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Downloaded on 18/1/2020 from Independence-Questioned-Qatar Serbian media on terrorism and violent extremism Research report Dubravka Valić Nedeljković and Vladimir Barović This publication was produced with the financial support of the European Union. Its contents are the sole responsibility of NOVI SAD school of Journalism and does not necessarily reflect the views of the European Union nor of Hedayah” Title: Serbian media on terrorism and violent extremism Research report Publisher: Novi Sad School of Journalism https://www.novinarska-skola.org.rs/sr/en/ Authors: Dubravka Valić Nedeljković and Vladimir Barović Researchers: Sandra Maksimović, Valentina Sigeti and Darija Stjepić July, 2020. Table of Contents 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 . Context analysis ..................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 . Introduction to the research and methodology ...................................................................... 6 2. 2. Monitoring/researching online portals and daily newspapers on terrorism and violent extremism 8 2.1. Monitoring the Alo newspaper portal ............................................................................................ 8 2.1.2. Media context ........................................................................................................................ 9 2.2. Monitoring the Blic portal ........................................................................................................... 19 2.3. Monitoring Informer newspaper .................................................................................................. 28 2.3.1. Media context ...................................................................................................................... 28 2.4. Monitoring the Politika portal ..................................................................................................... 34 3. Monitoring/researching television channels with national frequency and regional coverage of terrorism and violent extremism ........................................................................................................... 39 3.1.1. Media and show context ....................................................................................................... 40 3.2. Monitoring of primetime news programs of Radio Television of Serbia ...................................... 50 3.2.1. Media and show context ....................................................................................................... 50 3.3. Monitoring Pink TV channel primetime news shows ................................................................... 62 4. In-depth interview - editors' opinions and views on media coverage of terrorism and violent extremism ............................................................................................................................................. 72 5. Concluding consideration of research/monitoring with recommendations ........................................... 84 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Context analysis When analyzing the reporting on violent extremism and terrorism, it is necessary to keep in mind all the complexity the topic brings with it. Let us reiterate that the first modern act of terrorism is considered the hijacking of the Israeli aircraft heading from Rome to Tel Aviv in 1968 by the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (Barović, 2012: 130). With the increasing changes that took place on the geopolitical scene, the media's interest in the topic has increased, culminating in the terrorist attack on the United States in 2001. "Since September 11, 2001, terrorism has become a very important topic for all high-circulation media, with a particular focus on Western countries, where it is a ubiquitous and inexhaustible source of journalistic features, columns, reportages, special shows, live appearances, live shots" (Barović, 2012 : 132). However, this kind of reporting often goes beyond the boundaries of good taste and professionalism. "In this race for circulation and publicity, exaggerations are common as the media "warm up the atmosphere" before the anniversaries of major terrorist attacks and before major holidays, so it seems that it is very important for the media to write and talk about terrorism, which indeed is a real danger, but is not a universal topic for filling the media idling" (Barović, 2012: 132). To make the situation even more complicated for the media, terrorist organizations themselves cannot function without them, which means that by reporting on such acts, the media fulfill not only their duty to the public by informing them about relevant social events, but also the goal of terrorist organizations to make that same public aware of their deeds. "For an act to be characterized as terrorism, it must contain the perpetrators’ intent to be found in the media, as there is no modern terrorism without evident symbiosis with the media. Through the media, terrorists send a clear message that they will continue their activities if their demands are not fulfilled, while on the other hand, this influences the public to exert political pressure on the government to (not) respond to terrorist pressure" (Barović, 2012: 129). Terrorism is the term mentioned in the world media daily, from reports on terrorist attacks in various regions, through analyst estimates, to security forecasts by military officials and experts. We have heard in the media the word terrorism countless times that has been used since the French bourgeois revolution when organized, systemic revolutionary terror against political opponents during the Jacobin dictatorship was first applied. Executive authority - the Committee of Public Safety in 1793/4 imprisoned about 300,000 people while 40,000 were executed - what has historically been called the reign of terror (Beres, 1988: 8). During the reign of terror, the regime opponents were killed by decapitation on the guillotine and the same fate did not 1 bypassed some of the most famous journalists but also the leaders of the revolution who were liquidated: "Like many revolutionaries, Hébert (Jacques – author’s note) too ended up on the guillotine, in March 1794, just like Girondin Jacques Pierre Brissot (editor of the Patriote Francais newspaper), guillotined by the Jacobins" (Bjelica, Jevtović, 2006: 56). While there are views that terrorism is a product of the new age, it is a phenomenon with deep historical roots, because the murder of Gaius Julius Caesar in 44 BC but also the fight of the Jewish religious groups Sicarii and Zealots against the Roman authorities are considered the acts of terrorism (Srdanovic, 2002: 9). In the Middle Ages, a religious group of Nazarites (a branch of Ishmaelites, Islam religious community) operated in the Middle East, with special warriors called Hashishans (Assassins) performing well organized assassinations. The Hashishans were first well trained by their leader in handling cold weapons and then religiously manipulated (using hashish opiate, hence the name); after training they went on to assassinate opponent rulers such as Fatimid Caliph Al-Amir and vizier Nizam al-Mulk (Lewis, 2010). The fact is that representatives of certain armed formations are often represented in various world media as "freedom fighters" One such example is the Taliban who fought against the Soviets in their invasion of Afghanistan in the 1980s, only to be later portrayed as hardcore terrorists in the same media after attacking the United States, even though they were the same people and organization. "What sets terrorist groups apart from the liberation movements is the outcome, or which fraction will succeed or fail in political power fight. Also, we can distinguish between freedom fighters and terrorists on the basis of the Geneva Convention adopted in 1949 about the protection of the civilian population in war which, inter alia, prohibits violence against life and personality of individuals, killing, massacre, cruel treatment, torture and hostage, and a large number terrorist acts comprise precisely these elements" (Jazić, 2010: 114). Despite the complex problem of defining terrorism, it is necessary to provide a definition that will help us determine this social, and ultimately media, phenomenon. One of the definitions of terrorism that can be labeled as broadly acceptable is: terrorism is a threatened or actual use of illegal force and violence to attain a political, economic, religious or social goal through fear, coercion or intimidation (Russell et al 1999: 13). It is difficult for the media and journalists to distinguish between criminal activities and terrorism (because they are often linked), but the main differing element is the political motivation and desire of terrorists for media attention. This is pointed to by Bruce Hoffman in his definition of terrorism: "... a violent act that is conceived specifically to attract attention and then, through the publicity it generates, to communicate a message " (Hofman, 2000: 118). 2 Terrorist organizations can be divided into nationalist-ethnic-separatist groups; ideological or religious groups that do not always have criminogenic elements in their composition; groups that are associated with a specific motivation such as nihilism; groups that act on the basis of interest connection for political affirmation (Rusell at al 1999: 31-32). The Republic of Serbia treats terrorism as a threat "to its core
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