LIVELIHOODS ZONING “PLUS” ACTIVITY IN KENYA

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Contents National Livelihood Zone Map 2 Livelihood Zone 1: Northwestern Pastoral Zone 3 Livelihood Zone 2: Turkwell Riverine Zone 5 Livelihood Zone 3: Northwestern Agropastoral Zone 7 Livelihood Zone 4: Lake Turkana Fishing Zone 9 Livelihood Zone 5: Northern Pastoral Zone 11 Livelihood Zone 6: Marsabit Marginal Mixed Farming Zone 13 Livelihood Zone 7: North-eastern Agropastoral Zone 15 Livelihood Zone 8: Mandera Riverine Zone 17 Livelihood Zone 9: Northeastern Pastoral Zone 19 Livelihood Zone 10: Eastern Pastoral Zone 21 Livelihood Zone 11: Southeastern Pastoral Zone 23 Livelihood Zone 12: Coastal Medium Potential Farming Zone 25 Livelihood Zone 13: Coastal Marginal Agricultural Mixed Farming Zone 27 Livelihood Zone 14: Tana Riverine Zone 29 Livelihood Zone 15: Southern Pastoral Zone 31 Livelihood Zone 16: South-eastern Marginal Mixed Farming Zone 33 Livelihood Zone 17: Southeastern Medium Potential Mixed Farming Zone 35 Livelihood Zone 18: Southern Agropastoral Zone 37 Livelihood Zone 19: Central Highlands High Potential Zone 39 Livelihood Zone 20: Western Medium Potential Zone 41 Livelihood Zone 21: Western High Potential Zone 43 Livelihood Zone 22: Western Lakeshore Marginal Mixed Farming Zone 45 Livelihood Zone 23: Lake Victoria Fishing Zone 47 Livelihood Zone 24: Western Agropastoral Zone 49

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National Livelihood Zone Map

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Livelihood Zone 1: Northwestern Pastoral Zone

Districts Turkana, north The North‐Western pastoral zone has a hot climate, with temperatures of between of West Pokot 240C and 380C and an annual average of 300C. Rainfall is bimodal, erratic and Markets ♦ Lorugum, unreliable. The short rains (April‐July) and the long rain season (October‐November) Kakuma, Kerio, average 300mm‐400mm of rainfall yearly. The rain falls in brief, violent storms Lodwar, Kitale, resulting in floods. The surface runoff and potential evaporation rates are high. Makutano,

Sina, The inhabitants of this zone are generally from the Turkana ethnic group. The Chepararia majority of the residents (95%) are nomads, while 3% are internally displaced ♦ Cash Livestock persons and 2% fully settled in the LZ. The households mainly engage in livestock ♦ Income Livestock husbandry, trade, hunting and gathering for food and cash income. The overall

product sales pastoralist population can be broken down into the following wealth groups. ♦ Bush products ♦ Livestock Goats Rich Middle Poor Very poor sedentary ♦ Sheep % of pop. 10‐20 25‐40 30‐40 5‐25 <5 ♦ Cattle Shoats/HH 80‐150 50‐80 25‐40 15‐25 8‐15 ♦ Camel Camels/HH 10‐20 1‐5 0‐1 0 0 Hazards ♦ Drought Cattle/HH 50‐100 0‐10 0 0 0 ♦ Poor access to

markets Most of the food commodities consumed by the households are sourced from the ♦ Clan conflict markets. The most common food purchased is maize. Other purchased food ♦ Access includes rice, wheat, fish, beans and sorghum. The better off live largely from their restricted to animals with around 60% of food coming from meat or milk. Middle households dry season receive less than half their food needs from their livestock, including both meat/milk grazing and grain from traded animals. Poorer households have such small herd sizes that ♦ Water borne own livestock production makes up less than 10% of food needs. Wild foods were diseases extremely important seasonally to all wealth groups. Those who are enrolled on ♦ Shortage of cash for work projects (CFW) are able to meet half their food needs from aid – a food in the combination of food distributions, school feeding and food purchased with CFW market money. ♦ Access to

quality Livestock and livestock products are the main source of income for the better off. drinking water The middle and poorer households sell bush products (charcoal, poles, etc.) and rely on social support for income. CFW contributes to mainly the middle and poor income and ensures that these households protect their asset base. Middle and better off households have similar expenditure patterns: purchasing mostly food, as well as trading goats for clothes and beads, health care and household goods.

Aid dependency is very high and most households cannot cope without aid, even during a non‐crisis year. Poorer households cannot depend on pastoralism for their livelihoods. Coping mechanisms, such as increasing charcoal sales, are not sufficient to compensate, since the market is so limited. Markets function inefficiently. Maize prices are twice the national average, and goat prices are low. Transport costs do not account for the discrepancy. There is high insecurity and conflict incidences with neighbouring communities occur frequently: herds are stolen and people killed. Essential dry season grazing lands in the north are inaccessible. There are no alternative livelihoods. Education and skill levels are very low for employment.

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Seasonal Calendar: Livelihood Zone 1 Northwestern Pastoral Zone Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Seasons Dry Long rains Dry Short rains Livestock production Calving Peak Kidding Peak Peak Disease outbreaks Highly likely Prices Peak Peak Milk availability Goats Goats Cattle/ Migration Dry Wet Dry Wet Others Livestock sales High High High High Risk of insecurity High High High Malnutrition High Lean season Labor Availability Peak Peak Market access Poor Poor Water stress Cross border inflows Peak Food price High High FS Assessments

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Livelihood Zone 2: Turkwell Riverine Zone

Districts Turkana This relatively tiny zone is located along the Turkwell river in northern eastern

Markets ♦ Lokori, Lokichar, Kenya and is surrounded by the Northwest Pastoral livelihood zone. The zone ⁰ ⁰ Lodwar, Kainuk, has a hot climate, with temperatures of between 24 C and 38 C and an annual ⁰ Katilu and Turkwell average of 30 C. Rainfall is bimodal, erratic and unreliable. The short rains

Food crops ♦ Sorghum, maize, (April‐July) and the long rain season (October‐November) average 300mm‐ pulses & tomatoes 400mm of rainfall yearly. The rain falls in brief, violent storms resulting in floods. The surface runoff and potential evaporation rates are high. The Cash ♦ Crop sales inhabitants of this zone are generally from the Turkana ethnic group. About half Income ♦ Livestock sales of the inhabitants are fully settled, 40% are nomadic and 10% migrant laborers. ♦ Livestock product sales The majority of the inhabitants engage in food crop production, livestock production and firewood collection and/or charcoal production for income. ♦ Firewood sales

♦ Charcoal sales An average household keeps up to 5 cattle, 10‐20 goats, 10‐20 sheep, chickens, Livestock ♦ Goats ducks, a donkey and a camel. Goats, sheep and cattle are the highest ♦ Sheep contributors to cash income and goats are the highest contributors to food from ♦ Cattle household livestock production. Livestock, including poultry production ♦ Camel contribute to up to a third of household income. Hazards ♦ Drought

♦ Banditry Households consume their own produce including sorghum, maize, vegetables ♦ Crop pests &

disease and dairy products. Market purchases include maize, beans, rice, wheat and meat. Crops are cultivated under rainfed and irrigated conditions during both ♦ Livestock pests &

disease rainy seasons. Maize and sorghum, which account for about 80% of crops are the most important crops grown under irrigation. Sorghum is the highest ♦ Flooding contributor to cash income from household crop production, followed by ♦ Malaria tomatoes, maize and pulses. Food crop production contributes to up to 40% of ♦ Water borne

diseases household income. Livestock production contributes about 25% of household

income, followed by firewood collection/charcoal production, small businesses and other self‐employment activities.

The zone is prone to frequent flooding, which often destroys crops, washes away livelihood assets including irrigation equipment leading to deprivation and high food insecurity. Local production is not adequate for all year consumption and households have to rely on markets for food purchases which are poorly distributed and often difficult to access.

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Seasonal Calendar: Livelihood Zone 2 ‐ Turkwell Riverine Zone Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Seasons Dry Long rains Dry Short rains Crops Legend Land Preparation Planting Harvesting Maize Sorghum Vegetable Livestock production Calving Peak Kidding/lambing Peak Peak Disease outbreaks Highly likely Prices Peak Peak Milk availability Shoats Shoats Cattle/ Migration Dry Wet Dry Wet Others Livestock sales High High High High Risk of insecurity High High Malnutrition High Lean season Labor Availability Peak Peak Market access Poor Poor Food price High FS Assessments

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Livelihood Zone 3: Northwestern Agropastoral Zone

Districts Turkana The Northwestern agro‐pastoral zone is a small pocket in southern Turkana district

Markets ♦ Lokori, surrounded almost entirely by the Northweatern Pastoral Zone. The zone has a hot ⁰ ⁰ Lokichar, climate, with temperatures of between 24 C and 38 C and an annual average of ⁰ Lodwar, 30 C. Rainfall is bimodal, erratic and unreliable. The short rains (April‐July) and the Kainuk, Katilu long rain season (October‐November) average 300mm‐400mm of rainfall yearly. The and Turkwell inhabitants are predominately from the Turkana ethnic group. The majority of

Food crops ♦ Sorghum, residents are semi nomadic (46%), while others are fully settled (43%). There are maize, also proportionally smaller numbers of occasional nomads, internally displaced tomatoes, persons and out‐migrant laborers living within the zone. The main livelihoods are green grams food crop production, livestock production and firewood collection and charcoal production. Cash ♦ Livestock sales

Income ♦ Livestock product sales A typical household owns approximately 5‐10 cattle, 10‐20 goats, 10‐20 sheep, a camel/donkey and 5‐15 chickens/ducks. Cattle and goats are the highest ♦ Firewood contributors to food and cash income from household livestock production. Livestock ♦ Cattle

♦ Goats Households in this zone source their food from market purchases as well as through ♦ Sheep their own production. Market purchases include the main staple maize and beans as Hazards ♦ Drought well as rice, wheat and meat. Household production accounts for the majority of ♦ Livestock pests

& disease sorghum, vegetables and milk and dairy products consumed.

♦ Crop disease ♦ Crop damage Food crop and cash crop production contributes up to 40% of total household by wild animals income. Crops are cultivated under rainfed and irrigated conditions during both the ♦ Banditry long and short rainy seasons. Sorghum is the most important cash crop, followed by ♦ Flooding maize, tomatoes and green grams. Other income generating activities include ♦ Land slides firewood collection, charcoal production, agricultural labor, petty trade and land leasing. Poorer households also depend on gifts from better off households to make ends meet.

High food insecurity in this zone is attributable to poorly integrated markets due to very poor infrastructure, high insecurity which deters optimal agricultural production leads to market closures and restrict transport; and frequent flooding which often leaves households destitute, after loss of livelihood assets and even lives.

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Seasonal Calendar: Livelihood Zone 3 ‐ Northwestern Agropastoral Zone Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Seasons Dry Long rains Dry Short rains Crops Legend Land Preparation Planting Harvesting Maize Sorghum Livestock production Calving Peak Kidding Peak Peak Disease outbreaks Highly likely Prices Peak Peak Milk availability Goats Goats Cattle/ Migration Dry Wet Dry Wet Others Livestock sales High High High High Risk of insecurity High High High Malnutrition High Lean season Labor Availability Peak Peak Market access Poor Poor Water stress Food price High High FS Assessments

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Livelihood Zone 4: Lake Turkana Fishing Zone

Districts ♦ Turkana, The Lake Turkana Fishing Zone is a narrow strip along the shores of lake Turkana. Marsabit This zone has a hot climate, with temperatures between 24⁰C and 38⁰C and an ⁰ Markets ♦ Kerio, Kataboi, annual average of 30 C. Rainfall is bimodal, erratic and unreliable. The short Laverang, rains (April‐July) and the long rain season (October‐November) average 300mm‐ Nachukwi, 400mm of rainfall yearly and reach 1000 mm on Marsabit side. Todonyang, & Loiyangalani in The inhabitants of this zone are generally from the Turkana and El molo ethnic Marsabit groups. About half of the inhabitants are fully settled, 40% are nomadic and 10% Cash ♦ Fish sales migrant laborers. The main economic activities are fishing and animal husbandry. Income ♦ Livestock sales Culturally, the fishing community are still very much a part of the pastoralist ♦ Livestock product community, though their economic life is different. Most fishing is done using sales simple lines and nets set from rafts. The fish trade means that the area is much ♦ Bush products better linked to the national market, particularly in the southern parts of the Livestock ♦ Goats zone. Trade is conducted in cash not through barter. Prices are better (i.e. ♦ Sheep higher for fish, lower for food items) in the south of the zone because of easier ♦ Camel transport. Fish prices fall, and food prices rise, by about 20% in the north of the Hazards ♦ Drought Lake. Relative wealth is determined by the number of livestock owned as well as ♦ Conflict over access to boats, nets and lines for fishing. fishing grounds Food sources are similar for all 120 ♦ Restricted access % of HH food energy needs wealth groups. Animals make to dry season only a small contribution, with 100 grazing school feeding most food either being aid ♦ 80 Clan conflict purchased or received in aid. All soc support 60 wealth groups eat fish: the meat better off buy a more varied diet milk including beans and oil, unlike 40 fish the poor who purchase mostly 20 purchase/exchange maize. 0 poor middle better off Fishing is an important source of income for all wealth groups. Most fish are sold dry rather than fresh. Fish catches are vary seasonal, dropping to around half in the dry season. Better‐off households with boats have access to deeper waters, bigger fish and constant access even during the dry season. Cash for work is the primary income source for the poorer households. Income from livestock is minimal even for the better off (18%) as herds are too small (5‐6 goats). Expenditure patterns are similar for all wealth groups with two thirds of income being spent on food. Better off households who are able to spend more in over all cash terms are able to afford a more varied diet. Clothes, health care, water and tobacco make up much of the remaining expenditures. Social support is given by those who received CFW.

Frequent (i.e., annual) hazards affecting food availability and/or access in this zone include drought. There is high dependency on food and cash aid so any disruption in supply greatly affects poorer households. Markets function inefficiently with maize prices twice the national average, and goat prices are low. Marginalisation is a significant problem with essential dry season grazing lands in the north becoming inaccessible. The richest fishing grounds near the mouth of the Omo river are insecure due to conflict with the Merrile, devastating the fishing economy.

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Seasonal Calendar: Livelihood Zone 4 ‐ Lake Turkana Fishing Zone

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Seasons Dry Long rains Dry, cold Dry, Harvesting Short rains Fishing Peak Fish sales Peak Ceremonies Peak e.g marriages/feasts Labor Peak Risk of conflicts High at water points Risk of Raids other Raided by other insecurity communities communities Malaria High Market access Poor Poor Lean season Peak FS Assessments

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Livelihood Zone 5: Northern Pastoral Zone

Districts ♦ Marsabit, This zone lies in one of the driest parts of the country. The rainfall patterns are Samburu, bimodal and display both temporal and spatial variation. The zone receives between Moyale, Isiolo 200mm and 1,000mm of rainfall per annum. The average annual temperatures are ⁰ Markets ♦ Moyale, Biligo, hot, ranging from 20 ‐ 35 C. January to March and September to October are the Garba Tulla, warmest months with a mean of 30⁰C. June and July are the coolest months with Isiolo, Kinna, temperatures averaging 24⁰C. There are several ethnic groups in this livelihood zone Merti, including the Borana, Samburu, Burji, Gabra and Rendile/Ariaal. The majority of the Oldonyiro, inhabitants (80%) are semi‐nomadic, while 10% are occasional nomads and 10% are Sericho, fully settled. Marsabit, Loiyangalani, A typical household keeps 5‐10 cattle, 20‐25 goats, 15‐20 sheep, 0‐5 camels and 0‐1 Laisamis, donkey. Cattle provide the majority of income from household livestock production, Kalacha, followed by goats, sheep and camels. Camels and goats, on the other hand are the Suguta highest contributors (about 30%) to food from household livestock production. Marmar, Wamba, The majority of the food consumed by household in this zone is purchased. This Malaral, includes maize, rice, sugar, various pulses, vegetables, cooking oil and beans. Baragoi and However, some food items such as meat and milk and other dairy products are Archer’s Post, obtained primarily through household production. Households in this zone also rely Kariobangi, on wild foods including fruits and berries, honey, roots and tubers. Dagoretti. Cash ♦ Livestock and Livestock production is the highest contributor to household income (up to 85%). Income livestock Income is generated from the sale of livestock products like meat, milk, hides and product sales skins. Other income generating activities include firewood collection, hunting and ♦ Bush products gathering and casual wage labor. Remittances and gifts can contribute up to 10% of Livestock ♦ Camel income for poorer households. ♦ Goats ♦ Sheep Insecurity, poor road infrastructure and low levels of education are some of the ♦ Cattle underlying factors causing high food insecurity in the zone. Although markets are Hazards ♦ Drought poorly integrated and characterized by high inefficiency, supplies often flow in from ♦ Livestock pests Ethiopia through Moyale and Marsabit (April‐July) thereby contributing to food & disease availability. ♦ Restricted access to dry season grazing ♦ Animal rustling ♦ Ethnic conflict

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Seasonal Calendar: Livelihood Zone 5 ‐ Northern Pastoral Zone Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Seasons Dry Long rains Dry Short rains Livestock production Camel Calving Peak Kidding/lambing Peak Peak Disease outbreaks Highly likely Prices Peak Peak Milk availability Shoats Camel milk Migration Dry Wet Dry Wet Others Livestock sales High High High High Risk of insecurity High High High Malnutrition High Lean season Labor Availability Peak Peak Market access Poor Poor Water stress Cross border inflows Peak Food price High High FS Assessments

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Livelihood Zone 6: Marsabit Marginal Mixed Farming Zone

Districts Marsabit While most of Marsabit district is populated by pastoralists, this livelihood zone

Markets ♦ Isiolo, North describes an agro‐pastoral pocket within the more mountainous area of Central Horr, Marsabit, Marsabit. The Marsabit district lies in the driest parts of the country and is reported Dagoretti to receive low rainfall with fairly high temperatures. The rainfall patterns are

Food crops ♦ Sorghum, bimodal and display both temporal and spatial variation. The district receives between 200mm and 1,000mm of rainfall per annum, with the zone receiving an millet, maize, 0 beans, Khat average of 500mm. The average annual temperature is approximately 20.5 C. This (Miraa) zone contains four major ethnic groups: the Borana (65%), Burji (20%), Gabra (10%), and Rendile/Ariaal (5%) communities. Of the resident population, 65% are fully Cash ♦ Livestock sales settled, 20% semi nomadic, 10% occasional nomads, 3% out‐migrant labourers and Income ♦ Livestock product sales 2% in‐migrant labourers.

♦ Crop sales Livestock (including poultry production for poorer households) is the major Livestock ♦ Goats contributor to the overall household income (65%). Cattle, sheep and goats are the ♦ Sheep livestock contributing the most to food production and household income. An ♦ Cattle average household keeps up to 15 shoats, 10‐15 cattle, several chickens and Hazards ♦ Drought perhaps a donkey. ♦ Animal rustling

♦ Conflict After livestock, cash crop production is the next highest contributor to household ♦ Crop pests &

disease income (about 30%), the majority of which is sales of the stimulant Khat (Miraa).

Maize, beans, bananas and mangoes are also grown for sale. Household also grow

staple crops such as sorghum, maize and millet but mainly for their own consumption. Market purchases are also important to meeting household food needs and include purchases of cooking fats, meat, vegetables and some milk. Although Khat sales are responsible for the majority of cash income from crop production, it is grown primarily by wealthier families. Expansion of Khat production is seen as detrimental to local food crop production as it is often done at the expense of locally produced staple foods.

Potential for agricultural production in the zone is high, however, a lack of agricultural inputs and local agricultural practices often lead to poor yields even when rains are good. There are no agricultural input stockists in the zone and undesirable practices such as seed broadcasting is still prevalent. Consequently, the food produced is only consumed within the zone and is rarely distributed to the pastoral, where demand is high.

Nevertheless, households in this zone normally have a wider set of livelihood options available to them as compared to pastoralists in the surrounding Northern Pastoral zone. Opportunities for casual labor, small business and trade activities abound near Marsabit town. Also, food prices are generally low in this zone, by up to 70% when compared to the pastoral areas within the district. Easy access to transport also ensures that livestock prices are high, by up to 30% above prices in most parts of the pastoral. High prevalence of HIV/AIDS, water scarcity and chronic poverty within the town are some of the factors affecting food security. In addition, incidences of conflicts and insecurity escalate when pastoralists move to the mountainous area in search of water and pasture.

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Seasonal Calendar: Livelihood Zone 6 ‐ Marsabit Marginal Mixed Farming Zone Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Seasons Dry Long rains Dry Short rains Crops Legend Land Preparation Planting Harvesting Maize* Teff Livestock production Calving Peak Kidding Peak Peak Disease outbreaks Highly likely Prices Peak Peak Milk Goats Goats Cattle/ availability Migration Dry Wet Dry Wet Others Livestock sales High High High High Risk of insecurity High High High Malnutrition High Lean season Labor Peak Peak Availability Water stress Food price High High FS Assessments

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Livelihood Zone 7: Northeastern Agropastoral Zone

Districts Mandera, Wajir This agro‐pastoral zone is situated in the northern part of Wajir district extending & Moyale slightly to the northwestern parts of Mandera and northeastern parts of Moyale Markets Bute, Moyale, districts. This livelihood zone borders Ethiopia to the north, the Northern Pastoral Wajir, Buna, Zone to the West and the Northeastern Pastoral Zone to the south and east. The Nairobi, zone is arid with average annual temperatures ranging from 20⁰C‐36⁰C. Although Moyale, this zone lies within an area where rainfall is scanty and erratic with an annual Mandera and average of 250mm, the zone receives slightly more rain than neighbouring zones Banissa which in turn supports a small amount crop production. There are two rainy seasons: the long rains from April–May and short rains from October–November. Food crops ♦ Sorghum, The hottest months are January‐March and September‐October. maize, beans & pulses The inhabitants are principally Somali, Garreh‐Ajuran, Degodia and Borana. Nearly Cash ♦ Livestock sales half of the inhabitants are fully settled though over a third are fully nomadic. This Income ♦ Livestock profile focuses on settled inhabitants. The average household keeps 10‐30 goats, product sales 10‐20 camels, 5‐10 sheep and 5‐15 cattle. Livestock production contributes ♦ Crop approximately 60% to household income, with goats making up the highest production contribution. On the other hand, cattle provide the highest contribution to Livestock ♦ Camel household food needs. ♦ Goats ♦ Sheep Households mainly cultivate drought resistant crops and grow nearly all sorghum ♦ Cattle and millet consumed by households within the zone. Households also grow about a Hazards ♦ Drought third of the beans and other pulses consumed; over two thirds of milk and dairy ♦ Livestock pests products consumed are also produced by households themselves. Market purchases & disease make up the remaining food need with households purchasing maize, beans, ♦ Crop disease cooking fats and oils, rice and vegetables. Much of the staple food purchased in this ♦ Ethnic conflict zone is sourced from Ethiopia while vegetables are transported from Meru via Isiolo. ♦ Animal rustling Crops are mainly cultivated under rain‐fed conditions. However, in Moyale district in ♦ Crop damage the eastern part of the zone, floods from Ethiopia highlands are also important for by wild animals agriculture. Crop production is limited by erratic rainfall patterns as well as limited ♦ Variable food access to agricultural inputs. Often households plant seed purchased from Ethiopia, prices which is not suited to the agro‐ecological of the zone. ♦ Malaria ♦ HIV/AIDS Livestock and food crop production are the main sources of household income with ♦ Floods crop production contributing around 30% of income. Among the food crops grown maize (45%) and sorghum (50%) are the highest contributors to both household income and food needs, followed by beans, green grams and cowpeas. Other significant sources of income are casual‐waged labor, petty trading, firewood collection/charcoal production and remittances.

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Seasonal Calendar: Livelihood Zone 7 ‐ Northeastern Agropastoral Zone Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Seasons Dry Long rains Dry Short rains Crops Legend Land Preparation Planting Harvesting Maize Sorghum Teff Livestock production Calving Peak Kidding/lambing Peak Peak Disease outbreaks Highly likely Prices Peak Peak Milk availability Shoats Shoats Cattle/ Migration Dry Wet Dry Wet Others Livestock sales High High High High Risk of insecurity High High High Malnutrition High Lean season Labor Availability Peak Peak Market access Poor Poor Water stress Cross border inflows Peak Food price High High FS Assessments

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Livelihood Zone 8: Mandera Riverine Zone

Districts Mandera The Mandera riverine zone is a narrow strip located in extreme north east of the

Markets ♦ Mandera, Mandera District. The livelihood zone shares its long northern border with Ethiopia Wajir, Rhamu, and a tiny eastern with Somalia. The zone is arid, with a mean annual temperature o o Nebai & of 30 C, rising to 37 in February. Rainfall is scanty and erratic with an annual Nairobi average of 255mm. There are two rainy seasons; the long rains from April‐May and

Food crops ♦ Irrigated the short rains from October‐November. maize, sorghum, While most of the Mandera district is populated by pastoralists, this livelihood zone pulses & describes the riverine farming community living along the Dawa River. The zone vegetables contains three major ethnic groups: Degodia (35%), Garreh‐Ajuran (30%) and

♦ Bananas & Murulle (25%). A majority of the inhabitants (70%) are fully settled, 25% are papaya nomadic and 5% are in‐migrant labourers.

Cash ♦ Crop sales Households own production meets up to 70% of total food needs. Foods produced Income ♦ Livestock sales and consumed by the households include fish, maize, milk, pulses, sorghum and ♦ Livestock product sales vegetables. Market purchases such as beans, rice, cooking fats, meat and wheat flour account for the rest of household food needs. An average household keeps up ♦ Fodder to 15 shoats, 1‐5 cattle and 1‐2 camels. Cattle and goats are the highest contributors Livestock ♦ Goats to food and cash income from own livestock production. ♦ Sheep

♦ Cattle The key sources of income include food and cash crop production (up to 60%), Hazards ♦ Drought livestock production (about 10%) as well as petty trade, casual labor, firewood ♦ Flooding collection, fishing, remittances and gifts. Sorghum is cultivated during the long rains ♦ Banditry under rain‐fed conditions while the rest of the crops are cultivated under irrigated ♦ Bush fires conditions during both seasons. Bananas are the highest contributors (about 35%) ♦ Crop pests &

disease to household income from crops, followed by onions (25%), papaya and tomatoes. Maize provides the highest contribution (about 85%) to household food from crops. ♦ Malaria

♦ Water borne

diseases Farm produce is traded in Wajir, Nairobi, Bulla Mpya and Bulla Jamhuria markets,

while food commodities are traded at Wajir, Nairobi and Bulla Jamhuria markets. The main livestock markets are Wajir, Rhamu, Nebai and Nairobi, while trade in poultry and poultry produce takes place in Bulla Jamhuria market.

The main constraints to crop production include the high cost of input, poor market markets and/or low producer prices; low quality seed stock and planting materials; low technical skills, and low land fertility. The main constraints to livestock production are low yielding animals, high costs/restricted supplies of veterinary drugs, poor market access, endemic livestock pests and diseases. Insecurity in the zone further limits the investments in additional livestock.

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Seasonal Calendar: Livelihood Zone 8 ‐ Mandera Riverine Zone Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Seasons Dry Long rains Dry Short rains Crops Legend Land Preparation Planting Harvesting Maize Sorghum Vegetable Livestock production Calving Peak Kidding/lambing Peak Peak Prices Peak Milk availability Shoats Shoats Cattle/ Migration Dry Wet Dry Wet Others Livestock sales High High High High Lean season Labor demand Peak Peak Market access Poor Poor Water stress Food price High High FS Assessments

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Livelihood Zone 9: Northeastern Pastoral Zone

Districts Mandera, Wajir, This expansive pastoral zone is stretches across much of northeastern Kenya, Isiolo encompassing most of Mandera district and large swath of Wajir and Isiolo. To the Markets Mandera, Lafey, north the zone borders Ethiopia. The zone also shares a long border to the Elwak, Wajir, northeast with Somalia. It is arid and hot with average annual temperatures Garissa, ranging from 20⁰C‐36⁰C. Rainfall is scanty and erratic with an annual average of Habaswein, Isiolo, 250mm. There are two rainy seasons: the long rains from April–May and the short Biligo, Garba rains from October–November. The highest temperatures are reached January‐ Tulla, Kinna, March and September‐October. The residents are a mixture of Garreh‐Ajuran, Merti, Oldonyiro, Murulle, Degodia, Borana, Samburu and Somali ethnic groups. The majority of the Sericho and pastoralists living in this zone are either semi‐nomadic (40%) or fully nomadic Nairobi (30%). Cash ♦ Livestock sales Income ♦ Livestock Livestock production is the most significant source of income in this zone, product sales contributing from 60‐80% of the total household income. The average household ♦ Bush products keeps 5‐10 camels, 10‐20 goats, 5‐10 sheep. Some households also possess a few Livestock ♦ Camel cattle. While goats contribution to food and cash income is important, camels ♦ Goats contribution to household food is crucial as they provide milk throughout most of ♦ Sheep the year. Hazards ♦ Drought ♦ Livestock pests Agronomic conditions do not favour crop production; therefore 80‐100% of cereals, & disease pulses and vegetables are purchased from the market. Sorghum is the only major ♦ Restricted crop grown and is cultivated during both seasons. Though households may produce access to dry a limited amount of sorghum, it contributes only a small percentage of cash to season grazing household income. Wild foods such as fruits, roots and tubers are another source ♦ Political conflict of food and are gathered from the bush and forests. ♦ Animal rustling ♦ Malaria Small businesses and petty trading contribute approximately up to 25% of ♦ High/variable household income. However, potential gains from business and trading activities food prices are limited by lack of adequate capital and weak financial services; lack of access to markets; and lack of expertise. Nevertheless, petty trading is an important coping strategy during period of stress, and when households come together at watering points. Formal waged labor and casual labor make minimal contributions to household income.

Constraints to livestock production that limit the contribution of livestock to food security include poor access to markets, low prices fetched for animals; high insecurity and risk of raids even along trading routes; frequent shortages of drinking water for livestock; shortages of pasture and browse; and the prevalence endemic livestock pests and diseases.

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Seasonal Calendar: Livelihood Zone 9 ‐ Northeastern Pastoral Zone Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Seasons Dry Long rains Dry Short rains Livestock production Camel Calving Peak Kidding/lambing Peak Peak Disease outbreaks Highly likely Prices Peak Peak Milk availability Camel milk Migration Dry Wet Dry Wet Others Livestock sales High High High High Risk of insecurity High High High Malnutrition High Lean season Labor Availability Peak Peak Market access Poor Poor Water stress Cross border inflows Peak Food price High High FS Assessments

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Livelihood Zone 10: Eastern Pastoral Zone

Districts Wajir, Garissa, This zone covers south of Wajir, north of Garissa and a small corner of southern Isiolo Isiolo. It shares its long eastern border with Somalia. This zone is a semi‐arid ⁰ Markets ♦ Isiolo, Wajir, featureless plain with an annual minimum temperature of 23 C in the hagaa season Habaswein, and a maximum of 35⁰C in the jilaal season. Rainfall averages 250‐300mm per Garissa, annum. Sandy and loam soils are the prevailing soil types, while the vegetation is Nairobi predominantly shrub grassland. The production year starts with the deyr season in Cash ♦ Livestock October when the most reliable rains are received. The second rainy season, the gu, Income ♦ Livestock starts in April/May and ends in June and is less reliable. The majority of the product sales residents are Somali Kenyans. About half of the residents are semi‐nomadic, while ♦ Bush products up to 20% are semi‐nomadic and 20% are fully settled. There are also small groups Livestock ♦ Goats of migrant laborers and internally displaced persons. ♦ Sheep ♦ Cattle The main economic activity practised is animal husbandry. A typical household owns Hazards ♦ Drought approximately 20‐30 cattle, 30‐45 goats, 20‐30 sheep and 0‐12 camels.. The sources ♦ Livestock pests of income for middle and better off households are solely from their livestock & disease through selling live animals and milk. Poorer households with smaller livestock ♦ Restricted holdings still earn up to 40% from their animals, but must compliment their income access to dry from a variety of sources including casual employment, self‐employment and gifts. season grazing Casual labor includes water pan digging, herding and construction. Self‐ ♦ Animal rustling employment activities are the most important source of income for poorer ♦ Ethnic conflict households. This includes selling firewood, poles and gum collection. Poorer households also depend on gifts (zakat) and as well as other forms of social support.

Household sources of food are purchase, livestock production, food aid and school feeding. Major market purchases of cereal and sugar and account for approximately 25‐35% of food for very poor and poor, 40‐50% for middle and 50‐60% for better off households. Relief food covers almost half of the food needs for poorer households, a third for middle households and a quarter for even better off households. Livestock production (milk and meat) contributes 0‐5%, 1‐10%, 10‐15% and 15‐25% of the total food requirement for very poor, poor, middle and better off households respectively. School feeding is another source of food for all wealth groups. Almost all households have at least one child in school receiving one meal per day. The contribution of school feeding to annual food needs is 5‐10%.

Wajir and Habaswein are the major markets in the livelihood zone for both livestock sales, staple and non‐staple purchases. Garissa is also a very important cattle market. There are local markets in all parts of the zone where pastoralists carry out their daily transactions. Milk and shoat sales and purchases of sugar and small quantities of maize usually occur in local markets. Pastoralists living in the bush sell most of their milk to small‐scale traders living in settlements and these traders in turn transport it to the larger towns such as Wajir or Habaswein. Casual work is carried out mostly in local markets, though in bad years bigger towns such as Wajir and Garissa are destinations for those seeking casual work. Market access is fairly good in the dry season, but in the wet season access is impeded by rains.

The main chronic hazards include livestock and human diseases and water shortages. Malaria and respiratory infection are the major human ailments in this livelihood zone. The major livestock diseases are worm infestations, tick‐borne diseases and trypanosomiasis in camels. The common periodic hazards include drought, flood, conflicts and epidemic diseases.

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Seasonal Calendar: Livelihood Zone 10 ‐ Eastern Pastoral Zone Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Seasons Dry Gu Dry Deyr Livestock production Calving Peak Kidding/lambing Peak Peak Disease outbreaks Highly likely Prices Peak Peak Milk availability Shoats Shoats Cattle/ Migration Dry Wet Dry Wet Others Livestock sales High High High High Risk of insecurity High High High Malnutrition High Lean season Labor Availability Peak Peak Market access Poor Poor Water stress Cross border inflows Peak Food price High High FS Assessments

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Livelihood Zone 11: Southeastern Pastoral Zone

Districts Tana River, Ijara, The zone Southeastern Pastoral zone is characterized by a low, bimodal and erratic Lamu, Garissa rainfall pattern. The annual average rainfall ranges between 300mm and 500‐ Markets Sangailu, 750mm and increases to 1100mm in Lamu with November being the wettest month. Masalani, Ijara, The zone has two rainfall seasons, the long rains (March‐April) and the short rains Holugho, Hola, (October‐December). Temperatures along the coastline are humid with an average Garissa, of 20‐35⁰C. The dry climatic and arid conditions support nomadic pastoralism, while Modogashe, areas along the Tana Riverine Zone, which cuts through the zone, are favourable for Dadaab, Lamu, farming. The majority of people are from the Somali, Orma and Wardei Mokowe, Witu, communities. Most residents are either nomadic (45%) or semi‐nomadic (25%). The Mpeketoni, rest are either fully settled, out‐migrant laborers, in‐migrant laborers, occasional Mombasa and nomads or internally displaced persons. Garsen Cash ♦ Livestock sales Livestock production is the main source of income contributing up to 70‐80% to Income ♦ Livestock total household income. The average household owns 20‐40 heads of cattle, 40‐50 product sales goats, 30‐50 sheep and 0‐5 camels. Cattle provide the highest contribution to food ♦ Bush products and cash income followed by goats. Firewood collection and/or charcoal production, Livestock ♦ Cattle sale of bush products, petty trade and casual labor also contribute to the overall ♦ Goats household income particularly for poorer households who possess fewer animals. ♦ Sheep ♦ Camels Most food (80‐100%) is purchased; this includes beans, various pulses, rice, Hazards ♦ Drought sorghum, millet, vegetables and wheat. Most milk, meat and other livestock ♦ Livestock pests products consumed by households (up to 80%) is obtained through own production. & disease ♦ Restricted The underlying causes of food insecurity include constraints to livestock production, access to dry such as endemic livestock pests and diseases; high cost or restricted supplies of season grazing veterinary drugs; poor or low yielding animal genetic stock; insecurity or risk of ♦ Ethnic conflict raids; and poor market access. Also, the potential for diversification to alternative ♦ F loods activities such as crop production or business is hampered by lack of reliable water; low technical skills and knowledge; and poor access to markets for inputs and outputs.

Nevertheless, significant cross border trade with Somalia and local production within irrigation schemes are important to ensuring food availability in most parts of the zone through trade. This is manifested by the time spent in trading activities which average around 10% and 15% of the day for men and women respectively.

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Seasonal Calendar: Livelihood Zone 11 ‐ Southeastern Pastoral Zone Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Seasons Dry Long rains Dry Short rains Livestock production Camel Calving Some Peak Cattle Calving Peak Kidding/lambing Peak Peak Disease outbreaks Highly likely Prices Peak Peak Milk availability Shoats Shoats Cattle/ Camel milk Migration Dry Wet Dry Wet Others Livestock sales High High High High Risk of insecurity High High High Malnutrition High Lean season Labor Availability Peak Peak Market access Poor Poor Water stress Cross border inflows Peak Food price High High FS Assessments

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Livelihood Zone 12: Coastal Medium Potential Farming Zone

Districts Lamu, Malindi, Kilifi, This zone is a long narrow strip along the entirety of the Kenyan Indian Ocean Mombasa, Kwale coastline. It has a monsoon type climate, with hot and humid conditions all Markets ♦ Kiunga, Kizingitini, year round except July which is the coolest month. Annual temperatures Lamu, Rasini, range from 21⁰C to 32⁰C, with a mean of 26.5⁰C. During the short rainy season Watamu, Malindi, (October‐December) average rainfall ranges from 850mm‐1,200mm; during Ngomeni, Gongoni, the long rains (March‐June) rainfall reaches up to 1,400mm. The ethnic groups Mambrui, Kilifi, in the zone are: Bajuni, Somali, Mijikenda, Arab, Pemba, Digo and Kauma. Most Mombasa, of the inhabitants (over 90%) are fully settled. People engaged in a variety of Matsangoni and livelihood activities including fishing, mixed farming, mangrove harvesting and Takaungu labor from tourism. Food crops ♦ Maize, pulses, cassava Fishing (ocean or inland) is the main source of cash contributing to up to 85% Cash Crops ♦ Coconuts, sesame, of the total household income. Other income generating activities include cashews, mangos mangrove harvesting, food crop production, petty trade, livestock production, Cash ♦ Fish sales cash crop production and casual labor. The typical household keeps 4‐5 cattle, Income ♦ Food and cash crop 5‐8 goats, 0‐2 sheep and up to 15 chickens. Overall, cattle provide the highest sales contribution to food and cash income from livestock production. In general, ♦ Mangrove livestock contribute about 20% of household income, especially for better off harvesting households with larger livestock holdings. Crops are mainly cultivated under ♦ Livestock and rainfed and rudimentary irrigated conditions during both rainy seasons. Food livestock product and cash crop production contributes to 10‐20% of income. Cash crops include sales coconuts, sesame, cashews and mangos. Maize, millet and cassava are Livestock ♦ Goats produced for sale as well as own consumption. ♦ Cattle ♦ Sheep Most of the food consumed is purchased from the markets. These items ♦ Poultry include beans, wheat and bread, rice, vegetables, meat and maize. Some Hazards ♦ Drought maize (about 50%), meat, milk, ghee, roots and tubers are obtained through ♦ Malaria household own production. Ocean and inland fishing provides households with ♦ Water borne a good deal (up to 40%) of the fish consumed. diseases ♦ HIV/AIDS Tourism and related activities also contributes to incomes within the zone, ♦ Crop pests & disease however there are major constraints posed by this sector to livelihoods. These ♦ Livestock pests & including the fact that there are limited job opportunities, average wages are disease low, and a shortage of local expertise due to poor academic standards. High ♦ Flooding incidences of HIV/AIDS and prevalence of drug abuse are also associated with ♦ High/varia ble food the tourist industry. prices Development of potentially beneficial cash crops such as cashews, coconuts and bixa are limited by high input costs, poor access to credit, low technical knowledge and prevalence of crop pests and diseases. Similarly, livestock production is hampered by endemic livestock pests and diseases, high cost of veterinary drugs, low livestock holdings and poor or low yielding animal genetic stock. All this is despite a high demand for livestock products within the zone.

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Seasonal Calendar: Livelihood Zone 12 ‐ Coastal Medium Potential Farming Zone Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Seasons Dry Long rains Dry Short rains Crops Legend Land Preparation Planting Harvesting Maize* Cassava** Vegetable Local Coconut ‐ For the fruit and to make wine: harvested throughout the year. Mango Cotton Other crops*** Others Key ceremonies Fishing Tourism‐peak Kidding**** Milk availability Charcoal prodn. Livestock sales Livestock prices Flooding Malaria Lean season Labor (peak) Impeded market access Cross border inflows Peak Food price‐high FS Assessments *Intercropped with beans and cowpeas ** Cassava and sweet potatoes planted together *** Cashews and pineapples ****Kidding and lambing

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Livelihood Zone 13: Coastal Marginal Agricultural Mixed Farming Zone

Districts Malindi, Kilifi, Kitui, The Coastal Marginal Agricultural Mixed Farming Zone is an expansive zone Makueni, Taita encompassing much of southeastern Kenya. The zone is generally dry (averaging Taveta, Tana River, 200mm‐900mm per year) with an uneven distribution of rainfall. There are two Kwale rainy seasons: the long rains from April‐July and the more reliable short rains ⁰ ⁰ Markets ♦ Wenje, Hola, from October‐December. Temperatures range from 21 C to 32 C. The Madogo, Makindu, communities are made up of a number of ethnic groups including: Bajuni, Mtito Andei, Somali, Taita, Pokomo, Malakote, Mijikenda, Kikuyu, Orma, Digo, Kamba and Wundanyi, Voi, Duruma people. Most of the inhabitants (over 85%) are fully settled depend on Bura, Mwatate, livestock, crop production and sale of firewood for income. Small businesses, Kongowea, Ganze, remittances, casual labor and charcoal production are also important sources of Gede, Malindi, income. Marafa Watamu, Kilifi, Ukunda, Cash crop production is the major source of household income, followed by Mwangulu, livestock production, petty trade, formal & casual labor, fishing and charcoal Kongowea, production. Livestock production contributes to about a third of household Kinango, Ferry, income. The typical household keeps 1‐3 cattle, 4‐5 goats, 0‐2 sheep and about Mackinon, 10 chickens. Cash crop production contributes to about 20% of the total Majengo and Sega household income. Crops are cultivated mostly under both rain‐fed and Food crops ♦ Maize and cassava irrigated conditions, with cashews generating the most cash followed by cassava, mangos and coconuts. Households also grow maize and cassava which Cash Crops ♦ Coconuts and mangos contribute to household food needs. Charcoal production which previously has been a coping strategy is increasingly evolving into a livelihood activity with Cash ♦ Food and cash crop devastating effects to the environment. Income sales

♦ Livestock Food is mainly purchased from the markets however some items are produced ♦ Livestock product sales by households (up to 50% in some cases). Market purchases include fish, rice, some sorghum, beans and wheat. Household production can contribute of food ♦ Labor needs and includes maize, sorghum, roots/tubers, vegetables, meat, milk and ♦ Charcoal sales dairy products. Some fish, vegetables and fruits are sourced from fishing and ♦ Fish sales gathering. Livestock ♦ Goats

♦ Cattle Human‐wildlife conflict is a menace to crop production, in areas near national ♦ Poultry parks. Other constraints to crop production include poor access to markets, low Hazards ♦ Drought producer prices and high input costs. Stability of food security is highly ♦ Malaria dependent on production up‐country and cross border imports. Consequently, ♦ Water borne any disruption of the distribution channels has a great impact on households’ diseases access to food. ♦ HIV/AIDS ♦ Crop pests & d isease ♦ Livestock pests & disease ♦ Flooding ♦ High/varia ble food prices

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Seasonal Calendar: Livelihood Zone 13 ‐ Coastal Marginal Agricultural Mixed Farming Zone Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Seasons Dry Long rains Dry Short rains Crops Legend Land Preparation Planting Harvesting Maize* Cassava** Vegetable Local Cotton Pineapple Others Key ceremonies Milk availability Livestock sales High High High High Livestock prices Malaria Flooding Lean season Labor Peak Peak Market access Impeded Impeded Cross border inflows Peak Food price High High FS Assessments *Intercropped with pigeon and cow peas **Cassava and sweet potatoes planted together

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Livelihood Zone 14: Tana Riverine Zone

Districts Tana River, A long narrow strip straddling the Tana River, this zone cuts from central to south Garissa eastern Kenya. The zone has a hot climate with temperatures between 24⁰C and ⁰ ⁰ Markets ♦ Hola, Bura, 38 C and an annual average of 30 C. Rainfall is bimodal, erratic and unreliable. The Ngao, Tarassa, short rains (April‐July) and the long rains (October‐November) average 300mm‐ Kipini, Garsen, 500mm of rainfall yearly. The inhabitants of this zone include Somali, Pokomo, Garissa, Orma, and Wardei ethnic groups. The majority of the inhabitants are either fully Mwingi and settled (45%) or semi‐nomadic (30%). About 15% of inhabitants in this zone are Wajir internally displaced. Food crops ♦ Sorghum, maize, pulses, Crop production is both irrigated and rainfed and takes place during both rainy millet seasons. Crop production accounts for about half of household income. Sorghum is Cash Crops ♦ Tomatoes, the highest contributor to cash income from household crop production followed by bananas, tomatoes, maize and pulses. Horticultural crops (melons, bananas and vegetables) melons are also grown for sale. Maize is the most important food crop (contributes up to Cash ♦ Crop sales 40% of household food needs). Households consume their own farm produce Income ♦ Livestock sales including maize, sorghum, millet, vegetables and milk/dairy products. Market ♦ Livestock purchases of maize, beans, rice, wheat and meat are the other source of food in the product sales zone. ♦ Firewood and charcoal sales An average household keeps about 5 cattle, 10‐20 goats, 10‐20 sheep, chickens, Livestock ♦ Goats ducks, and perhaps a donkey and camel. Goats are the highest contributors to food ♦ Sheep from livestock production. Livestock, including poultry production contributes to up ♦ Cattle to a third of household income. Other important sources of cash include petty trade ♦ Camels and fishing. Poorer households depend more on income from firewood collection, Hazards ♦ Drought remittances and gifts from better off households. ♦ Banditry ♦ Crop pests & Low or poorly developed potential for irrigated agriculture continue to negatively disease influence household food security. The main constraints to crop production are ♦ Livestock pests shortage of reliable water supply, poor access to markets which stifles the and disease expansion of production, low producer price and high input costs. ♦ Flooding ♦ Malaria ♦ Water bo rne diseases

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Seasonal Calendar: Livelihood Zone 14 ‐ Tana Riverine Zone Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Seasons Dry Long rains Dry Short rains Crops Legend Land Preparation Planting Harvesting Maize and beans Livestock production Calving Peak Kidding/lambing Peak Peak Disease outbreaks Highly likely Prices Peak Peak Milk availability Others Fishing Peak Peak Livestock sales High Risk of insecurity High High Malnutrition High Lean season Labor Availability Peak Peak Market access Poor Poor Food price High High FS Assessments

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Livelih ood Zone 15: Sou ther n Past ora l Zon e

Districts Kajiado, Narok, The Southern Pastoral Zone cov ers the greater pa rt of Kajiado and most of the Trans Mara , southern part s of Narok di stricts. This zone has a long southern border with Kuria Tanzania. It is semi‐arid and has two rainy seasons: the long rain (March‐May) Markets ♦ Elngiro, Suswa, recording an average of 1,800mm of rainfall and the short rains (November‐ Aitong, December) whe n approximately 500mm of rainfall is received. Temperatures can be Nikarra, as high as 34 ⁰C around Lak e Magadi, and as low as 10⁰C in Loitokitok but for the Narosura, majority of the zo ne temperature average out at 18⁰C over the year. The inha bitants Shompo le, are majority Maasai (95%). Most residents (80%) are semi‐nomadic, 5% are Maili 46, nomadic, 5% are fully settled and 10% are either out‐migrant laborers or internally Kiserian , displaced. Livestock production is the main source of income for house holds in the Kimara, Emali, zone. Bissil, Kilgoris, Murkan , East A typical household owns approximately 10‐20 cattle, 10‐30 goats, 20‐40 sheep, Dikirr Esoit, with some households also possessing a donke y and chickens. Livestock are kept for Angata Barkoi, m ilk, meat, skins, hides, income and sometimes also for blo od. Mos t are local stock Lolgoria n and that are resist ant to the harsh conditions characteristic of this region. S heep an d Chebunyo. cattle are the highest co ntributors t o house ho ld food and cash income. Minimal Cash ♦ Livestock crop production takes place in this zone. Maize and beans are only cultivated during Income ♦ Livestock the long rain season, however, the yields are very low, mainly due to poor farming product sales practices. ♦ Eco‐tourism ♦ Bush products Over 80% of food is purchased from the market. Purchases include maize, beans and Livestock ♦ Cattle other pulses, rice and vegetables. Nearly all meat, milk and other dairy products are ♦ Sheep obtained from own household production. ♦ Goats Hazards ♦ Drought Livestock production is the primary source of cash making up over three quarters of ♦ Livestock pests household income. Other income generating activities that compliment livestock & disease and contribute to the overall income include eco‐tourism (especially in Narok), the ♦ Restricted collection and sale of bush products, the sale of firewood and charcoal, casual labor access to dry and petty trade. season grazing ♦ Animal rustling Constraints faced by households in this zone include endemic livestock pests and ♦ Ethnic conflict diseases, low yielding animal genetic stock, shortage of pasture, browse and water, marginalisation, insecurity (raiding of livestock), high cost and/or restricted supply of veterinary drugs and poor access to livestock markets. Drought and dry season hardship affects food availability and access in this zone. Small enterprises are constrained by poor access to capital, shortage of expertise and poor access to markets.

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Seasonal Calendar: Livelihood Zone 15 ‐ Southern Pastoral Zone Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Seasons Dry Long rains Dry Short rains Livestock production Calving Peak Kidding/lambing Peak Peak Diseases (peak) Prices Peak Peak Milk availability Shoats Shoats Cattle/ Migration Dry Wet Others Livestock sales Conflict risks Lean season Malnutrition High Labor (peak) Water stress Cross border inflows Peak Food price High High FS Assessments

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Livelihood Zone 16: Southe ast ern Marg ina l M ixed Fa rming Zone

Districts Meru, Tharak a, This semi‐arid livelihood zone known for erratic rainfall patterns receives an Mbeer e, Mwin gi, average 500m m of rainfall during the more reliable short rain season (O ctob er‐ Macha kos , December) and 800mm durin g the long rain season (M arch‐May). Temperatures Makueni, Kitui range from 12⁰C in the colder months to 35⁰C in the hottest mon ths (March and ⁰ Markets ♦ Zom be, Mutitu, October) with an annual average of 25 C. The inhabitants of this zone are ma inly Muthomo, Meru, Kamba and Tharaka. The majority (75‐90%) are fully settled, tho ugh out‐ Mutha, Ikutha, migrant laborers make up a small proportion of the inhabitants in this zone, Kanyingi, Marim anti, The average household keeps 3‐4 cattle, 6‐ 10 goats, 8‐10 chickens, 0‐1 sheep Gatun ga, and up to five beehives. Food is accessed from own production and purchase. Kathw ana, Most households produce more than half the maize cons umed as well as some Tseike ru, Nuu, sorghum, beans and vegetables. Wild foods are also consumed particularly Ngome ni, Konyu, during periods of stress. Livestock production (milk and meat) contribute Katse, Wamunyu, somewhat to annual food needs. Market purchases make up the remainder and Thika, Mwala, includes the purchase of maize, wheat, barley, bread, rice, beans a nd cooking oil. Masinga, Masii, Makindu, The main sources of cash are crop sales, livestock sales and honey. Remittances Machinery, are another important source of household income, contributing up to 10% of Kitise, Kambu, cash needs in some cases. The principle source of cash (up to 40%) is generated Siakago, from the sale of food and cash crops. Income from sale of livestock and livestock Makutano, products makes up 25‐40% of income and the rest comes from honey Kiambere, production, casual labor, remittances and petty trade. Crops are cultivated under Karaba, Ishiara, rainfed conditions mainly during the short rainy season. Maize is the highest Chiakariga, contributor to food and cash income. Greengrams, cowpeas, beans, sorghum Machakos and millet are also sold. Cotton, tobacco and Miraa are also sold, particularly in Food opscr ♦ Maize, sorghum the northern districts of the zone. & pulses Cash Crops ♦ Pulses, cotton, This zone is characterized by market gluts, especially during good seasons when tobacco & Khat virtually all households sell their harvest. Lack of proper storage capacity and (Miraa) alternative income sources compels even poor households with meagre cereal

Cash ♦ Food and cash harvests to sell during these periods, often at low prices only to repurchase at more than double the price within 3‐4 months. Income crop sales ♦ Livestock ♦ Livestock product The food security situation in the zone is constrained by factors that have limited sales the development of economic activities. These include shortage of reliable water ♦ Honey sales supply, high input costs, poor soil fertility and poor access to markets, for crop Livestock ♦ Cattle production. Poor or low yielding livestock genetic stock, high cost of veterinary ♦ Goats drugs, for livestock production hinder the expansion of the livestock sector. ♦ Sheep Factors hindering the development of small enterprise in the zone include poor Hazards ♦ Drought access to capital and other financial services, high tax burdens and shortage of ♦ Malaria small business expertise. ♦ Water borne diseases ♦ HIV/AIDS ♦ Crop pests & disease ♦ Livestock pests & disease ♦ Flooding ♦ High/variable food prices 33

Seasonal Calendar: Livelihood Zone 16 ‐ Southeastern Marginal Mixed Farming Zone Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Seasons Dry Long rains Dry Short rains Crops Legend Land Preparation Planting Harvesting Maize Green Sorghum Beans Vegetable Other pulses* Mango Cotton Others Remittances High Calving/lambing Milk availability Charcoal prodn. Livestock sales High High High Livestock prices High Poultry sales Aflatoxin High risk Lean season Labor Peak Peak Impeded market access Food price‐high FS Assessments * Including cowpeas, green grams and pigeon peas.

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Livelihood Zone 17: Southeastern Medium Potential, Mixed Farming Zone

Districts Machakos & This semi‐arid livelihood zone receives low rainfall that is often erratically dispersed. Makueni The average annual rainfall ranges from 750mm‐1200mm in Machakos and northern Markets ♦ Wamunyu, Makueni and 200mm‐900mm in the hotter areas in southern Makueni. The coldest Thika, Mwala, months (July and August) have an average temperature of 12⁰C, while in the hottest Matuu, months (March and October) temperatures average 25⁰C. The inhabitants of this Masinga, zone are mainly Kamba (over 90%) and most are fully settled though a portion of Masii, Matiliku, the population (about 20%) are out‐migrants laborers. Kasikeu and Emali The average hou sehold has 3‐ 10 cattle, 5 ‐15 goats, 10 ‐25 chickens and 1‐5 sheep. Food crops ♦ Maize, Cattle are the anim al contri butin g most to food and ca sh inco me from liv estock sorghum & production. Poultry are also very important in this zone. Overall, livestock contrib ute beans up to 40% to household incom es. Cash Cr ops ♦ Maize, Mangos, citrus Food is both grown and purchased. Own cro p production includes maize, sorghum & papa ya and beans. F ood purchases include cooking fats a nd oils, fish, rice, wheat and most Cash ♦ Food crop meat and vegetables. Wild foods are also collected for household consumption. Income sales Livestock products such as milk, also con tribute to annual food needs. ♦ Cash crop sales ♦ Livestock S ales of food and cash crop s contributes up to 40 % of household annual income, ♦ Livestock sale of livestock and livestock products contributes about 40% and the rest is p roduc t sales generated through casual labor and pe tty trade. Crops are cultivated under rainfed ♦ Petty trade conditions mainly during the short rainy season. Maize is the highest contributor to Livestock ♦ Catt le food (about 60 %) and cash income (about 60%). After maize, mangos, citrus and ♦ Poul try papayas are the most important crops sold in the zone. ♦ Goa ts ♦ Sh eep The main constraints to crop production include shortage of reliable water supply, Hazards ♦ Drough t poor access t o markets or low producer prices, high input costs, low quality stock ♦ Malari a and planting materials an d low technical skills. Livestock production is hindered by ♦ Water b orne poor or low yielding animal genetic stock, high costs of veterinary drugs and diseases shortage o f drinking water for animals. ♦ HIV/AI DS ♦ Crop pests & disease ♦ Livestock pests & disease ♦ High/variable food prices

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Seasonal Calendar: Livelihood Zone 17 ‐ Southeastern Medium Potential, Mixed Farming Zone Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Seasons Dry Long rains Dry Short rains Crops Legend Land Preparation Planting Harvesting Maize and Beans* Cooking Banana Weeding Harvesting Others Livestock sales High High High High Livestock prices Peak Peak Milk availability High Food prices High Market access Poor Poor Labor demand High High Crop Assessments *Intercropped

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Livelihood Zone 18: Southern Agropastoral Zone

Districts ♦ Kajiado, Narok, Crop production and livestock husbandry are the main economic activities in this Trans Mara, this semi‐arid zone. There are two rainy seasons: the long rains from March to May Kuria and the short rains from November to December. The long rains record an average Markets ♦ Olchoro, of 1,800mm of rainfall, while 500mm is recorded during the short rainy season. Mulot, Narok, Temperatures average at about 18⁰C annually. This is an ethnically mixed area with Sogoo, Tipis, Kikuyu (40%), Maasai (30%), Kalenjin (20%) among others. Almost all residents are N/Enilale, fully settled. Olposimoru, Illasit, Entarara A typical household owns approximately 5‐10 cattle, 8‐10 goats, 20‐25 sheep and and Loitokitok several chickens. Sheep and goats are the highest contributors to household food Food crops ♦ Maize, beans & needs (about a third). Livestock production provides the highest contribution vegetables (around 40%) to household income. Livestock production is limited by shortage of Cash ♦ Cash crop sale pasture and browse, endemic livestock pests and diseases, shortage of animal Income ♦ Food crops drinking water and poor access to markets or low prices for livestock. ♦ Livestock ♦ Livestock Households meet food needs through their own production as well as through product sales purchase. The main crops grown for both consumption and sale are maize, beans ♦ Labor and vegetables. Food purchases are important in this zone with over two thirds of Livestock ♦ Sheep staple foods consumed being purchased on the market (along with meat and ♦ Goats vegetables). Sales of crops contribute up to 40% of household income. Crops are ♦ Cattle cultivated under rainfed conditions during both the long and short rainy seasons. Hazards ♦ Livestock pests Wheat and beans are the highest cash crop contributors, followed by maize, barley & disease and tomatoes. Other income generating activities include agricultural labor, petty ♦ Crop disease trade and land leasing. Gifts are also an important source of cash for poorer ♦ Crop damage households. by wild animals ♦ Variable food Constraints to crop production in this zone include low technical skills, poor access prices to markets, low producer prices, low quality of seed stock and planting materials. ♦ Ethnic conflict High input costs and poor access to capital are also sighted as factors limiting the ♦ Malaria expansion of cash and food crop production. ♦ HIV/AIDS

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Seasonal Calendar: Livelihood Zone 18 ‐ Southern Agropastoral Zone Ja Feb Mar Ap r May Jun Ju l Au g Sep Oct Nov Dec n Seasons Dry Long rains Dry Short rains Crops Legend Land Preparati on Planting Harvesting Maize and beans Horticulture ‐ Produced throughout the year on irrigated plots. Irish Potato Livestock production Calving Peak Kidding/lambing Peak Peak Disease outbreaks Highly likely Prices Peak Peak Milk availability Shoats Shoats Cattle/ Migration Dry Wet Dry Wet Others Livestock sales High High High High Risk of insecurity High High High Malnutrition High Lean season Labor Availability Peak Peak Market access Poor Poor Water stress High Cross border inflows Peak Food price High FS Assessments

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Livelihood Zone 19: Central Highlands, High Potential Zone

Districts Southern Meru No r th, This zone is located at an altitude of 1250‐2300 meters above sea level and Meru South, M eru has a high population density estimated at about 280 persons/km2. The rains Central, Kirinyaga, which are very reliable, average 800‐2000 mm per annum and are received Muranga, N yeri, continuously from March through November with peaks in March‐May and Maragua, Kiambu , October‐November. Annual temperatures average 15‐20⁰C and are highest Nyandarua, sou the rn between December‐March. Laikipia, Thika Markets ♦ Githunguri, Limuru, The Kikuyu and Meru are the main ethnic communities in the zone. The Kikuyu, Kerugoya , majority of the inhabitants (82%) are fully settled within the zone. 10% are Kutus, Embu, Saga na, out migrant laborers while 7% are in‐migrant laborers. The main source of Makutano, Maua , income (about 30%) is cash crop sales include coffee, tea and pyrethrum. Mikinduri, Chogor ia, Sale of food crops (maize, beans and Irish potatoes) are also an important Nyahururu, Kinam ba, source of income (about 20%) along with the sale of milk and poultry (about Nyeri, Thika 30%). Poorer households depend on casual labor throughout the year as a Food Crops ♦ Maize, Irish potato, significant source of income. The peak demand for farm related labor occurs Beans between February‐November. Cash ♦ Cash crops sales Income ♦ Food crop sales A typical household keeps 5‐7 dairy cattle, about 15 chickens, 5‐10 goats ♦ Livestoc k product (including dairy goats) up to 3‐5 sheep, a pig and a donkey. Due to the sales emphasis on cash crop production, only about third of food consumed by ♦ Casual labor households is sourced from own production. The remaining two‐thirds is Livestock ♦ Dairy cattle purchased. A well developed road network facilitates good market ♦ Goats integration within the zone. Nevertheless, in remote parts where roads are ♦ Sheep in poor condition, households routinely loose farm produce to spoilages ♦ Poultry during the peak wet seasons when markets become inaccessible. Hazards ♦ HIV/AIDS ♦ Drought With the exception of the landless and urban poor households, the zone is ♦ High/Variable foo d considered to be generally food secure. Constraints to further development prices of cash and food crop production include small farm sizes, endemic crop ♦ Livestock pests an d diseases and low technical skills. In rem ote areas of the zone, poor access to diseases markets is also a factor limiting further crop production. ♦ Crop diseases ♦ Crop damage from wild animals ♦ Malaria

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Seasonal Calenda r: Livelih ood Zone 19 ‐ Centr al High lands, H igh Potential Z one Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Seasons Dry Long rains Dry Crops Legend Land Preparation Planting Harvesting Maize + Beans Coffee Tea Irish potato Cabbage Pyrethrum Include pruning Others* Grown and harvested at different times througho ut the year. Milk availability Throughout the year due to dairy farming Livestock Lives cto k Hu sbandry, vaccinations and general management thr oughout the year (intensive) Food prices High Market access Poor Poor Labor Peak Crop Assessments * Permanent crops including avocado, passion fruit, mangos, macadamia nuts, bananas and pineapples

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Livelihood Zone 20: Western Medium Potential Zone

Districts ♦ Nakuru, North The Western Medium Potential Zone is a long zone running west from Uganda to Narok, Koibatek, south central Kenya, cutting across many districts. The zone receives fairly Keiyo, South reliable rainfall throughout the year (March‐November) with a small break in Marakwet, south July. On average the zone receives 1,290‐1,680 mm of rain annually with peaks in West Pokot, North April‐ May and September‐October. Seasonal temperatures average 13‐28⁰C with Trans Nzoia, MT the hottest months being January‐March. The main communities residing in the Elgon zone include the Kalenjin, who are the majority, followed by the Masaai, Luhya, Markets ♦ Chepkorio, Eldoret, Kiku yu and Pokot among others. 80% of the population are fully settled while Iten, Torongo, 10% are out‐migrant laborers. The rest are either in‐migrant laborers (6%) or Kenangoi, in ternally displaced (4%). Kapcherop, Kapsowar, The sale of crops is the main source of income in the zone, accounting for over Olenguruone, Molo, 4 0% of household incomes, followed by livestock and livestock product sales Rongai, Nakuru (about 30%). In addition, petty trade, small business activities and casual labor wholesale, Mulot, are also important sources of income (about 20%), especially for households Narok, Chesogon, nearer to the border with Uganda as there are more opportunities for cross Kiminini, Gitwamba, border trade. Saboti, Makutano, Kapsait, Lwakhakha, Despite the good rainfall distribution, about two thirds of crop production takes Kimilili, Kamkuywa, place during the long rainy season (from March to May). Most households meet Chepareria, over two‐thirds of food needs through their own production: this includes maize, Kachibora. vegetables and milk and dairy produ cts. Households also produce over half of Food Crops ♦ Maize beans and about a third of meat consumed at household the level. During lean ♦ Beans periods, the poorest households rely on hunting and gathering of fruits, berries, ♦ Vegetables local vegetables and game to meet total food needs. (cabbage) ♦ Irish potato On average, a household owns 0‐6 cattle, 5‐10 goats and sheep, 0‐10 chickens as ♦ Sorghum well as a donkey (used as a pack animal and fetching water). The main ♦ Groundnuts constraints to keeping additional livestock include the risk of cattle rustling, lack Cash ♦ Cash crops sales of drinking water for animals and high costs and restricted supply of veterinary Income ♦ Food crops sales drugs. ♦ Li vestock sales ♦ Livestock product Other constraints to economic activities in the zone include low quality seed sales stock and planting materials, lack of reliable water, unfavourable climate, small ♦ Casual labor land holdings, endemic crop pests or diseases and low technical skills/. In Livestock ♦ Cattle addition too much red tape, lack of access to markets and high tax rates have ♦ Goats been identified as constraints to small and micro business operations in the zone. ♦ Sheep ♦ Poultry Hazards ♦ Livestock pests and diseases ♦ HIV/AIDS ♦ Crop pests and diseases ♦ Drinking water shortages ♦ Drought ♦ Malaria

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Seasonal Calendar: Livelihood Zone 20 ‐ Western Medium Potential Zone Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Seasons Dry Long rains Dry Short rains Crops Legend Lan d Preparation Planting Harvesting Maize and Beans* Sorghum Vegetable Produced throughout th e year fo r local consumption. Pyrethrum** Including pruning Irish potato Groundnuts Others Livestock sales High High High High Livestock prices Peak Peak Milk availability High Food prices High Cross border inflows Peak Market access Poor Poor Labor Peak Peak Peak Crop Assessments * Mostly intercropped ** 9‐10 months for peak production to be realized

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Livelihood Zone 21: Western High Potential Zone

Districts Nakuru, Kisii Ce ntral, This zone has some of the most densely populated areas in the country, Bomet, Buret, Ke richo, , surpassing 1000 people per km2 in some locations. The zone is also one of Gucha, Nyam ira, Nandi, the most food secure areas with high resilience to many hazards including Kakamega, Vihiga , Butere crop failures. Rainfall is continuous between March‐September and in Mumias, Teso, Bungom a, some places ceases only in November as averages 1200‐2200mm per Lugari, Uasin Gish u, Trans annum. The driest period is December‐February when average Nzoia and Busia temperatures reach 29⁰C. Otherwise, average annual temperatures range ⁰ Markets ♦ Daraja Mbili, Nyak oe, from 13‐29 C. Agricultural production is undertaken throughout the year Suneka, Kero ka, Mulot, with vegetables being harvested three times a year. The main ethnic Ainamoi, Sondu, communities residing in this zone include the Luhya, Kisii, Teso, Kipsigis, Kericho, Zi wa, Moi’s Kikuyu, Nandi and Luo among others. Of these 85% are fully settled, 9% Bridge, M atunda, in‐migrant laborers, 5% out‐migrant laborers and the remaining 1% Butula, Mumias, internally displaced. Bukura, Kakamega Municipal, Khaye ga, Approximately a third of food consumed at household level is sourced Matunda, Busia, from own production including maize, beans, vegetables, milk and other Malaba, Malakisi, dairy pro ducts. Market purchases account for the remaining food Chavakali, Cheptu lu, consumed by households and includes the staple maize and beans as well Mupete, Serem as purchases of meat, cooking fats, wheat and barley products. Food Crops ♦ Maize, beans, banana s, kale, sweet potato, Ir ish The main source of cash for households is the sale of crops, including both potato, loc al food crops and cash crops such as tea, coffee and wheat. Livestock sales vegetables, cassava, and the sale of livestock products such as milk and honey are the second finge r millet most important source of cash. Markets are fairly efficient, well Cash Crops ♦ Tea, coffee, wheat integrated and characterised by high levels of competition. Most are easily accessible and transaction costs are relatively low. The marketing of Cash ♦ Cash crop s sales cereals and milk is often facilitated and organized through national Income ♦ Food crops sales marketing organizations including the National Cereals and Produce ♦ Livestoc k sales Board (NCPB) and Kenya Cooperative Creameries (KCC). ♦ Livestock product sal es

♦ Labor Th reats to food security within the zone include the rapidly increasing ♦ Small businesse s population which is a constraint to optimal land holding; poor agronomic ♦ Petty trade practices which lead to poor land fertility and low productivity; high cost Livestock ♦ Cattle (dairy/local) of veterinary drugs; and low producer prices for agricultural commodities. ♦ Goat s

♦ Sheep

♦ Beekeeping Hazards ♦ Crop diseases ♦ Lives tock pests and diseas es ♦ HIV/AIDS ♦ Malaria ♦ High/variable food prices

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Seasonal Calendar: Livelihood Zone 21 ‐ Western High Potential Zone Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Seasons Dry Long rains Dry Crops Legend Land Preparation Planting Harvesting Maize Drying Maize weeding Beans Vegetables Produced throughout the year for local consumption and sale of surplus. Irish potatoes Wheat Tea First harvest 3‐4 years after planti ng , c onti nuo us Bonus* Others Milk availability Th roughout th e year d ue to dairy farming Dairy Livestock Husbandry, vaccinations and gen eral man ag ement throughout the year (intensive) Livestock sales High High High High Livestock prices Peak Peak Milk availability High Food prices High Cross border inflows Peak Market access Poor Poor Casual labor Peak Peak Crop Assessments *Bonus is the second payment of tea harvest. Normally, farmers are paid Ksh 10.5 per month for each kilogram of green tea delivered to factories. The remaining Ksh. 24.6 per kilogram of green tea is paid as lump sum in October, the bonus.

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Livelihood Zone 22: Western Lakeshore Marginal Mixed Farming Zone

Districts ♦ Busia, Siaya, Bondo, Th is zone is characterized by an inland equatorial type of climate and is Kisumu, Nyando, situ ated on the part of the Lake Victoria shore which is upland plateau and is Rachuonyo, 1 ,220 ‐1,560 meters above sea level. The rainfall pattern is bimodal with rains Homabay, Suba, rec eived in mid February‐May and July‐October and average 500‐1000 mm per Migori, a nnum. Nearly 90% of the population in the zone, mainly Luo and Luhya Markets ♦ Bondo, Ndori, Akala, communities, are fully settled while the remaining 10% are either in‐migrant or Aram, Kibuye, out‐ migrant laborers. Migori, Rongo, Ahero, Awendo, The long rains account for about 65% of all agricultural production every year . Katito, Sondu, Food crops are mainly consumed locally within the zone, rather than traded Magunga, Funyula, out of the zone. About two thirds of food needs are met through purchase and Bumala. include the purchase of maize, beans, cooking oil, fish, wheat and barley. Food Crops ♦ Maize, Beans, Sorghum, The main sources of household income are sale of food crops (about 30%) , Groundnut livestock sales (about 20%) and sale of cash crops (about 15%). Casual labor is Cash Crops ♦ Cotton, tobacco, important within the zone and contributes up to 10% of household incomes in sugarcane areas where cash crops such as cotton, sugar cane and tobacco are produced . Cash ♦ Livestock sales The market chains for cash crops produced within the zone are fairly Income ♦ Food and cash crop o rga nized. However, potential benefits to households are moderated by sales d elayed payment for cane deliveries and health concerns emanating from ♦ Casual labor tobacco production. Meanwhile, market access is often disrupted in remote ♦ Small business areas during peak rain seasons due to poor roads. ♦ Petty trade Livestock ♦ Cattle Livestock production is an important livelihood strategy since households are ♦ Goats deficit producers of food crops (due to widespread growing of cash crops such ♦ Sheep as sugar cane and tobacco). A typical household owns 1‐5 cattle, 0‐5 goats ♦ Poultry and/or sheep and 5‐10 chicken. Constraints to livestock production include Hazards ♦ HIV/AIDS p oor or low yielding animal genetic stock, endemic pests and diseases, and low ♦ Livestock pests and prices for animals. diseases ♦ Malaria Other constraints to economic activities that negatively impact on food ♦ High/variable food security include low land fertility, low quality of seed stock and planting prices materials, low technical skills/knowledge, high input costs and lack of credit. In ♦ Drough t addition, lack of capital and weak financial services are identified as ♦ Crop pest and impediments to the development of small enterprises and off farm production diseases activities. ♦ Water borne di seas e epidemics (cholera, dysentery , etc)

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Seasonal Calendar: Livelihood Zone 22 ‐ Western Lakeshore Marginal Mixed Farming Zone Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Seasons Dry Long rains Dry Short rains Crops Legend Land Preparation Planting Harvesting Maize & Beans* Sorghum Cotton Tobacco Groundnuts Sweet potato Sugar Cane Ratoon 1st harvest after 20‐22 months continuous Vegetable Produced throughout the year for local consumption and sale of surplus. Others Livestock sales High High High High Livestock prices Peak Peak Milk availability High Food prices High Cross border inflows Peak Market access Poor Poor Labor demand High High High Crop Assessments

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Livelihood Zone 23: Lake Victoria Fishing Zone

Districts Busia, Bondo, This zone comprises the narrow stretch bordering the Lake Victoria cutti ng across Kisumu, Nyando, m any districts. The zone is characterized by an inland equatorial climate and is Rachuonyo, situated between 1,140‐1,220 meters above sea level. The zone receives low Homabay, Suba , rainfall varying between 250‐700 mm per annum, and is suitable for limited Migori production of drought tolerant crops only. The predominant ethnic communities Markets ♦ Usenge, Homa are Luo, Luhya and Suba. About 85% of the population is fully settled in the zone, Bay, Bodi, 10 % are in‐migrant laborers and the remaining 5% out‐migrant laborers. In‐migrant Kombewa, lab or is particularly import ant in Bondo, Nyando and Suba where it accounts for Muhuru, Sori, nearly 30% of all in‐migrants in the zone. Meanwhile, out‐migrant labor which can Nyakwere, positively influence remittances is only significant in Siaya (10%). Sindo, Mbita, Port‐victoria, T he main economic activity in the zone is fishing which provides nearly half of all Sio‐port i ncome for households. There is limited agricultural production mainly the Food Crops ♦ Kales production kale, cassava and sweet potatoes. The principle livestock are cattle, ♦ Cassava goats, sheep and poultry. The sale of livestock and crop products provides about a ♦ Sweet potato third of household income. The remaining cash is earned through waged labor Cash ♦ Fishing (casual and formal labor), small business activities (including petty trade) and Income ♦ Livestock remittances. Despite being a fishing livelihood zone, households typically keep 1‐5 ♦ Food crops cattle, about 2‐10 goats, 3‐5 sheep and 5‐10 chickens, which enables them diversify ♦ Casual labor th eir livelihoods. Frequent flooding episodes in the zone often result in loss of ♦ Petty trade as sets including livestock. ♦ Remittances Livestock ♦ Cattle Market purchases comprise the main source of food in the zone, accounting for ♦ Goat about 70% of household food consumption. Up to two thirds of staple maize, beans ♦ Sheep and milk are purchased along with nearly all cooking oil. Households are often ♦ Poultry faced with poor dietary diversity since they have to sell large proportions fish to Hazards ♦ HIV/AIDS generate the income needed for other food and non‐food purchases. As a result, ♦ Malaria malnutrition is a recurring problem in the zone and is exacerbated by frequent ♦ Drinking water outbreaks of water borne diseases such as cholera. shortages ♦ Water borne T here are many constraints to the fishing sector including: poor infrastructure disease (e.g. (underdeveloped landing beaches, poor road infrastructure and limited fish cholera and processing capacities); lack of access to credit; pollution of the lake; lack of dysentery) e ntrepreneurial skills; and high rates of HIV/AIDS accentuated by retrogressive ♦ Crop pests and practices such as ‘sex for fish’. Low fish stocks also limit the potential contribution diseases of fisheries to livelihoods. ♦ Flooding ♦ Livestock pests and diseases ♦ Insecurity

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Seasonal Calendar: Livelihood Zone 23 ‐ Lake Victoria Fishing Zone

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Seasons Dry Long rains Dry, cold Dry Short rains Crops Legend Land Preparation Planting Harvesting Sweet potato* Fishing Peak Peak Flooding Malaria/Cholera Lean season Labor Peak Peak Cross border inflows Peak Market access Poor Poor Food prices High High FS Assessments *Including cassava

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Livelihood Zon e 24: Western Agrop astoral Zon e

Districts Samburu, This semi‐arid zone has two rainy s easons, with an annual mean rainfall of 400mm. Baring o, Laikpia Within the zone there are a few mountainous area that have higher rainfall and West Po kot, averaging 750 ‐ 1,250m m, though th e dr ier parts average 25 0‐500 mm. Turkana, Is iolo Temperatures range from 24⁰ to 33 ⁰C. The inhabit ants of the zone are varied and Markets ♦ Sugur Marmar, include Turkana, Samburu, Maasai, Pokot, Rendille, Borana among others. The Malara l, majority of the residents are semi‐nomadic though about 20% are fully nomadic. Barago i, There are also small groups of fully settled, migrant laborers and internally displaced Archer’ s Post, p ersons. Nginyang, Kollowa, The main economic activity is livestock husbandry. A typical household owns Mariga t, approximately 5‐10 cattle, 30‐40 goats, 20‐2 5 sheep and some chickens. So me Tongub ei, households may also own camels or a donk ey. Goats are the highest contributors to Loruk household food and cash income. Cash ♦ Livestock sales Income ♦ Livestoc k Over 80% of fo od commodities are purchased from the market. Beans, maize, other pro duc t sales pulses, rice and wheat are b ought from traders. The bulk of me at and milk and ♦ Bush products dairy products are o btain e d from household production . Poorer households will Livestock ♦ Goats purchase the cheapest cereal to make up the bulk of their diet. They will only get a ♦ Sheep small amount of their food needs from their livestock as herd sizes tend to be ♦ Cattle smaller. All households rely on wild foods during the hunger period – with poorer Hazards ♦ Drought households getting up to 25% of their food needs from wild foods during the dry ♦ Livestock pests season months. & disease ♦ Restricted Livestock production is the main source of cash income in the zone, contributing up access to dry to 85% of the total household income. Crop production contributes up to 20% of season grazing household income. The rest is earned through the collection and sale of bush ♦ Animal rustling products, the sale of firewood and charcoal, casual labor, eco‐tourism and petty ♦ Ethnic conflict trade. Poorer households also rely on gifts from better off households. ♦ Drinking water shortages There is widespread poverty in this zone. Literacy levels are low. Other constraints faced by these pastoral households include shortage of pasture, browse and water, endemic livestock pests and diseases and insecurity (raiding of livestock). Drought and dry season hardship affects food availability and access in this zone. Small enterprises are constrained by poor access to capital, shortage of expertise and poor access to markets.

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Seasonal Calendar: Livelihood Zone 24 ‐ Western Agropastoral Zone J an Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug S ep Oct Nov Dec Seasons Dry Long rains Dry Short rains Crops Legend Land Preparation Planting Harvesting Maize Sorghum Vegetables Crop diseases Livestock production Calving Peak Kidding Peak Peak Disease outbreaks Peak Prices Peak Peak Milk availability Goats Goats Cattle/ Migration Dry Wet Dry Wet Others Livestock sales High High High High Risk of insecurity High High High Malnutrition High Lean season Labor Availability Peak Peak Market access Poor Poor Water stress Cross border inflows Peak Food price High High FS Assessments

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