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LHZ 24: Lake Turkana Fishing Zone

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LHZ 24: Lake Turkana Fishing Zone LIVELIHOODS ZONING “PLUS” ACTIVITY IN KENYA 0 Contents National Livelihood Zone Map 2 Livelihood Zone 1: Northwestern Pastoral Zone 3 Livelihood Zone 2: Turkwell Riverine Zone 5 Livelihood Zone 3: Northwestern Agropastoral Zone 7 Livelihood Zone 4: Lake Turkana Fishing Zone 9 Livelihood Zone 5: Northern Pastoral Zone 11 Livelihood Zone 6: Marsabit Marginal Mixed Farming Zone 13 Livelihood Zone 7: North-eastern Agropastoral Zone 15 Livelihood Zone 8: Mandera Riverine Zone 17 Livelihood Zone 9: Northeastern Pastoral Zone 19 Livelihood Zone 10: Eastern Pastoral Zone 21 Livelihood Zone 11: Southeastern Pastoral Zone 23 Livelihood Zone 12: Coastal Medium Potential Farming Zone 25 Livelihood Zone 13: Coastal Marginal Agricultural Mixed Farming Zone 27 Livelihood Zone 14: Tana Riverine Zone 29 Livelihood Zone 15: Southern Pastoral Zone 31 Livelihood Zone 16: South-eastern Marginal Mixed Farming Zone 33 Livelihood Zone 17: Southeastern Medium Potential Mixed Farming Zone 35 Livelihood Zone 18: Southern Agropastoral Zone 37 Livelihood Zone 19: Central Highlands High Potential Zone 39 Livelihood Zone 20: Western Medium Potential Zone 41 Livelihood Zone 21: Western High Potential Zone 43 Livelihood Zone 22: Western Lakeshore Marginal Mixed Farming Zone 45 Livelihood Zone 23: Lake Victoria Fishing Zone 47 Livelihood Zone 24: Western Agropastoral Zone 49 1 National Livelihood Zone Map 2 Livelihood Zone 1: Northwestern Pastoral Zone Districts Turkana, north The North‐Western pastoral zone has a hot climate, with temperatures of between of West Pokot 240C and 380C and an annual average of 300C. Rainfall is bimodal, erratic and Markets ♦ Lorugum, unreliable. The short rains (April‐July) and the long rain season (October‐November) Kakuma, Kerio, average 300mm‐400mm of rainfall yearly. The rain falls in brief, violent storms Lodwar, Kitale, resulting in floods. The surface runoff and potential evaporation rates are high. Makutano, Sina, The inhabitants of this zone are generally from the Turkana ethnic group. The Chepararia majority of the residents (95%) are nomads, while 3% are internally displaced ♦ Cash Livestock persons and 2% fully settled in the LZ. The households mainly engage in livestock ♦ Income Livestock husbandry, trade, hunting and gathering for food and cash income. The overall product sales pastoralist population can be broken down into the following wealth groups. ♦ Bush products ♦ Livestock Goats Rich Middle Poor Very poor sedentary ♦ Sheep % of pop. 10‐20 25‐40 30‐40 5‐25 <5 ♦ Cattle Shoats/HH 80‐150 50‐80 25‐40 15‐25 8‐15 ♦ Camel Camels/HH 10‐20 1‐5 0‐1 0 0 Hazards ♦ Drought Cattle/HH 50‐100 0‐10 0 0 0 ♦ Poor access to markets Most of the food commodities consumed by the households are sourced from the ♦ Clan conflict markets. The most common food purchased is maize. Other purchased food ♦ Access includes rice, wheat, fish, beans and sorghum. The better off live largely from their restricted to animals with around 60% of food coming from meat or milk. Middle households dry season receive less than half their food needs from their livestock, including both meat/milk grazing and grain from traded animals. Poorer households have such small herd sizes that ♦ Water borne own livestock production makes up less than 10% of food needs. Wild foods were diseases extremely important seasonally to all wealth groups. Those who are enrolled on ♦ Shortage of cash for work projects (CFW) are able to meet half their food needs from aid – a food in the combination of food distributions, school feeding and food purchased with CFW market money. ♦ Access to quality Livestock and livestock products are the main source of income for the better off. drinking water The middle and poorer households sell bush products (charcoal, poles, etc.) and rely on social support for income. CFW contributes to mainly the middle and poor income and ensures that these households protect their asset base. Middle and better off households have similar expenditure patterns: purchasing mostly food, as well as trading goats for clothes and beads, health care and household goods. Aid dependency is very high and most households cannot cope without aid, even during a non‐crisis year. Poorer households cannot depend on pastoralism for their livelihoods. Coping mechanisms, such as increasing charcoal sales, are not sufficient to compensate, since the market is so limited. Markets function inefficiently. Maize prices are twice the national average, and goat prices are low. Transport costs do not account for the discrepancy. There is high insecurity and conflict incidences with neighbouring communities occur frequently: herds are stolen and people killed. Essential dry season grazing lands in the north are inaccessible. There are no alternative livelihoods. Education and skill levels are very low for employment. 3 Seasonal Calendar: Livelihood Zone 1 Northwestern Pastoral Zone Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Seasons Dry Long rains Dry Short rains Livestock production Calving Peak Kidding Peak Peak Disease outbreaks Highly likely Prices Peak Peak Milk availability Goats Goats Cattle/ Migration Dry Wet Dry Wet Others Livestock sales High High High High Risk of insecurity High High High Malnutrition High Lean season Labor Availability Peak Peak Market access Poor Poor Water stress Cross border inflows Peak Food price High High FS Assessments 4 Livelihood Zone 2: Turkwell Riverine Zone Districts Turkana This relatively tiny zone is located along the Turkwell river in northern eastern Markets ♦ Lokori, Lokichar, Kenya and is surrounded by the Northwest Pastoral livelihood zone. The zone ⁰ ⁰ Lodwar, Kainuk, has a hot climate, with temperatures of between 24 C and 38 C and an annual ⁰ Katilu and Turkwell average of 30 C. Rainfall is bimodal, erratic and unreliable. The short rains Food crops ♦ Sorghum, maize, (April‐July) and the long rain season (October‐November) average 300mm‐ pulses & tomatoes 400mm of rainfall yearly. The rain falls in brief, violent storms resulting in floods. The surface runoff and potential evaporation rates are high. The Cash ♦ Crop sales inhabitants of this zone are generally from the Turkana ethnic group. About half Income ♦ Livestock sales of the inhabitants are fully settled, 40% are nomadic and 10% migrant laborers. ♦ Livestock product sales The majority of the inhabitants engage in food crop production, livestock production and firewood collection and/or charcoal production for income. ♦ Firewood sales ♦ Charcoal sales An average household keeps up to 5 cattle, 10‐20 goats, 10‐20 sheep, chickens, Livestock ♦ Goats ducks, a donkey and a camel. Goats, sheep and cattle are the highest ♦ Sheep contributors to cash income and goats are the highest contributors to food from ♦ Cattle household livestock production. Livestock, including poultry production ♦ Camel contribute to up to a third of household income. Hazards ♦ Drought ♦ Banditry Households consume their own produce including sorghum, maize, vegetables ♦ Crop pests & disease and dairy products. Market purchases include maize, beans, rice, wheat and meat. Crops are cultivated under rainfed and irrigated conditions during both ♦ Livestock pests & disease rainy seasons. Maize and sorghum, which account for about 80% of crops are the most important crops grown under irrigation. Sorghum is the highest ♦ Flooding contributor to cash income from household crop production, followed by ♦ Malaria tomatoes, maize and pulses. Food crop production contributes to up to 40% of ♦ Water borne diseases household income. Livestock production contributes about 25% of household income, followed by firewood collection/charcoal production, small businesses and other self‐employment activities. The zone is prone to frequent flooding, which often destroys crops, washes away livelihood assets including irrigation equipment leading to deprivation and high food insecurity. Local production is not adequate for all year consumption and households have to rely on markets for food purchases which are poorly distributed and often difficult to access. 5 Seasonal Calendar: Livelihood Zone 2 ‐ Turkwell Riverine Zone Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Seasons Dry Long rains Dry Short rains Crops Legend Land Preparation Planting Harvesting Maize Sorghum Vegetable Livestock production Calving Peak Kidding/lambing Peak Peak Disease outbreaks Highly likely Prices Peak Peak Milk availability Shoats Shoats Cattle/ Migration Dry Wet Dry Wet Others Livestock sales High High High High Risk of insecurity High High Malnutrition High Lean season Labor Availability Peak Peak Market access Poor Poor Food price High FS Assessments 6 Livelihood Zone 3: Northwestern Agropastoral Zone Districts Turkana The Northwestern agro‐pastoral zone is a small pocket in southern Turkana district Markets ♦ Lokori, surrounded almost entirely by the Northweatern Pastoral Zone. The zone has a hot ⁰ ⁰ Lokichar, climate, with temperatures of between 24 C and 38 C and an annual average of ⁰ Lodwar, 30 C. Rainfall is bimodal, erratic and unreliable. The short rains (April‐July) and the Kainuk, Katilu long rain season (October‐November) average 300mm‐400mm of rainfall yearly. The and Turkwell inhabitants are predominately from the Turkana ethnic group. The majority of Food crops ♦ Sorghum, residents are semi nomadic (46%), while others are fully settled (43%). There are maize, also proportionally smaller numbers of occasional nomads, internally displaced tomatoes, persons and out‐migrant laborers living within the zone. The main livelihoods
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