Chapter 16 SOARING WEATHER While horse racing may be the "Sport of Kings," of the craft depends on the weather and the skill soaring may be considered the "King of Sports." of the pilot. Forward thrust comes from gliding Soaring bears the relationship to flying that sailing downward relative to the air the same as thrust bears to power boating. Soaring has made notable is developed in a power-off glide by a conven­ contributions to meteorology. For example, soar­ tional aircraft. Therefore, to gain or maintain ing pilots have probed thunderstorms and moun­ altitude, the soaring pilot must rely on upward tain waves with findings that have made flying motion of the air. safer for all pilots. However, soaring is primarily To a sailplane pilot, "lift" means the rate of recreational. climb he can achieve in an up-current, while "sink" A sailplane must have auxiliary power to be­ denotes his rate of descent in a downdraft or in come airborne such as a winch, a ground tow, or neutral air. "Zero sink" means that upward cur­ a tow by a powered aircraft. Once the sailcraft is rents are just strong enough to enable him to hold airborne and the tow cable released, performance altitude but not to climb. Sailplanes are highly 171 r efficient machines; a sink rate of a mere 2 feet per second. There is no point in trying to soar until second provides an airspeed of about 40 knots, and weather conditions favor vertical speeds greater a sink rate of 6 feet per second gives an airspeed than the minimum sink rate of the aircraft.
    [Show full text]
  • Climatology of Alpine North Foehn
    Scientific Report MeteoSwiss No. 100 Climatology of Alpine north foehn Cecilia Cetti, Matteo Buzzi and Michael Sprenger ISSN: 1422-1381 Scientific Report MeteoSwiss No. 100 Climatology of Alpine north foehn Cecilia Cetti, Matteo Buzzi and Michael Sprenger Recommended citation: Cetti C., Buzzi B. and Sprenger M.: 2015, Climatology of Alpine north foehn, Scientific Report Me- teoSwiss, 100, 76 pp. Editor: Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology, MeteoSwiss, © 2015 MeteoSwiss Operation Center 1 CH-8058 Zürich-Flughafen T +41 58 460 91 11 www.meteoswiss.ch Climatology of Alpine north foehn 5 Abstract The foehn wind occurs in the presence of a strong synoptic-scale flow that develops across mountain ranges, such as the Alps. These particular wind events strongly influence air quality, air temperature and humidity. The characteristics of foehn are highly dependent on local topography, which makes it hard to predict. Accurate forecasts of foehn are very important to be predictet, so that the population and the infrastructure of a certain area can be protected in case severe windstorms develop. Although it might be generally thought that this phenomena is fully understood and classified, there are still many unknown aspects, especially concerning the foehn in the southern part of the Alps, called "north foehn". Nowadays, there is a lack of climatological studies on the north foehn that could help improve forecasts and warnings. Therefore, it is of extreme interest to expand the research about the climatology of the north foehn to the south Alpine region, especially in the canton of Ticino and the four south valleys of the canton of Grisons.
    [Show full text]
  • Characteristics and Evolution of Diurnal Foehn Events in the Dead Sea Valley
    Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 18169–18186, 2018 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-18169-2018 © Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Characteristics and evolution of diurnal foehn events in the Dead Sea valley Jutta Vüllers1, Georg J. Mayr2, Ulrich Corsmeier1, and Christoph Kottmeier1 1Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany 2Department of Atmospheric and Cryospheric Sciences, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52f, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria Correspondence: Jutta Vüllers ([email protected]) Received: 18 May 2018 – Discussion started: 9 August 2018 Revised: 7 November 2018 – Accepted: 5 December 2018 – Published: 21 December 2018 Abstract. This paper investigates frequently occurring foehn 1 Introduction in the Dead Sea valley. For the first time, sophisticated, high- resolution measurements were performed to investigate the In mountainous terrain the atmospheric boundary layer, and horizontal and vertical flow field. In up to 72 % of the days thus the living conditions in these regions, are governed by in summer, foehn was observed at the eastern slope of the processes of different scales. Under fair weather conditions, Judean Mountains around sunset. Furthermore, the results the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) in a valley is often also revealed that in approximately 10 % of the cases the decoupled from the large-scale flow by a strong tempera- foehn detached from the slope and only affected elevated ture inversion (Whiteman, 2000). In this case mainly local layers of the valley atmosphere. Lidar measurements showed convection and thermally driven wind systems, which are that there are two main types of foehn.
    [Show full text]
  • Impact of Foehn Wind and Related Environmental Variables on the Incidence of Cardiac Events
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Article Impact of Foehn Wind and Related Environmental Variables on the Incidence of Cardiac Events Andrzej Maciejczak 1,2 , Agnieszka Guzik 3,* , And˙zelinaWolan-Nieroda 3, Marzena Wójcik 3 and Teresa Pop 3 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Saint-Luke Hospital, 33-100 Tarnów, Poland; [email protected] 2 Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical College, University of Rzeszów, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland 3 Institute of Health Sciences, Medical College, University of Rzeszów, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland; [email protected] (A.W.-N.); [email protected] (M.W.); [email protected] (T.P.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +48-17-872-1153; Fax: +48-17-872-19-30 Received: 23 February 2020; Accepted: 10 April 2020; Published: 12 April 2020 Abstract: In Poland there is no data related to the impact of halny wind and the related environmental variables on the incidence of cardiac events. We decided to investigate the relationship between this weather phenomenon, as well as the related environmental variables, and the incidence of cardiac events in the population of southern Poland, a region affected by this type of wind. We also decided to determine whether the environmental changes coincide with or predate the event examined. We analysed data related to 465 patients admitted to the cardiology ward in a large regional hospital during twelve months of 2011 due to acute myocardial infarction. All the patients in the study group lived in areas affected by halny wind and at the time of the event were staying in those areas. The frequency of admissions on halny days did not differ significantly from the admissions on the remaining days of the year (p = 0.496).
    [Show full text]
  • State of the Climate in 2015
    STATE OF THE CLIMATE IN 2015 Special Supplement to the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society Vol. 97, No. 8, August 2016 STATE OF THE CLIMATE IN 2015 Editors Jessica Blunden Derek S. Arndt Chapter Editors Howard J. Diamond Jeremy T. Mathis Jacqueline A. Richter-Menge A. Johannes Dolman Ademe Mekonnen Ahira Sánchez-Lugo Robert J. H. Dunn A. Rost Parsons Carl J. Schreck III Dale F. Hurst James A. Renwick Sharon Stammerjohn Gregory C. Johnson Kate M. Willett Technical Editors Kristin Gilbert Tom Maycock Susan Osborne Mara Sprain AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY COVER CREDITS: FRONT: Reproduced by courtesy of Jillian Pelto Art/University of Maine Alumnus, Studio Art and Earth Science — Landscape of Change © 2015 by the artist. BACK: Reproduced by courtesy of Jillian Pelto Art/University of Maine Alumnus, Studio Art and Earth Science — Salmon Population Decline © 2015 by the artist. Landscape of Change uses data about sea level rise, glacier volume decline, increasing global temperatures, and the increas- ing use of fossil fuels. These data lines compose a landscape shaped by the changing climate, a world in which we are now living. (Data sources available at www.jillpelto.com/landscape-of-change; 2015.) Salmon Population Decline uses population data about the Coho species in the Puget Sound, Washington. Seeing the rivers and reservoirs in western Washington looking so barren was frightening; the snowpack in the mountains and on the glaciers supplies a lot of the water for this region, and the additional lack of precipitation has greatly depleted the state’s hydrosphere. Consequently, the water level in the rivers the salmon spawn in is very low, and not cold enough for them.
    [Show full text]
  • Downloaded 10/05/21 03:15 PM UTC 20.2 METEOROLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 59
    CHAPTER 20 S M I T H 20.1 Chapter 20 100 Years of Progress on Mountain Meteorology Research RONALD B. SMITH Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut ABSTRACT Mountains significantly influence weather and climate on Earth, including disturbed surface winds; altered distribution of precipitation; gravity waves reaching the upper atmosphere; and modified global patterns of storms, fronts, jet streams, and climate. All of these impacts arise because Earth’s mountains penetrate deeply into the atmosphere. This penetration can be quantified by comparing mountain heights to several atmo- spheric reference heights such as density scale height, water vapor scale height, airflow blocking height, and the height of natural atmospheric layers. The geometry of Earth’s terrain can be analyzed quantitatively using statistical, matrix, and spectral methods. In this review, we summarize how our understanding of orographic effects has progressed over 100 years using the equations for atmospheric dynamics and thermodynamics, numerical modeling, and many clever in situ and remote sensing methods. We explore how mountains disturb the surface winds on our planet, including mountaintop winds, severe downslope winds, barrier jets, gap jets, wakes, thermally generated winds, and cold pools. We consider the variety of physical mechanisms by which mountains modify precipitation patterns in different climate zones. We discuss the vertical propagation of mountain waves through the troposphere into the stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere. Finally, we look at how mountains distort the global-scale westerly winds that circle the poles and how varying ice sheets and mountain uplift and erosion over geologic time may have contributed to climate change. 1. Introduction to the field of mountain The influence of mountains on weather has been dis- meteorology cussed for at least 2000 years.
    [Show full text]
  • Current Challenges in Orographic Flow Dynamics: Turbulent Exchange Due to Low-Level Gravity-Wave Processes
    atmosphere Review Current Challenges in Orographic Flow Dynamics: Turbulent Exchange Due to Low-Level Gravity-Wave Processes Simon B. Vosper 1,*, Andrew N. Ross 2 , Ian A. Renfrew 3 , Peter Sheridan 1, Andrew D. Elvidge 3 and Vanda Grubiši´c 4 1 Met Office, Exeter EX1 3PB, UK; peter.sheridan@metoffice.gov.uk 2 School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; [email protected] 3 School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK; [email protected] (I.A.R.); [email protected] (A.D.E.) 4 National Center for Atmospheric Research, Earth Observing Laboratory, Boulder, CO 80307-3000, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: simon.vosper@metoffice.gov.uk Received: 30 April 2018; Accepted: 13 September 2018; Published: 18 September 2018 Abstract: This paper examines current understanding of the influence of orographic flow dynamics on the turbulent transport of momentum and scalar quantities above complex terrain. It highlights three key low-level orographic flow phenomena governed by gravity-wave dynamics: Foehn flow, atmospheric rotors and gravity-wave modulation of the stable boundary layer. Recent observations and numerical simulations are used to illustrate how these flows can cause significant departures from the turbulent fluxes, which occur over flat terrain. Orographically forced fluxes of heat, moisture and chemical constituents are currently unaccounted for in numerical models. Moreover, whilst turbulent orographic drag parameterisation schemes are available (in some models), these do not represent the large gravity-wave scales associated with foehn dynamics; nor do they account for the spatio-temporal heterogeneity and non-local turbulence advection observed in wave-rotor dynamics or the gravity waves, which modulate turbulence in the boundary layer.
    [Show full text]
  • Characteristics and Evolution of Diurnal Foehn Events in the Dead Sea Valley Jutta Vüllers1, Georg J
    Characteristics and evolution of diurnal foehn events in the Dead Sea valley Jutta Vüllers1, Georg J. Mayr2, Ulrich Corsmeier1, and Christoph Kottmeier1 1Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), POB 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany 2Department of Atmospheric and Cryospheric Sciences University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52f, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria Correspondence to: J. Vüllers ([email protected]) Abstract. This paper investigates frequently occurring foehn in the Dead Sea valley. For the first time, sophisticated, high- resolution measurements were performed to investigate the horizontal and vertical flow field. In up to 72 % of the days in summer, foehn was observed at the eastern slope of the Judean Mountains around sunset. Furthermore, the results also revealed that in approximately 10 % of the cases the foehn detached from the slope and only effected elevated layers of the valley 5 atmosphere. Lidar measurements showed that there are two main types of foehn. Type I has a duration of approximately 2-3 h and a mean maximum velocity of 5.5 m s−1 and does not propagate far into the valley, whereas type II affects the whole valley, as it propagates across the valley to the eastern side. Type II reaches mean maximum wind velocities of 11 m s−1 and has a duration of about 4-5 h. A case study of a type II foehn shows that foehn is initiated by the horizontal temperature gradient across the mountain range. In the investigated case this was caused by an amplified heating and delayed cooling of the valley 10 boundary layer in the afternoon, compared to the upstream boundary layer over the mountain ridge.
    [Show full text]
  • Local Climate Processes in the Illawarra
    University of Wollongong Research Online Wollongong Studies in Geography Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences & Humanities 1982 Local climate processes in the Illawarra Edward A. Bryant University of Wollongong, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://ro.uow.edu.au/wollgeo Recommended Citation Bryant, Edward A., "Local climate processes in the Illawarra" (1982). Wollongong Studies in Geography. 11. https://ro.uow.edu.au/wollgeo/11 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: [email protected] Local climate processes in the Illawarra Abstract the climate of the Illawarra apart from that found in Sydney or on the far south coast. Global air circulation Is generated by the necessity to balance the heat surplus at the equator with the deficit at the poles caused by the differential heating effect of the sun with latitude. Superimposed on this general circulation are secondary circulation effects such as high and low pressure cells, cyclones, and fronts. These effects are generated by regional heating or cooling effects over land and water and are controlled in position seasonally by the apparent migration of the sun. On a local scale, air circulation patterns can be generated by differential heating and cooling caused by topographic effects such as mountains, valleys, landsea boundaries and the works of man. Local climatic processes in the lIIawarra can be discussed under 5 headings as follows: 1. Sea breezes 2. Gravity or katabatic winds 3. Slope or anabatic winds 4. Foehn winds 5. Industrialization effects Publication Details This report was originally published as Bryant, EA, Local climatic processes in the Illawarra region, Wollongong Studies in Geography No.11, Department of Geography, University of Wollongong, 1980, 4p.
    [Show full text]
  • Bora Wind in Slovenia
    Bora wind in Slovenia Maruˇska Mole Supervisors: Prof. Dr. Samo Staniˇc,Asst. Prof. Dr. Klemen Bergant Graduate Physics Seminar University of Nova Gorica Abstract A phenomenon of strong, gusty, downslope wind, where the cold air flowing over an orographic barrier sinks and accelerates as it encounters warm air at the lee side is generally referred to as Bora wind. The seminar provides an overview of Bora wind effects, synoptic situations that lead to its occurrence, classification of Bora wind events and mathematical formalism of airmass motion needed for its analytic description. In its second part, we focus on experimental devices and techniques applicable to the wind field measurements, in particular in-situ measurements using anemometers and remote sensing measurements using lidars. In its final part we present a case study of Bora wind events in Vipava valley in period from January to April 2012, its preliminary results and the prospect for future research. 1 Contents 1 Bora wind in Slovenia 3 1.1 Analysis and measurements of Bora wind in Slovenia . 4 1.1.1 Classification of Bora wind events . 4 1.1.2 Wind gusts . 7 1.1.3 Wind direction . 7 2 Downslope winds 8 2.1 Atmospheric stability . 8 2.2 Description of airmass motion . 9 2.3 Analytic solution of the basic set of equations . 12 3 Measurements of wind speed and direction 16 3.1 In-situ measurements . 16 3.2 Remote sensing . 18 3.2.1 Lidar measurements . 19 3.2.2 Satellite-based wind field measurements . 24 4 Characterization of Bora wind in the Vipava valley 26 5 Conclusions 32 6 Acknowledgments 32 2 1 Bora wind in Slovenia Bora wind is a phenomenon well known in south-west (SW) part of Slovenia as well as along the Croatian coast line, where it reaches its peak magnitudes around the town of Senj (Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • 8.3 Foehn Winds in the Mcmurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica
    8.3 FOEHN WINDS IN THE MCMURDO DRY VALLEYS OF ANTARCTICA Daniel F. Steinhoff1*, David H. Bromwich1, Johanna C. Speirs2, Hamish A. McGowan2, and Andrew J. Monaghan3 1 Polar Meteorology Group, Byrd Polar Research Center, and Atmospheric Sciences Program, Department of Geography, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA 2 School of Geography, Planning and Environmental Management, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia 3 Research Applications Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA 1. INTRODUCTION A foehn wind is a warm, dry, downslope wind compression causing warming of the air mass, but there resulting from synoptic-scale, cross-barrier flow over a is disagreement regarding the exact mechanism for their mountain range. Foehn winds are a climatological origin with some studies referring to them as katabatic feature common to many of the worlds mid-latitude while others have invoked a foehn mechanism mountainous regions, where they can be responsible for (Thompson et al. 1971; Thompson 1972; Keys 1980; wind gusts exceeding 50 m s-1 and adiabatic warming at Clow et al. 1988; McKendry and Lewthwaite 1990; 1992; foehn onset of +28°C. Intensive monitoring experiments Doran et al. 2002; Nylen et al. 2004). Katabatic winds in mid-latitude regions such as the Alpine Experiment are believed responsible for the strong winds at (ALPEX) in the eastern Alps (Seibert 1990) and the confluence zones in the large glacier valleys south and Mesoscale Alpine Programme (MAP) in the Rhine north of the MDVs, but the valleys themselves do not lie Valley (Bougeault et al. 2001) have detailed the complex in a confluence zone of katabatic winds (Parish and atmospheric processes that occur during foehn by use Bromwich 1987; Clow et al.
    [Show full text]
  • It Is Not Too Late If Farmers Act Now
    REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND SPATIAL PLANNING ENVIRONMENTAL AGENCY OF THE REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA CLIMATE CHANGE It is not too late if farmers act now Page 42 REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND SPATIAL PLANNING ENVIRONMENTAL AGENCY OF THE REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA CLIMATE CHANGE: It is not too late if farmers act now LJUBLJANA, 2006 CLIMATE CHANGE: IT IS NOT TOO LATE IF FARMERS ACT NOW Published by: TABLE OF CONTENTS Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia, Vojkova 1b, Ljubljana FOREWORD 3 Coordinating Lead Authors Andreja Sušnik, Lučka Kajfež-Bogataj INTRODUCTION 4 Lead Authors OBSERVED TIME TRENDS 8 Klemen Bergant IN WEATHER CONDITION VARIABLES Tanja Cegnar Zalika Črepinšek Gregor Gregorič CLIMATE CHANGE SCENARIOS FOR SLOVENIA 14 Damjan Rogelj Ana Žust AGRICULTURE VULNERABILITY TO 17 WATER BALANCE CHANGE IN AGRICULTURAL LAND IN SLOVENIA Contributing Authors Blaž Kurnik Mojca Dolinar EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS AND VULNERABILITY 23 Andrej Pečenko OF SLOVENIAN AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY Review Editors ADJUSTING TO CLIMATE CHANGE 31 Iztok Matajc, Boris Zupančič AND DEVELOPING NEW STRATEGIES IN AGROMETEOROLOGY Technical editor: Bogo Habič CONCLUSION 40 Translation: Vince Pool Cover page: Filip Štucin Design and lay-out: Marijan Brvar Print: CICERO Begunje, d.o.o. Number of printed copies: 300 CIP - Kataložni zapis o publikaciji Narodna in univerzitetna knjižnica, Ljubljana 551.582(497.4) 63(497.4) CLIMATE change : it is not too late if farmers act now / [lead authors Klemen Bergant ... [et al.] ; coordinating lead authors Andreja Sušnik, Lučka Kajfež-Bogataj ; translation Vince Pool]. - Ljubljana : Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia, 2006 Prevod in priredba: Spremembe podnebja in kmetijstvo v Sloveniji ISBN 961-6024-21-3 1.
    [Show full text]