Early Events in Olfactory Processing
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Five Topographically Organized Fields in the Somatosensory Cortex of the Flying Fox: Microelectrode Maps, Myeloarchitecture, and Cortical Modules
THE JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE NEUROLOGY 317:1-30 (1992) Five Topographically Organized Fields in the Somatosensory Cortex of the Flying Fox: Microelectrode Maps, Myeloarchitecture, and Cortical Modules LEAH A. KRUBITZER AND MIKE B. CALFORD Vision, Touch and Hearing Research Centre, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia 4072 ABSTRACT Five somatosensory fields were defined in the grey-headed flying fox by using microelec- trode mapping procedures. These fields are: the primary somatosensory area, SI or area 3b; a field caudal to area 3b, area 1/2; the second somatosensory area, SII; the parietal ventral area, PV; and the ventral somatosensory area, VS. A large number of closely spaced electrode penetrations recording multiunit activity revealed that each of these fields had a complete somatotopic representation. Microelectrode maps of somatosensory fields were related to architecture in cortex that had been flattened, cut parallel to the cortical surface, and stained for myelin. Receptive field size and some neural properties of individual fields were directly compared. Area 3b was the largest field identified and its topography was similar to that described in many other mammals. Neurons in 3b were highly responsive to cutaneous stimulation of peripheral body parts and had relatively small receptive fields. The myeloarchi- tecture revealed patches of dense myelination surrounded by thin zones of lightly myelinated cortex. Microelectrode recordings showed that myelin-dense and sparse zones in 3b were related to neurons that responded consistently or habituated to repetitive stimulation respectively. In cortex caudal to 3b, and protruding into 3b, a complete representation of the body surface adjacent to much of the caudal boundary of 3b was defined. -
Neural Mapping of Direction and Frequency in the Cricket Cercal Sensory System
The Journal of Neuroscience, March 1, 1999, 19(5):1771–1781 Neural Mapping of Direction and Frequency in the Cricket Cercal Sensory System Sussan Paydar,2 Caitlin A. Doan,2 and Gwen A. Jacobs1 1Center for Computational Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, and 2Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 Primary mechanosensory receptors and interneurons in the segregation was investigated, by calculating the relative over- cricket cercal sensory system are sensitive to the direction and lap between the long and medium-length hair afferents with the frequency of air current stimuli. Receptors innervating long dendrites of two interneurons that are known to have different mechanoreceptor hairs (.1000 mm) are most sensitive to low- frequency sensitivities. Both interneurons were shown to have frequency air currents (,150 Hz); receptors innervating nearly equal anatomical overlap with long and medium hair medium-length hairs (900–500 mm) are most sensitive to higher afferents. Thus, the differential overlap of these interneurons frequency ranges (150–400 Hz). Previous studies demonstrated with the two different classes of afferents was not adequate to that the projection pattern of the synaptic arborizations of long explain the observed frequency selectivity of the interneurons. hair receptor afferents form a continuous map of air current Other mechanisms such as selective connectivity between direction within the terminal abdominal ganglion (Jacobs and subsets of afferents and interneurons and/or differences in Theunissen, 1996). We demonstrate here that the projection interneuron biophysical properties must play a role in establish- pattern of the medium-length hair afferents also forms a con- ing the frequency selectivities of these interneurons. -
Portia Perceptions: the Umwelt of an Araneophagic Jumping Spider
Portia Perceptions: The Umwelt of an Araneophagic Jumping 1 Spider Duane P. Harland and Robert R. Jackson The Personality of Portia Spiders are traditionally portrayed as simple, instinct-driven animals (Savory, 1928; Drees, 1952; Bristowe, 1958). Small brain size is perhaps the most compelling reason for expecting so little flexibility from our eight-legged neighbors. Fitting comfortably on the head of a pin, a spider brain seems to vanish into insignificance. Common sense tells us that compared with large-brained mammals, spiders have so little to work with that they must be restricted to a circumscribed set of rigid behaviors, flexibility being a luxury afforded only to those with much larger central nervous systems. In this chapter we review recent findings on an unusual group of spiders that seem to be arachnid enigmas. In a number of ways the behavior of the araneophagic jumping spiders is more comparable to that of birds and mammals than conventional wisdom would lead us to expect of an arthropod. The term araneophagic refers to these spiders’ preference for other spiders as prey, and jumping spider is the common English name for members of the family Saltici- dae. Although both their common and the scientific Latin names acknowledge their jumping behavior, it is really their unique, complex eyes that set this family of spiders apart from all others. Among spiders (many of which have very poor vision), salticids have eyes that are by far the most specialized for resolving fine spatial detail. We focus here on the most extensively studied genus, Portia. Before we discuss the interrelationship between the salticids’ uniquely acute vision, their predatory strategies, and their apparent cognitive abilities, we need to offer some sense of what kind of animal a jumping spider is; to do this, we attempt to offer some insight into what we might call Portia’s personality. -
Decoding Odor Quality and Intensity in the Drosophila Brain
RESEARCH ARTICLE elifesciences.org Decoding odor quality and intensity in the Drosophila brain Antonia Strutz1, Jan Soelter2, Amelie Baschwitz1, Abu Farhan1, Veit Grabe1, Jürgen Rybak1, Markus Knaden1, Michael Schmuker2†, Bill S Hansson1, Silke Sachse1* 1Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany; 2Department for Biology, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Free University Berlin, Neuroinformatics and Theoretical Neuroscience, Berlin, Germany Abstract To internally reflect the sensory environment, animals create neural maps encoding the external stimulus space. From that primary neural code relevant information has to be extracted for accurate navigation. We analyzed how different odor features such as hedonic valence and intensity are functionally integrated in the lateral horn (LH) of the vinegar fly, Drosophila melanogaster. We characterized an olfactory-processing pathway, comprised of inhibitory projection neurons (iPNs) that target the LH exclusively, at morphological, functional and behavioral levels. We demonstrate that iPNs are subdivided into two morphological groups encoding positive hedonic valence or intensity information and conveying these features into separate domains in the LH. Silencing iPNs severely diminished flies' attraction behavior. Moreover, functional imaging disclosed a LH region tuned to repulsive odors comprised exclusively of third-order neurons. We provide evidence for a feature-based map in the LH, and elucidate its role as the center for integrating behaviorally relevant olfactory information. DOI: 10.7554/eLife.04147.001 *For correspondence: ssachse@ ice.mpg.de Present address: †School of Introduction Engineering and Informatics, To navigate the environment in a way that optimizes their survival and reproduction, animals have University of Sussex, Brighton, evolved sensory systems. These have three essential tasks: First, the external world has to be trans- United Kingdom lated into an internal representation in the form of an accurate neural map. -
A Resource for the Drosophila Antennal Lobe Provided by The
TOOLS AND RESOURCES A resource for the Drosophila antennal lobe provided by the connectome of glomerulus VA1v Jane Anne Horne1, Carlie Langille1, Sari McLin1, Meagan Wiederman1, Zhiyuan Lu1,2, C Shan Xu2, Stephen M Plaza2, Louis K Scheffer2, Harald F Hess2, Ian A Meinertzhagen1,2* 1Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Life Sciences Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; 2Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Virginia, United States Abstract Using FIB-SEM we report the entire synaptic connectome of glomerulus VA1v of the right antennal lobe in Drosophila melanogaster. Within the glomerulus we densely reconstructed all neurons, including hitherto elusive local interneurons. The fruitless-positive, sexually dimorphic VA1v included >11,140 presynaptic sites with ~38,050 postsynaptic dendrites. These connected input olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs, 51 ipsilateral, 56 contralateral), output projection neurons (18 PNs), and local interneurons (56 of >150 previously reported LNs). ORNs are predominantly presynaptic and PNs predominantly postsynaptic; newly reported LN circuits are largely an equal mixture and confer extensive synaptic reciprocity, except the newly reported LN2V with input from ORNs and outputs mostly to monoglomerular PNs, however. PNs were more numerous than previously reported from genetic screens, suggesting that the latter failed to reach saturation. We report a matrix of 192 bodies each having >50 connections; these form 88% of the glomerulus’ pre/postsynaptic sites. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.37550.001 *For correspondence: [email protected] Competing interests: The Introduction authors declare that no A striking convergence in advanced brains has endowed those structures of the brains in insects and competing interests exist. -
Neuroethology in Neuroscience Why Study an Exotic Animal
Neuroethology in Neuroscience or Why study an exotic animal Nobel prize in Physiology and Medicine 1973 Karl von Frisch Konrad Lorenz Nikolaas Tinbergen for their discoveries concerning "organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns". Behaviour patterns become explicable when interpreted as the result of natural selection, analogous with anatomical and physiological characteristics. This year's prize winners hold a unique position in this field. They are the most eminent founders of a new science, called "the comparative study of behaviour" or "ethology" (from ethos = habit, manner). Their first discoveries were made on insects, fishes and birds, but the basal principles have proved to be applicable also on mammals, including man. Nobel prize in Physiology and Medicine 1973 Karl von Frisch Konrad Lorenz Nikolaas Tinbergen Ammophila the sand wasp Black headed gull Niko Tinbergen’s four questions? 1. How the behavior of the animal affects its survival and reproduction (function)? 2. By how the behavior is similar or different from behaviors in other species (phylogeny)? 3. How the behavior is shaped by the animal’s own experiences (ontogeny)? 4. How the behavior is manifested at the physiological level (mechanism)? Neuroethology as a sub-field in brain research • A large variety of research models and a tendency to focus on esoteric animals and systems (specialized behaviors). • Studying animals while ignoring the relevancy to humans. • Studying the brain in the context of the animal’s natural behavior. • Top-down approach. Archer fish Prof. Ronen Segev Ben-Gurion University Neuroethology as a sub-field in brain research • A large variety of research models and a tendency to focus on esoteric animals and systems (specialized behaviors). -
Nerve Cells and Animal Behaviour Second Edition
Nerve Cells and Animal Behaviour Second Edition This new edition of Nerve Cells and Animal Behaviour has been updated and expanded by Peter Simmons and David Young in order to offer a comprehensive introduction to the field of neuroethology while still maintaining the accessibility of the book to university students. Two new chapters have been added, broadening the scope of the book by describing changes in behaviour and how networks of nerve cells control behaviour. The book explains the way in which the nervous systems of animals control behaviour without assuming that the reader has any prior knowledge of neurophysiology. Using a carefully selected series of behaviour patterns, students are taken from an elementary-level introduction to a point at which sufficient detail has been assimilated to allow a satisfying insight into current research on how nervous systems control and generate behaviour. Only examples for which it has been possible to establish a clear link between the activity of particular nerve cells and a pattern of behaviour have been used. Important and possibly unfamiliar terminology is defined directly or by context when it first appears and is printed in bold type. At the end of each chapter, the authors have added a list of suggestions for further reading, and specific topics are highlighted in boxes within the text. Nerve Cells and Animal Behaviour is essential reading for undergraduate and graduate students of zoology, psychology and physiology and serves as a clear introduction to the field of neuroethology. is a Lecturer in the Department of Neurobiology, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK, and is a Reader in the Department of Zoology, University of Melbourne, Australia. -
Somatosensory Evoked Potentials Indexing Lateral Inhibition
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.15.338111; this version posted October 16, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Somatosensory evoked potentials indexing lateral inhibition are modulated according to the mode of perceptual processing: comparing or combining multi-digit tactile motion Irena Arslanova**1, Keying Wang1, Hiroaki Gomi2, Patrick Haggard1 ** Corresponding author Affiliations: 1) Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, 17 Queen Square London, WC1N 3AZ, UK 2) NTT Communication Science Laboratories, NTT Corporation, 3-1 Wakamiya, Morinosato, Atsugishi, Kanagawa, 243-0198, Japan Corresponding author contact details: Irena Arslanova: [email protected] +44(0)2076791177 ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2981-3764 Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, 17 Queen Square London, WC1N 3AZ, UK Supplemental information: Supplemental information includes a spreadsheet with data used for key inferences: ERP P40 amplitudes and behavioural accuracy, as well as percentage of rejected trials. It also includes an analysis of SEPs without the low-pass filter. Acknowledgements: This study was supported by a research contract between NTT and UCL, and an MRC-CASE studentship MR/P015778/1. Declaration of interests: The authors declare no competing financial interests. Data and code availability: Spreadsheet with mean P40 amplitudes, behavioural data, and percentage of rejected trials is deposited in Supplemental Information. EEG data along with a pre- processing and analysis script are available here: https://osf.io/f3u7r/?view_only=ca34821908b54047a36a459f8ed9b7ac. -
The Molecular Logic of Olfaction in Drosophila
Chem. Senses 26: 207–213, 2001 The Molecular Logic of Olfaction in Drosophila Leslie B. Vosshall Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Columbia University, 701 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA Correspondence to be sent to current address: Leslie B. Vosshall, Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Behavior, Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, Box 63, New York, NY 10021, USA. e-mail: [email protected] Abstract Drosophila fruit flies display robust olfactory-driven behaviors with an olfactory system far simpler than that of vertebrates. Endowed with ~1300 olfactory receptor neurons, these insects are able to recognize and discriminate between a large number of distinct odorants. Candidate odorant receptor molecules were identified by complimentary approaches of differential cloning and genome analysis. The Drosophila odorant receptor (DOR) genes encode a novel family of proteins with seven predicted membrane-spanning domains, unrelated to vertebrate or nematode chemosensory receptors. There are on the order of 60 or more members of this gene family in the Drosophila genome, far fewer than the hundreds to thousands of receptors found in vertebrates or nematodes. DOR genes are selectively expressed in small subsets of olfactory neurons, in expression domains that are spatially conserved between individuals, bilaterally symmetric and not sexually dimorphic. Double in situ RNA hybridization with a number of pairwise combinations of DOR genes fails to reveal any overlap in gene expression, suggesting that each olfactory neuron expresses one or a small number of receptor genes and is therefore functionally distinct. How is activation of such a subpopulation of olfactory receptor neurons in the periphery sensed by the brain? In the mouse, all neurons expressing a given receptor project with precision to two of 1800 olfactory bulb glomeruli, creating a spatial map of odor quality in the brain. -
Odor Response Features of Projection Neurons and Local Interneurons in the Honeybee Antennal Lobe
Odor response features of projection neurons and local interneurons in the honeybee antennal lobe. Anneke Meyer (1,2), Giovanni Galizia (2), and Martin Paul Nawrot (1,3) 1 Theoretical Neuroscience, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany 2 Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany 3 Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience (BCCN) Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany Keywords: antennal lobe, honeybee, electrophysiology, cluster analysis, rate modulation, response latency, coefficient of variation, Fano factor Abstract Local computation in microcircuits is an essential feature of distributed information processing in vertebrate and invertebrate brains. The insect antennal lobe represents a spatially confined local network that processes high-dimensional and redundant peripheral input to compute an efficient odor code. Social insects can rely on a particularly rich olfactory receptor repertoire and they exhibit complex odor-guided behaviors. This corresponds with a high anatomical complexity of their AL network. In the honeybee, a large number of glomeruli that receive sensory input are interconnected by a dense network of local interneurons (LNs). Uniglomerular projection neurons (PNs) integrate sensory and recurrent network input into an efficient spatio-temporal odor code. To investigate the specific computational roles of LNs and PNs we measured eleven features of sub- and suprathreshold single cell responses to in vivo odor stimulation. Using a semi-supervised cluster analysis we identified a combination of five characteristic features that enabled the accurate separation of morphologically identified LNs and PNs. The two clusters differed significantly in all five features. In the absence of stimulation PNs showed a higher subthreshold activation, assumed higher peak response rates and more regular spiking pattern. -
Lecture Materials
NEUROSCIENCE 5. PERCEPTION, NON-HUMAN SENSES, PYRAMIDAL SYSTEMS 5.1. The Process of Perception Perception is the organization, identification, and interpretation of sensory information in order to represent and understand the environment. All perception involves signals in the nervous system, which in turn result from physical or chemical stimulation of the sense organs. For example, vision involves light striking the retina of the eye, smell is mediated by odor molecules, and hearing involves pressure waves. Perception is not the passive receipt of these signals, but is shaped by learning, memory, expectation, and attention. Perception involves these top-down effects as well as the bottom-up process of processing sensory input. The bottom-up processing transforms low level information to higher level information (e.g., extracts shapes for object recognition). The top-down processing refers to a person's concept and expectations (knowledge), and selective mechanisms (attention) that influence perception. Perception depends on complex functions of the nervous system, but subjectively seems mostly effortless because this processing happens outside conscious awareness. Since the rise of experimental psychology in the 19th century, psychology's understanding of perception has progressed by combining a variety of techniques. Psychophysics quantitatively describes the relationships between the physical qualities of the sensory input and perception. Sensory neuroscience studies the brain mechanisms underlying perception. Perceptual systems can also be studied computationally, in terms of the information they process. Perceptual issues in philosophy include the extent to which sensory qualities such as sound, smell or color exist in objective reality rather than in the mind of the perceiver. Although the senses were traditionally viewed as passive receptors, the study of illusions and ambiguous images has demonstrated that the brain's perceptual systems actively and pre-consciously attempt to make sense of their input. -
Neuronal Response Latencies Encode First Odor Identity Information Across Subjects
9240 • The Journal of Neuroscience, October 24, 2018 • 38(43):9240–9251 Systems/Circuits Neuronal Response Latencies Encode First Odor Identity Information across Subjects X Marco Paoli,1* XAngela Albi,1* X Mirko Zanon,2 X Damiano Zanini,1 XRenzo Antolini,1,2 and XAlbrecht Haase1,2 1Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Rovereto 38068, Italy and 2Department of Physics, University of Trento, Trento 38120, Italy Odorants are coded in the primary olfactory processing centers by spatially and temporally distributed patterns of glomerular activity. Whereas the spatial distribution of odorant-induced responses is known to be conserved across individuals, the universality of its temporal structure is still debated. Via fast two-photon calcium imaging, we analyzed the early phase of neuronal responses in the form of the activity onset latencies in the antennal lobe projection neurons of honeybee foragers. We show that each odorant evokes a stimulus-specific response latency pattern across the glomerular coding space. Moreover, we investigate these early response features for the first time across animals, revealing that the order of glomerular firing onsets is conserved across individuals and allows them to reliably predict odorant identity, but not concentration. These results suggest that the neuronal response latencies provide the first available code for fast odor identification. Key words: calcium imaging; honeybee; latency coding; odor coding; olfation; two-photon microscopy Significance Statement Here, we studied early temporal coding in the primary olfactory processing centers of the honeybee brain by fast imaging of glomerular responses to different odorants across glomeruli and across individuals. Regarding the elusive role of rapid response dynamicsinolfactorycoding,wewereabletoclarifythefollowingaspects:(1)therankofglomerularactivationisconservedacross individuals,(2)itsstimuluspredictionaccuracyisequaltothatoftheresponseamplitudecode,and(3)itcontainscomplementary information.