NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL

ININ REREVMAGAZINEIEWIEW V JULY 2013

GUARDIANSLARGE SCALE, NPS-LED EXPERIMENTATION IN THE SAN FRANCISCO BAY AND BEYOND IS PROVIDING A BLUEPRINT FOR THE PROTECTION OF AMERICA’S SEAPORTS, AND THE BUSTLING CITIES SURROUNDING THEM. AT THE GATE INSIDE: Cyber Graduates Honored for Relevant Research Secretary Mabus Announces New NPS President Newest Member of the NPS Hall of Fame Inducted PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE CONTENTS

t’s officially official … Secretary of the Navy Ray Mabus announced the appointment of retired Vice Adm. Ronald Route as the next president of the Naval Postgraduate School early this month, and the next era of leadership at this institution will soon begin. I have been deeply honoredI to serve NPS these past eight months. I continue to learn and this time at NPS has been some of the most rewarding of my naval career. 10 Cyber Systems Grads 12 Guardians at the Gate 17 NASA’s Newest Class I have had the opportunity to experience all sorts of new perspectives of our Naval Postgraduate Honored for Research The majority of goods entering the U.S. does Includes NPS Alumnus School. With each new discovery, I am surprised by the breadth and depth of contributions that we Student-led research by the first cohort of NPS’ so through one of the nation’s large network of NPS already has more alumni astronauts at the seaports, but the millions of cargo containers make to our Navy, DOD and nation on a daily basis. I am consistently impressed with the caliber of cyber systems and operations graduates is graduate level than any other university in the that come with it present a vulnerability that our students, the intellectual capital of our faculty, and the tireless dedication of our staff. The uni- already demonstrating results in the modern world — combat pilot and NPS graduate Lt. era of cyber warfare. must continuously be addressed. Cmdr. Victor Glover makes it one more with the Rear Adm. Jan E. Tighe versity has been challenged to face myriad changes over these past several months, and I have been announcement of NASA’s latest class. Interim President proud to see the entire campus community rise up to meet those challenges with an unwavering Naval Postgraduate School commitment and dedication to the mission. As you will see in this edition of In Review, the reputation for academic excellence at NPS is alive and well, as the university continues to stand on the leading edge of demand-driven educa- tion and research programs that directly impact the combat effectiveness of the U.S. Navy and the other armed forces. “I am consistently impressed The initial cohorts of students in our pioneering degree program in cyber systems and oper- with the caliber of our ations have graduated, and the results of their research have been lauded in technical circles. In addition, our applied cyber operations degree program, targeted to senior enlisted, will see its first students, the intellectual collection of Sailors graduating this September. Our hope is that these programs continue to devel- capital of our faculty, and op and add to the CNO’s arsenal of “Cyber Jedi.” 19 U.S. Cyber Command 20 NPS Research Advances 22 RELIEF Exercise Coincidentally, the preeminent cyber leader of our time, Army Gen. Keith B. Alexander, Com- Chief Inducted Into Hall Speed of Light Laser Highlights UAV Response the tireless dedication of our mander of the U.S. Cyber Command and Director, National Security Agency/Chief, Central Se- of Fame Weapons for Ships, Beyond Capabilities at Camp Roberts curity Service, was inducted into the Naval Postgraduate School Hall of Fame during the Spring Dual-degree alumnus Army Gen. Keith Alexander, Students and faculty in the NPS Department of NPS’ highly-successful interagency field experi- staff. The university has been Quarter graduation ceremony. I have worked with General Alexander for a number of years and I Commander of the U.S. Cyber Command and Physics are examining optimal power-supply mentation program applies the same methodol- have witnessed firsthand his unwavering dedication and inspirational leadership. We are honored to Director, National Security Agency/Chief, Central systems and additional platforms for the Navy’s ogy to the first-responder community, advancing challenged to face myriad Security Service, becomes the newest member of breakthrough high-energy laser program. humanitarian assistance and disaster relief opera- have him join the Hall of Fame, as well as address our newest class of graduates. the university’s prestigious hall. tions through an active learning environment. changes over these past NPS students, both past and present, continue to excel in their chosen fields of study, and in their professions. With the latest selection of NASA astronaut candidates, another NPS alumnus has several months, and I have 4 University News 22 NSA Student Participates in 24 Challenging Students been selected for potential space flight. Furthermore, faculty-driven student research, highlighted Nimble Titan Exercise to Examine the Ethics of been proud to see the entire in this issue, continues to directly impact broad aspects of national security, from directed-energy 7 Faculty Showcase Lt. Meghan Gray participates in Modern Warfare weapons and the systems that power them, to the application of military technology to disaster Stratcom’s international ballistic missile Faculty in NPS’ defense analysis program campus community rise up relief and humanitarian assistance. 18 Naval Postgraduate School defense (BMD) exercise following her are challenging students to examine the Welcomes New Provost own research into BMD for her NPS We enjoy a unique symmetry between the students and faculty, and cumulatively their com- ethical questions of modern conflict. to meet those challenges Dr. Douglas A. Hensler begins his tenure thesis in regional security studies. bined experience and expertise produces a one of a kind educational experience. This is perfectly as NPS’ chief academic officer. 26 Graduation with an unwavering exemplified in our cover story spotlighting an international two-week experimentation effort en- titled Maritime Interdiction Operations (MIO) 2013. Dr. Alex Bordetsky has spent the last several commitment and dedication years tirelessly applying his expertise in tactical networking to the detection, analysis and neutral- NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL On The Cover to the mission.” ization of dangerous materials entering the country through America’s ports. Bordetsky’s program A mammoth container ship steams toward the is an excellent example of how complex global security challenges can be tackled through the appli- IN REVMAGAZINEIEW Golden Gate Bridge, majestically spanning the cation of student research, interagency collaboration, and international participation. entrance to the San Francisco Bay Area and the Interim President Senior Graphics Designer After several years of building partnerships, and educating countless students along the way, Port of Oakland. With millions of Americans Rear Adm. Jan E. Tighe Gretchen Miller just a handful of miles away from this modern MIO 2013 brought countless stakeholders to the table to examine every aspect of this complex issue. wonder of the world, protecting the nation from Provost Contributing Writers / Photographers a dirty bomb snuck into one container requires From stand off detection, to real-time subject expert analysis anywhere in the world, to interdiction Dr. Douglas A. Hensler MC1 (SW/AW) Grant Ammon, Javier vigilance across several U.S. agencies and Chagoya, Dale M. Kuska, Gretchen Miller, operations, this experimentation program provides an excellent example of how research enriches international partners. Public Affairs Officer MC3 Danica M. Sirmans, Amanda D. the student experience while simultaneously tackling real-world security issues. Lt. Cmdr. Bill Clinton Stein, Kenneth A. Stewart, MC3 Shawn J. Naval Postgraduate School For more information about NPS, Hope you enjoy this issue. See you in the Fleet! Stewart, MC2 Chablis Torrence 1 University Circle visit the new NPS NewsCenter Director of Communications, Monterey, CA 93943 at www.nps.edu/news. For free In Review Managing Editor (831) 656-1068 / [email protected] subscription information or to Dale Kuska / [email protected] submit your comments or Published by the suggestions on In Review magazine, Public Affairs Office contact [email protected]. UNIVERSITY NEWS UNIVERSITY NEWS

through exposure to new ideas in attempts to squash piracy off the “Now I’m in a position to get in said during her opening remarks. the Navy,” she said. “The course is Somali coast. Lawyers were tasked fruitful discussions with experts in “But we are also bound to- Secretary of the Navy Names New University President designed to develop a cadre of flag with determining the status of pi- the field of training and education,” gether by new and evolving officers able to build and sustain in- rates, where they were to be prose- added Viereck. “The Naval Postgrad- threats — from transnational Secretary of the Navy Ray Mabus announced the appointment of retired Vice Adm. Ronald A. novative Navy organizations within a cuted and if convicted, where they uate School is one of these experts.” criminal organizations, and terror- Route to the position of Naval Postgraduate School President in a statement, July 16. business and organizational context.” should be jailed. Viereck’s visit focused specifi- ism, to those seeking to damage or Route will replace NPS Interim President Rear Adm. Jan E. Tighe later this year following “We caught pirates, but there cally on exploring the establish- disrupt critical infrastructure and her several months at the helm of the Navy’s graduate university — a period of leadership NPS Alumnus Recounts were questions about what to do ment of NPS as a training hub for infiltrate the systems that control Mabus described as, “nothing short of remarkable.” Tighe is scheduled to return to the Office Efforts to Defeat Piracy with them once we caught them,” maritime strategy and security, op- such networks,” she added. of the Chief of Naval Operations in Washington, D.C. Former Expeditionary Strike he said. erations research, as well as other The establishment of the forum Mabus also expressed confidence in the incoming president’s leadership abilities and Group 2 Commander retired Rear Despite the legal ambiguities areas of potential academic collab- was initiated between Napolitano referenced his more than three decades of military service. Adm. Terrence E. McKnight, an that plagued early piracy efforts, oration between NPS and NATO. and the Honourable Jason Clare “Admiral Route is the right leader for the job. His exemplary naval service of 36 years is NPS alumnus, shared his experi- McKnight insists that progress has MP, Australia’s Minister for Home invaluable to the position and I trust him to expertly guide this institution as they continue to ences fighting pirates in the Gulf been made. He points to a 64 per- DHS Secretary Hosts Five Affairs and Minister for Justice dur- provide the high-quality, relevant and unique advanced education and research opportuni- of Aden with NPS students during cent drop in pirate attacks between Country Ministerial at NPS ing meetings in Canberra, Australia ties that make our naval forces the best in the world,” said Mabus. a Secretary of the Navy Guest Lec- 2011 and 2012. McKnight attri- Secretary of Homeland Secu- and Washington, D.C., last year. Tighe echoed Mabus’ sentiments and welcomed Route’s selection. ture, June 4. butes this drop to increased inter- rity, the Honorable Janet Napoli- Participating in the ministerial “Vice Adm. Route will bring an incredible amount of relevant expertise to NPS in areas that national anti-piracy operations in tano, welcomed international dip- with Napolitano were the Honour- need it the most. The NPS team has worked tirelessly over the last eight months to lay a solid the region and several seemingly lomats and colleagues from across able Steven Blaney MP, Minister of foundation which he will undoubtedly build upon and make us stronger,” said Tighe. basic anti-piracy measures includ- the globe for the first Five Country Public Safety, Canada; the Right Retired Vice Adm. Ronald A. Route, pictured during Route comes to NPS with over 20 years of leadership at the executive and operational his tenure at the Naval War College, was appointed ing the presence of security teams, Ministerial on Homeland Security Honourable Theresa May MP, levels. His numerous past leadership positions include tours as Naval Inspector General and to be the next President of the Naval Postgraduate lookouts, alarms and safe rooms. held on the Naval Postgraduate Home Secretary, United Kingdom; commander of the U.S. Navy’s Warfare Development Command. School by Secretary of the Navy Ray Mabus, July 16. School campus, July 22. the Honourable Judith Collins MP, NATO Explores NPS for The forum focused on how Minister of Justice, New Zealand; Joint Force Training close cooperation between the five and, the Honourable Jason Clare Vice Chief Ferguson Holds while studying at NPS, Ferguson think, evaluate, judge, decide and ership development. Rear Adm. Terrence E. McKnight German Air Force Lt. Gen. All-Hands Call at NPS shared with students the relevance act, and this is exactly what this in- Dr. Neal Thornberry, Leading Karlheinz Viereck, Deputy Chief Vice Chief of Naval Operations graduate education has had on his stitution produces.” Innovation Program Manager, de- McKnight’s experiences are of Staff for Joint Force Training at (VCNO) Adm. Mark Ferguson, a military career. veloped the course five years ago documented in his book, “Pirate NATO Supreme Allied Command graduate of the university’s com- “When I came here, it was my NPS Workshop Helps and brought it to NPS in 2011. “The Alley,” which catalogues U.S. ef- Transformation (SACT) explored puter science program, addressed first exposure to officers from for- Senior Leaders Apply course started out as a bi-annual forts to defeat piracy and his lead- several programs at NPS in sup- NPS students, faculty and staff eign countries,” said Ferguson, “and Innovation event but due to increase of demand ership of the anti-piracy force, Task port of a restructuring of NATO during an all-hands call on the uni- with solving complex technical NPS’ Center for Executive Edu- we bumped it up to three-times a Force 151, off the Somali coast. versity campus, April 25. problems. It exposed me to the most cation (CEE) provided a four-day year,” Thornberry said. “This year He contends that East African “We see this next century as a advanced research and innovative course to flag officers and De- we only have one scheduled due piracy is largely the result of poor Secretary of Homeland Security Janet Napolitano, center right, at NPS on July 22 maritime century,” said Ferguson. “A thinking in industry, as well as with- partment of the Navy civilian se- to budget cuts but we have three governance in the failed Somali century that will demand our naval in the Department of Defense. nior executives, May 6–9, entitled courses scheduled for next year. state, and poverty. He described nations can be applied to counter- MP, Australia’s Minister for Home forces to be available as the nation’s “With the security challenges “Leading Innovation.” The course “The term innovation is over- how years of war, tribalism and the ing extremist terrorism. Partici- Affairs and Minister for Justice. emergency response force. We’re we’re going to face in the future, an is designed to provide Navy leaders used, but very few people know absence of either a Somali Navy or pants also discussed collaborative agile, deployable and able to oper- officer with a broad-based educa- with the skills and mindset to en- how to utilize it and how to make Coast Guard opened a window of methods to combat cyber-crime, Supply Corps Officer ate forward without a permission tion that is technical, operational, it happen,” said Thornberry. “We’re opportunity for young men off So- the cyber security of critical in- Dominates Spring slip. We have to be where it matters, and jointly-focused, enables them tying to get them to understand in- malia’s northern coast. frastructure, and the exchange of Quarter Awards when it matters and we’re position- to meet the challenges of the fu- novation as a tool and not a desti- “Ninety-five percent of all goods German Air Force Lt. Gen. Karlheinz criminal history information be- Lt. Cmdr. Autumn Daniel, a Viereck, third from left ing the force in order to do that.” ture,” he stressed. “We need of- nation. You don’t arrive at a town that come to market are transport- tween the five nations. Supply Corps officer from remote Detailing his own experiences ficers moving forward that can called innovation; you have to ed by sea,” said McKnight. “Thirty training and education require- “As allies and economic part- Roby, Texas, dominated this past know what the intent is.” thousand vessels travel through the ments. Viereck visited the NPS ners, our five countries have a suc- quarter’s NPS graduate awards, The workshop incorporates a Gulf of Aden each year.” With all campus in late April to meet with cessful history of cooperation in honored with four in total in- diverse program of classroom in- that commerce, and an absence of university officials on the develop- addressing issues — from increased cluding the prestigious Monterey Vice Adm. (sel.) William Hilarides and struction, direct interaction with a stable Somali government capa- ment of new partnerships between security to facilitated movement Council Navy League Award for Dr. Neal Thornberry innovative industry leaders, and ble of patrolling its own waters, the NATO, SACT and NPS. of goods and people. We have a Highest Academic Achievement. courage innovation as it relates to case study examination. CEE Act- United Nations, European Union “NATO has restructured its train- unique relationship with one an- “It’s an honor to be consid- organizational success in the Navy. ing Program Director, Winli McA- and the U.S. government were ing landscape in the last four years,” other. We are all are democracies, ered for the awards because there The workshop is part of the Navy nally, notes that it’s important to forced to take matters into their said Viereck. “Now it’s organized in we share the same language, we is so much talent in both the stu- Executive Development Program, provide real scenarios to achieve own hands to quell what he noted such a way that is inline with inter- have strong economies, and we also dent body and faculty, and really I designed to develop senior leaders the goals of the course. was a $5 billion problem. national standards. We now under- have engaged citizens who expect should be thanking my classmates and their strategic level of execution “Participants will be challenged McKnight recalled the numer- stand how to program our require- action and accountability from and professors who I learned from,” VCNO Ferguson at NPS on April 25 beyond operational aspects of lead- to broaden their thinking process ous issues that arose during early ments and how to manage them. their governments,” Napolitano continued on page 6 4 In Review • July 2013 naval postgraduate school naval postgraduate school In Review • July 2013 5 UNIVERSITY NEWS FACULTY SHOWCASE

continued from page 5 Minerva Initiative to we have here … Personally, that is estimating and analysis workforce. said Daniel. “I think the analytical Fund Two NPS Faculty-led why I’m a social scientist. I want “I will certainly be telling peo- Service Academy Students Spend tools learned in the financial man- Research Projects to have input on some real-world ple about NPS’ joint [program] agement and acquisition courses When the Minerva Initiative questions, and the fact that this with the Air Force Institute of Summer Break Interning at NPS here will certainly help me solve announced its 2013 selection of was recognized in this respect was Technology and the distance learn- problems in my next assignment.” university-led proposals to fund, a real delight.“ ing Master’s in Cost Estimating and Small teams of students from the DOD’s service graduate studies of NPS students. Daniel earned her Master of three faculty from the NPS De- The Minerva Initiative is a De- Analysis,” he emphasized. academies spent summer break working with “The work that Ethan and Kyle are doing … Business Administration (MBA) partment of National Security Af- partment of Defense-sponsored, In addition to his academic NPS faculty and researchers in fields relevant to will be directly usable by NPS students in my degree through NPS’ Graduate fairs (NSA) will be at the helm of university-based, social science work, Nussbaum is a passionate ad- Department of Defense Analysis their undergraduate studies. lab to conduct higher-level biometric-authenti- School of Business and Public two of them. research initiative launched by vocate of volunteerism and partici- Professor Anna Simons The U.S. Naval Academy in Annapolis sent a cation experiments. At the same time, they are Policy (GSBPP). And in spite of all Assistant Professor Dr. the Secretary of Defense in 2008 pation in professional organizations. group of four midshipmen studying computer getting hands-on experience in both program- Naazneen Barma and Associ- focusing on areas of strategic im- “We often think we don’t have takes the classic American prin- science to work with faculty in NPS’ Cyber Aca- ming Android phones and in experimental ate Professor Dr. Jessica Piombo portance to U.S. national securi- time for these additional activities, ciples of ‘don’t tread on me’ and ‘to demic Group (CAG). Sponsored by the National design,” Martell said. received the prestigious grant to ty policy. The overall program is but the opportunity to serve, espe- each its own’ and marries them to- Reconnaissance Office, the interns traveled to Across the campus Quad, the NPS Department act as co-principal investigators aimed at improving the DOD’s un- cially a cause larger than oneself, gether,” continued Simons. the Monterey campus to get hands-on experi- of Defense Analysis welcomed two U.S. Air Force (PI) on research aimed at examin- derstanding of the social, cultural, should be thought of as a positive and “The Sovereignty Solution” ad- ence in software engineering, cloud computing Academy cadets to the Common Operational ing the affects public services and behavioral and political forces that rewarding opportunity, rather than as vocates what some might describe and computer-controlled systems. Research Environment (CORE) Lab to spend their foreign aid have on state building shape regions of the world of stra- a burdensome one,” said Nussbaum. as a libertarian approach to for- Midshipmen Aaron Fleming, Kyle Hawkins, summer studying innovative social network anal- and reconstruction, while Associ- tegic importance to the U.S. Nussbaum was one of six nomi- eign policy. The authors create a Ethan Genco and Victor Bowen were each as- ysis techniques. Both behavioral science majors, Lt. Cmdr. Autumn Daniel, left, and ate Professor Dr. Maria Rasmussen nees, elected to the open position by foreign policy based on principled signed specific tasks to incorporate what they Cadets Ayana Cameron and Kara Hovseth worked USCG Auxiliary National Staff Officer received funding to lead an inter- OR Professor Selected the ICEAA’s 2,000+ active members. noninterference and a “you be you” have already learned, but at the same time, with Research Associate Rob Schroeder on timely Dr. Tracy Schultz national team of academics delving for Leadership Post in philosophy that they say would re- were challenged to learn aspects of computer CORE Lab research in intelligence analysis. her accomplishments, she is quick into individual motivation and atti- Professional Organization USAF Chief of Staff Selects sult in decreased attacks upon U.S. coding language and smartphone application “Our cadets are helping us analyze the Syria to note that is the experience itself tudes to violence and non-violence. NPS Department of Opera- NPS Professor’s Book for interests. development that they would not ordinarily conflict; they are looking at ‘dark networks’ and that she found most valuable. “It speaks really well to the tions Research Visiting Professor Official Reading List ‘“You be you’ means there study back in Annapolis. religious fragmentation,” Schroeder explained. “I will leave NPS with myriad NSA department that we have two Dr. Daniel Nussbaum has been NPS Department of Defense would be no more government- Hovseth and Cameron, who will return to tools that I will be able to utilize of these grants accepted in terms elected to serve as a director of the Analysis Professor Anna Simons’ sponsored proselytization of the the Air Force Academy in August, are already and apply throughout the rest of of our relevance and our ability International Cost Estimating and co-authored book, “The Sover- American Way abroad. There seeing how they can apply the lessons learned my career, and I know without to combine academia and policy,” Analysis Association (ICEAA). eignty Solution,” was recently in- would be no more inveigling by here to their coursework at the academy. a doubt that the experience has said Piombo. “It helps NPS main- “It is always an honor to be cluded on the Air Force Chief of the U.S. government to get others “The CORE Lab experience has allowed me helped me to become a more well- tain leadership in this very impor- nominated by your peers for lead- Staff’s recommended reading list. to change. This buttresses the re- to see how the academic work that we are com- rounded naval officer,” she said. tant area of study.” ership positions, and I have every “The Sovereignty Solution” was spect that sovereignty is supposed pleting at the academy is put into practice,” said Professor Doug Brook served “The Minerva grants are hope that I can live up to their ex- co-written with two of Simons’ to accord. Cameron. “I am learning what our studies really as one of Daniel’s advisors for her unique, to some extent, because pectations,” said Nussbaum. former students, U.S. Army Spe- “If you have to fight wars, they look like in the real world.” MBA thesis project, and was also they really have two sets of criteria The ICEAA is a non-profit that cial Forces officers Lt. Col. Joe Mc- should be short and decisive. In With CAG Chair Dr. Cynthia Irvine’s mentor- “I am looking for a correlation between her instructor in a defense budget for evaluating the proposals,” said was formed after the recent merger Graw and Duane Lauchengco. The our rubric, we would have never ship and oversight, two of the four midship- violence and religious fragmentation and polar- policy course. Brook nominated Barma. “One is very much aca- of two professional organizations, book was born from an academic gone to war in Iraq, and Afghani- men worked with computer science Associate ization,” added Hovseth. “What we studied here Daniel and her team to receive a demic merit and the substantive the Society of Cost Estimating and experiment wherein Simons was stan would not have been a drawn Professor Craig Martell in ongoing biometrics helps me to explore my interests … It is very GSBPP outstanding thesis award. content of the research, and the Analysis, and the International So- asked to tackle a strategic policy out war either … We would have research, while the other two worked with applicable and directly relates to what we have “Daniel led an MBA project team other is the implications research ciety of Parametric Analysis. Nuss- question using 10 students. made a simple ultimatum to Mul- research associate Thuy Nguyen on cloud com- been studying.” with Lt. Cmdr. Bryan Boggs and has for policy development. baum says he looks forward to “The book grew out of a project lah Omar, give up Al Qaeda or you puting and systems security. Cameron intends to continue her education Pakistan Navy Cmdr. Syed Ahsan,” helping the ICEAA achieve its goal that I conducted for the Office of are finished, that’s the end of your Fleming, a computer science/information with an eye toward future graduate studies said Brook. “They built, tested and of advancing, encouraging, pro- Net Assessment (ONA) at the Pen- regime. There would be no nation technology double major at the academy, was possibly here at NPS. “I am thinking about ap- delivered an optimization model for moting and enhancing the profes- tagon,” said Simons. building, no rebuilding, Afghani- tasked with examining multi-level security plying for graduate school here in the future,” quantifying port visit decisions in sion of cost estimating and analysis “The problem we were given was stan would then have to come to- enforcement in a Linux environment. she said. “It’s been an amazing experience and the PACFLT area of responsibility. through education and training. to explore what sort of strategy the gether and rebuild itself.” “I am working on a project relating to great networking opportunity. “ This was a challenging project and “I expect to be involved in U.S. would have to have in place if The authors defend their posi- cloud computing which focuses on the idea of CORE Lab officials note the cadets’ contribu- the team did a superb job.” reaching out to other professional the U.S. was blindsided by a nation- tion by insisting that long wars are having multiple security levels of data on the tions to the research efforts have been mutually Despite her accolades, Daniel organizations and seeking com- al-level strategic problem … Some- divisive and easily exploited. “For- same cloud,” he said. Fleming is developing a beneficial. had no time to rest on her laurels. NPS NSA faculty Drs. Maria Rasmus- mon ground for telling people thing like the first detonation of a eign policy is the easiest thing that test suite to check the different capabilities of “They bring a fresh perspective and energy Following graduation commence- sen, Jessica Piombo and Naazneen about the cost estimating profes- nuclear bomb that would cause the adversaries can use to divide us. Barma, from left to right security-enhanced Linux to make sure that the to the lab,” said U.S. Army Special Forces Col. ment, she immediately headed south sion,” said Nussbaum. U.S. to have to rethink its strategy We have never remained undivid- multi-level security policies are being enforced. Greg Wilson, CORE Lab Co-Director. “These from Monterey to report to the USS “Many of us are here at NPS be- Nussbaum also sees an opportu- overnight,” said Simons. ed over long wars. A clever adver- Hawkins and Genco are working with cadets are aspiring to be future information op- Carl Vinson (CVN 70) in San Diego cause we truly care about bridging nity to build awareness of joint grad- “The book is the product of our sary should want to embroil us in a Martell on the creation of Android apps that erations professionals and the lab’s social media where she will serve as the principal that academic-policy gap,” Barma uate education efforts, some of which seminar addressing that challenge, long drawn out war,” said Simons. he notes will be of direct benefit to the future exploitation research is a perfect fit.” assistant for services officer aboard continued. “This is a recognition he helped develop at NPS, that are and offers a new foreign policy di- Another theme of “The Sov- the aircraft carrier. of that particular expertise that helping evolve and develop the cost rection for the United States that continued on page 8 6 In Review • July 2013 naval postgraduate school naval postgraduate school In Review • July 2013 7 FACULTY SHOWCASE FACULTY SHOWCASE

continued from page 7 Longtime Faculty Member five were promoted to full profes- fense governance practitioner net- ereignty Solution” is the authors’ Honored With Superior sor, two to associate professor, and works, as well as identify conceptual insistence that aid and nation- Civilian Service Award one to senior lecturer. and cultural challenges associated NPS Ops Research Professor Reflects on building are not only ripe for cor- During the annual NPS faculty “I would encourage you to be with the reform of defense gover- ruption, they infringe upon sover- promotion and tenure ceremony, patient and hold tight to the rea- nance structures and processes. Mars Mission-Planning Experience eignty itself. NPS Interim President Rear Adm. sons that brought you here and “Essentially the workshop “Look closely — the aid indus- Jan E. Tighe surprised NPS Vice the tremendous service that you brings together international rep- There is arguably nothing more valuable to the actual planetary mission development process, try not only enables governments Provost for Academic Affairs Dr. are providing to the Navy, DOD, resentatives from their respective Members of the NPS’ SE Department graduate studies than hands-on applied research. giving students invaluable experience in turning to avoid having to fulfill obliga- Doug Moses with the Navy’s Superi- and the nation through the educa- ministries of defense to talk about evaluate the usage of Unmanned The opportunity to see how classroom concepts science ideas into practical missions.” Underwater Vehicles. tions to their citizens, but it also or Civilian Service Award for his ex- tion of our future leaders,” Tighe different issues relating to the or- and theories are applied to real-world scenarios Craparo was responsible for overseeing the MGL fails to impel them to have to live emplary service as NPS’ acting pro- noted to the group of honored fac- ganization and structure of gov- School’s own Department of Systems helps graduate students prepare to be practitio- attitude control system portion of the project, which up to their sovereign duties. Or, vost. The award is the Navy’s second ulty. “Mission success at NPS rests ernance,” said Ashley Dusenbury, Engineering ranked 21st on the list, ners in their fields. utilized her academic background in aeronautics to put none too fine a point on highest civilian service honor. squarely on the shoulders of its fac- program coordinator for CSRS. standing along side prestigious pro- For NPS Research Assistant Professor of Opera- and astronautics from MIT. Today, Craparo teaches it — aid not only corrupts, it un- ulty and we are counting on you.” “Participants will gain a deeper grams from universities like Georgia tions Research Dr. Emily Craparo, that opportunity optimization-related courses in the operations dermines sovereignty absolutely.” level of understanding of the dif- Tech, Stanford, UC Berkeley, Vir- came in the summer of 2003 when, as a doctoral analysis, systems engineering analysis, and systems The authors believe that by fo- NPS Center Helps ferent ministries of defense and ginia Tech and the Massachusetts student at the Massachusetts Institute of Technol- analysis programs at NPS. She has also developed a cusing on what makes America Developing Nations their structures.” Institute of Technology. ogy (MIT), she was selected to take part in the course for the university’s new energy programs. unique, and by promoting greater, Govern Defense Participants in the workshop Notably, NPS’ systems engineer- Planetary Science Summer School (PSSS) at NASA’s “There is a lot that goes into building a sophisti- “American indivisibility — where Institutions include representatives from Ar- ing (SE) program was ranked higher Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). cated spacecraft or a sophisticated aircraft. It’s not we don’t try to be all things to all A small group of senior leaders menia, Azerbaijan, Montenegro, than several older and more estab- As part of a team of 18 graduate students and just aerodynamics and propulsion and the other people,” that the U.S. government from around the world traveled to Norway and Ukraine. “This is an lished national programs, placing postdoctoral scholars, Craparo had the chance to classical subjects,” said Craparo. “It also includes will be able to focus its resources on the NPS campus to attend a defense example of the regular types of en- the university’s youthful SE curricu- work closely with NASA scientists and peers from software design and the development of decision problems at home while at the same governance engagement workshop, gagements that CSRS and CCMR lum amongst the strongest in the across disciplines on the development of a Mars algorithms for autonomous systems. The optimiza- NPS Vice Provost for Academic Affairs time respecting the right of other participating in a series of round participate in all over the world, nation. While systems engineering Lander Mission plan. tion part of that work really appeals to me. And Dr. Doug Moses nations to find solutions to their table discussions in the Center for everyday,” said Nicholas Tomb, a is not new to the Navy, the current “[The Mars Geophysical Lander] is aimed at that ties in to operations research, which is, more own problems in their own manner. “[Moses] was awarded the Navy Civil-Military Relations (CCMR) CCMR Lecturer. program received its ABET accredi- studying the martian interior in search of past broadly, the science of making good decisions.” “We argue for preserving what Superior Civilian Service Award in conference facility, May 7. tation just three years ago in 2010. habitability and future exploration support,” wrote makes us unique as a people. At recognition of the superior leader- Issues in Defense Governance is NPS Department of “Systems engineering started as Craparo’s PSSS team in a follow-up report on their the same time, if you push liberal- ship he has provided as acting pro- hosted by CCMR’s Center for Stabi- Systems Engineering a department in 2002, and we first work. “During an intensive week in summer 2003, ism to its logical conclusion, then vost and for his selfless dedication lization and Reconstruction Studies Ranked 21st in the Nation began educating students in 2006. the PSSS team developed the Mars Geophysical we Americans should also want to to this institution over these diffi- (CSRS), and aims to explore collabo- U.S. News and World Report re- We went from no resident students Lander mission concept and gained valuable inter- offer total respect to others who cult last six months,” said Tighe. ration, leadership and management cently released its annual rankings in 2005 to over 100 students to- disciplinary skills in mission design.” choose to live differently from us,” During the ceremony, six NPS processes of an effective ministry of of the top graduate schools in the day … the growth has been phe- The PSSS program, now in its 25th year, is aimed said Simons. professors were awarded tenure, defense, expand and enhance de- country, and the Naval Postgraduate nomenal,” said NPS Department at exposing top young scholars to the kind of real- of Systems Engineering Chair Dr. world work being done by NASA scientists daily at Clifford Whitcomb. JPL and other research centers around the country. “Our current ranking just Craparo’s PSSS group would certainly apply to Adaptive Optics Workshop Furthers Efforts shows that we are meeting a real-world research, and were invited to present “Operations research gives NPS students the need that the Department of De- their efforts given the similarities between their tools they need to analyze alternatives quantitative- of NPS’ Center of Excellence fense has. We have been able to Mars Geophysical Lander (MGL) mission proposal ly, and optimization specifically is about finding the NPS’ Adaptive Optics Center of Excellence (AOCOE) for National ers and students provide presentations on their work. This results in adapt to that need with incredible and the existing NASA InSight [Interior Exploration best decision that meets a number of constraints Security held its third Adaptive Optics Workshop on the university direct feedback from leading experts.” growth while maintaining a qual- using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat that are expressed mathematically,” she stressed. campus, June 10-13. The workshop provides an One of the primary goals of the AOCOE is to ity, accredited program at the same Transport] mission, slated for launch in 2016. As NASA’s PSSS program marks its 25th an- enabling forum where leading experts can ex- support and expand opportunities for NPS stu- time,” continued Whitcomb. These similarities in intricate mission details, notes niversary, Craparo fondly recalls the opportunity to plore the latest applications in large aperture dent research, Agrawal says. Current and former “This national recognition, cou- NASA InSight Principal Investigator Dr. Bruce Banerdt, take part in the prestigious collaborative research imaging satellites and high-energy laser (HEL) students have worked closely with various DOD pled with our recent ABET accred- reflect how compressive the PSSS program is in giv- program. The fact that the InSight mission so beam control. partners, such as the Air Force Research Laborato- itation, assures our sponsors and ing students a true mission-planning experience. closely resembles the mission proposed by her “This workshop provides a unique oppor- ry and the Naval Research Laboratory, in addition students that the SE department “The unique strength of the PSSS is the way the group of students makes the summer of 2003 that tunity for industry, university and government to leading universities, companies and research provides extremely high-quality students are integrated directly into the JPL mission much more memorable for the team. scientists to meet, exchange research, and un- organizations within the field. education and research to meet development process, working with exactly the “I think it’s neat that a group of students came derstand the future direction of adaptive op- “This kind of experience is not available at oth- the needs of the Navy and other same engineers and processes that are used every up with this mission that was so similar in so many tics,” noted AOCOE Director and Distinguished er institutions,” stressed Agrawal. “This will help services. For a department only 11 other week of the year to develop mission ideas into ways to what ended up being a real mission,” Professor Dr. Brij Agrawal. “The attendees are when our students go to DOD program offices, years old, this ranking is a remark- implementable concepts, including InSight some Craparo said. “The science objectives, the technol- considered technical advisors to the Adap- and working within a large program in imaging able achievement, especially to be years later,” said Banerdt. “The eerie similarity of the ogy and logistics … and even the cost. It is pretty tive Optics Center, so we also provide them a satellites and high-energy laser weapons systems in the top 25 in the country,” noted 2003 mission concept to the current InSight mission amazing how realistic a scenario a bunch of Ph.D. tour of the segmented mirror telescope and Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering … The workshop has helped NPS become a focal systems engineering Professor Dr. demonstrates just how closely the PSSS simulates students and postdocs can put together in a week.” high-energy laser labs, and we have research- Distinguished Professor Dr. Brij Agrawal point of research in AO technologies.” Dave Olwell. naval postgraduate school In Review • July 2013 9 Beverly, who served as Brinkmeyer’s thesis advisor. Brinkmeyer’s work stems from a recent govern- ment-mandated network upgrade that requires net- From Senior Enlisted to works to upgrade from IPv4 to IPv6, a mandate that changed the way network managers see the network. Cyberwar Specialists “We are trying to get a picture of the IPv6 net- work … A lot of people have done a lot of work map- Last September, a small group of senior enlisted Sailors came to the Naval ping the IPv4 network, but when it comes to IPv6, no- Postgraduate School to embark upon an ambitious cyber operations graduate body has been able to see it correctly. It’s a whole new program designed to meet the Navy and Department of Defense’s growing need network that the government has mandated providers for trained cyber professionals. Those pioneering Sailors now find themselves just to adopt,” said Beverly. a few short months away from graduation, and follow-on assignments at critical Brinkmeyer and his associates were able to test commands across the Fifth Domain. their program on a “ground truth system,” a known network containing over 50,000 unique interfaces. “A couple of years ago, the Vice Chief of Naval Operations asked us to look at creat- During their tests, 70 percent of the routers on the ing an opportunity for enlisted service members to receive a master’s level educa- network responded to a ping, and of those that re- tion in cyber operations,” said NPS Cyber Academic Group Academic Associate Dr. sponded to the technique, Brinkmeyer was able to Duane Davis. identify 100 percent of the responders. Fellow CSO student, Navy Lt. Samuel Trassare’s The Master of Science in Applied Cyber Operations, or MACO, is the result of that work is also showing promise. He submitted a paper, effort, and is open to enlisted personnel with a baccalaureate degree and previous still under review, exploring a technique that obscures network operations experience. The four-quarter resident program combines friendly networks thereby impeding adversarial net- classroom and extensive laboratory work, culminating in a comprehensive cap- work attackers. stone project. “When an adversary comes probing for the topol- ogy of your network, he uses a program called Trac- “The program allows our students to look at a different aspect of cyber than what eroute that reports every hop along the path to a des- they are accustomed to in their careers. Cyber is a team activity and our students tination of the adversary’s choosing. I came up with are working together, particularly through their capstone projects, to expand their a program that intercepts that probe and instead of knowledge and capabilities,” said Cyber Academic Group Chair, Dr. Cynthia Irvine. returning a truthful route, the program sends back a Naval Postgraduate School cyber graduate, Navy Lt. Billy Brinkmeyer, left, and NPS Department of Computer Science Assistant Professor Rob Beverly, right, are pictured inside NPS’ Hamming High Performance Computing Center. Brinkmeyer is one of several students from false route of my own choosing in order to deceive the Information Systems Technician (IT) 1st Class Thomas Skoff of Charlotte, Iowa the university’s first cohort of graduates from the cyber systems and operations program. adversary,” said Trassare. and ITC Eyan Dontchev of Monroe, N.Y. are among the first four enlisted students “Sam Trassare’s thesis is useful because it allows us charging their way through NPS’ MACO degree program. to hide our network in such a way that the enemy is not able to identify weaknesses or single points of failure “We want to take the knowledge that we get here back to the fleet. The Navy is within our network,” said NPS Cyber Academic Group sending us to strategic commands within the Navy that will benefit from what we Chair, Dr. Cynthia Irvine. are learning here at NPS,” continued Dontchev. “It’s an honor to be in the first group Trassare has gone on to work at the U.S. Cyber of students to participate in this degree program. The faculty here is very interactive NPS’ First Cyber Systems Graduates Honored Command, commanded by another NPS alumnus, and as the program develops it will only get better for the second and third itera- Army Gen. Keith B. Alexander. tions of students,” said Dontchev. for Thesis Research “The CSO program is just what the Navy needs if the next big battle is going to take place in the cyber By Kenneth A. Stewart domain,” said Trassare. “I am coming to Cyber Com- mand to stand watch for them in their intelligence cell. The Naval Postgraduate School has graduated its To accomplish Brinkmeyer’s task, he developed what he calls the “Too I have a very strong technical background, but what I first cohort of students through the Master of Science in Cyber Systems Big Trick” program — an application designed to illuminate the various got out of the CSO program is insight into how to ap- and Operations (CSO) degree program, and student-driven research is hubs, routers and pathways that collectively make up the IPv6 Internet. ply strategy and policy to the cyber domain — how we already showing promise, and producing results. “When you send an e-mail or visit a Web page your data travels across go about identifying and defending against attacks on CSO student, Navy Lt. Billy Brinkmeyer’s paper on Internet mapping the Internet through routers, it’s like a freeway and the routers are the friendly networks.” won first runner-up honors before an international body of experts at overpasses. We are trying to identify the freeways and determine how Irvine is visibly proud of her fist batch of cyber sys- the Active and Passive they connect to one an- tems graduates, and is hopeful the Navy can take full Measurement Conference, other,” said Brinkmeyer. advantage of their unique education. where leading Internet Sam Trassare’s thesis is useful because it allows us to hide our “We do not know how “We are hoping that the Navy will place our stu- measurement researchers network in such a way that the enemy is not able to identify people are connected to dents in areas where they can use their skills,” said and top universities present each other and we want to Irvine. “The Navy has a great need for people with the results of their research. weaknesses or single points of failure within our network.” be able to see them across cyber skills, talents and expertise — cyber operations The first cohort of enlisted service members to attend the Naval “The work that I fo- the entirety of the Inter- are different from kinetic operations. A new way of Dr. Cynthia Irvine Postgraduate School’s applied cyber operations degree program, clockwise cused on in my paper is NPS Cyber Academic Group Chair net … If these are free- thinking is required to operate within the cyber do- from top left: Information Systems Technician (IT) Chief Deyan Dontchev, primarily involved with In- ways, we need to be able main and these students have been exposed to that IT1 Thomas Skoff, ITC Rachel Doucet and ITC Javon Burden. ternet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) router alias discovery. Essentially, I was to see them so that when an accident occurs, we can find it and deal with thinking. They can plan and execute cyber missions,” trying to develop an accurate map of the IPv6 Internet,” said Brinkmeyer. it,” said NPS Department of Computer Science Assistant Professor Rob said Irvine. 10 In Review • July 2013 naval postgraduate school naval postgraduate school In Review • July 2013 11 ort and maritime security is a team eter,” said Bordetsky. “A central part of our TNT/ CBRN threats. University of Bundeswehr to take part in the game, and the players are many. MIO experiments has been the study of collabo- “Large area gamma detectors primarily are experimentation, coordinating between the U.S. Port authorities, police and fire de- ration between boarding and detection officers used for stand-off detection of vessels in the and German entities. partments, homeland security agencies and remote technical experts ... In MIO2013, we various modes of the marine, primary nuclear “I am looking at the ability of the two Pacross the board, DOD assets and even inter- explored the collaboration between European detection function. There are also multi-func- groups to communicate,” said Loechel. “I hope national partners all have a role in ensuring and U.S. experts during network-controlled tion systems that can be vessel-mounted or to see reports on the interaction between the one thing never happens ... A rogue enemy check points, drive-by screen- carried in a backpack,” said boarding crews and the European experts that successfully hides a small, dirty but very dan- ings and stand-off detection LLNL Health Physicist Dave can help us to determine what [CBRN material] gerous chemical, biological, radiological or nu- during high-speed pursuits.” THE VOLUME OF Trombino, another participant they have.” clear (CBRN) threat into one of a million cargo CONTAINER TRAFFIC of MIO2013. NATO CBRN Liaison, Italian Army Lt. Col. Ro- containers arriving and departing around the SHARING INTELLIGENCE COMING INTO THE These sensors can be used meo Tomasetti also got involved ... His job is to American coastline every day. Most port security experts UNITED STATES in a number of ways to further help determine whether or not a given 16 Deterring the threat is extraordinarily com- contend that one key to the suc- REPRESENTS examine ships poten- plex, and while advanced security systems and cessful interdiction of a CBRN tially harboring CBRN processes are in place, the U.S. must remain threat is the sharing of informa- A POTENTIAL materials. Suspect ships imminently vigilant to stay a step ahead of tion. This could be resolved by a VULNERABILITY are tagged, and can then harm’s way. system known as C3PO CEBOSS, TO OUR SECURITY be further examined by Naval Postgraduate School Department of a Web database and portal that SYSTEMS a dive team, or by lo- Information Sciences Associate Professor Alex supports sharing maritime in- cal law enforcement by Bordetsky is an expert in ad hoc tactical net- terdiction and vessel boarding conducting a “drive-by” working. Years ago he identified an opportunity operations information — the database focuses sweep of a suspect vessel. In MIO2013, to apply the NPS-developed Tactical Network on 16 essential information characteristics. both the San Francisco and Oakland po- Testbed (TNT) experimentation program to U.S. “C3PO CEBOSS allows maritime security op- lice departments were involved in the port security. erators to use data worldwide that is gathered program to develop anti-CBRN tactics Since then, his interests and ideas have during vessel boardings,” said DuChancell Engi- and procedures. now evolved into a broad experimentation pro- neering and Consulting President and CEO Fer- “We have the same boat, and the gram coined Maritime Interdiction Operations nando Cancel, III. “In the past, we weren’t able same detectors and we have helped (MIO), the latest of which brought an interna- to share information with our allies, we are to develop the technology ... It’s one of GUASeaports are the United States’R most powerfulD economicIAN engine, where everyS tional team of researchers, first responders, now fixing that problem. We will upload data our ongoing projects,” said Officer Dan day nearly $4 billion in goods enters, or leaves, through one of America’s oceanic DOD operators and scientists together to the into a cloud-based system and make it search- Greely with the San Francisco Police gateways. In 2010, more than 7,500 cargo vessels made 62,700 calls at U.S. San Francisco Bay Area, and overseas, for sev- able for all of our allied partners.” Department. ports — and every one of them presented a risk to American national security. eral days of experimentation designed to de- Operational Manager Mikel Awad, an official Getting into the detection effort is tect and destroy ship-borne threats. with the U.S. Central Command (Centcom), is cur- even sometimes the role of the Cali- Bordetsky and his associates have been rently assessing CEBOSS. The system was inte- fornia Department of Fish and Wildlife quietly working through the complexities of grated into MIO2013 for a COCOM perspective. (CDFW). “We have inspection authority the problem for years. There are many pieces “Combatant commands identify an opera- that actually supersedes some local AT THE for sure, but Bordetsky has a vision of port se- tional need, we work with OSD [Office of the law enforcement,” said CDFW Warden curity that he passionately describes ... Secretary of Defense] to find a solution ... the Brian Patrick. “We are working with Dr. Civilian and military intelligence profes- solution we found was developed with Altas- Bordetsky to have a permanent sensor sionals collect human and signal intelligence, craft. They created a prototype and we have mounted, it’s an ideal set-up because from a variety of sources and sensors, on rel- been conducting a military assessment to de- we are one of the only local agencies BY KENNETH A. STEWART evant vessels transiting to and from the United termine if it has military utility,” said Awad. that regularly goes offshore.” GATE States. Maritime officials, the Navy and the “C3PO CEBOSS will be the main conduit for Coast Guard from both the U.S. and its allies sending information to our experts,” added REAL-TIME EXPERT ANALYSIS share information on suspect vessels when Bordetsky. As all of the materials are examined, red flags are raised. Advanced tactics and additional data and information gleaned sensors collect additional data on the vessel ADVANCED SENSORS FOR ADVANCED INTEL must be immediately available to any- and the CBRN threat that is then relayed to Still, it would be impossible to identify every one, anywhere in the game of port experts around the globe. The experts analyze potentially hostile vessel through shared intel- security. During MIO2013, data is con- the threat and provide immediate feedback. ligence, and that’s where Lawrence Livermore stantly uploaded via an ad hoc mobile This confirmed analysis is then shared with National Lab (LLNL)-developed sensors enter network for CBRN experts in the U.S., maritime officers who, when necessary, board, the picture. LLNL is just a short drive from NPS’ and academics from universities in Eu- identify and neutralize potential threats. Monterey campus, and Bordetsky’s MIO2013 rope to analyze. “The goal is to find the device in the fastest team has utilized sensors developed by the lab Professor Alexander Loechel trav- time possible and to establish a security perim- in national and international ports to detect eled to San Francisco from Germany’s

12 In Review • July 2013 naval postgraduate school naval postgraduate school In Review • July 2013 13 KEY Norwegian Navy Special Persistent Systems Operations Command Control Team MARITIME INTERDICTION Baltics and SFB Department of Energy Baltics and SFB Radiological Assitance Program Baltics and SFB Canadian Special Operations Norwegian Defence OPERATION EXPERIMENT Forces Command Research Logistics SFB Establishment 2013 U.S. Coast Guard, Baltics and SFB Yerba Buena Polish Speical Operations Forces As a simulation for enhancing communications, strategy, management and decision making Defense Nuclear SFB Detection Office Mutualink Baltics On-Site Teams in maritime interdiction, GSIOS professor, Alex Bordetsky designed a complex experiment Baltics and SFB Baltics and SFB (Blue and Red) spanning two continents and four countries involving nine governments eight corporate , , ReconRobotics partners and dozens of on-site operators and researchers. Red and blue teams played an SFB NATO Joint Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear Defense Tech Expert/Provider elaborate game of hide-and-seek involving chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear mate- Center of Excellence rials in the hands of terrorists. Here is how it played out. . . Defense Threat Baltics and SFB Lawrence Livermore Reduction Agency Military Technical Institute Mesh Network/ National Laboratory Baltics and SFB Baltics and SFB of Protection Communications BALTIC SEA SENERIO Baltics and SFB NATO Supreme Allied PHASE I Intelligence is alerted of possible CBRN weapons on the move. A ferry transporting sus- Commander, Transformation Data/SSE pect materials is tagged as it departs from Norway to an unknown port. U.S. and NORSOFs Baltics and SFB Collection conduct SSE at a site in Kjeller, Norway with suspicious chemicals, while another SOF team Office of Homeland Defense, Hungarian Defense Forces boards the ferry and detects CBRN materials in a vehicle. All teams transmit their findings SF Bay Area Neptune Reachback Subject Coalition (15 Bay Area law Office of Secretary of Defense Baltics and SFB to the mesh network (NATO JFTC NOC DTRA RB SME DHS and DNDO communities). Matter Experts , , , , enforment agencies) Baltics and SFB SFB NATO Maritime Interdiction PHASE IIA The ferry with suspect vehicle arrives in Kiel, Germany where port sensors confirm Atlascraft Operational Training Center CBRN materials. As the vehicle is tracked in real-time, SOF teams are deployed with Baltics and SFB Baltics and SFB CBRN Detection SSE kits to a possible meeting place and warehouse location in Berlin. All data is transmitted and analyzed by on-site operators and RB SMEs via the mesh network. Local Law PHASE IIB Triggering CBRN sensors, the vehicle moves southeastward to an unknown location. 10th Special Forces Enforcement Avoiding detection, NATO SOF elements and Polish special forces pursue target and work Group (Airborne) Baltics German Navy University Of Bundeswehr together to identify the route then assist with ground element interdiction and SSE Naval Postgraduate School Baltics operations at suspected rest stop locations. All data is transmitted to mesh network for MIO Principal Investigator, Baltics GLOSSARY Dr. Alex Bordetsky Joint School of analysis — subsequently uncovering a CBRN terrorist network. USCENTCOM, CBRN Defense Baltics and SFB C3PO JCTF ARAM Adaptable Radiation Area Baltics and SFB Monitor PHASE IIIA Target vehicle is tracked across German-Polish border. As intelligence is reviewed between Baltics and SFB BGAN Broadband Global Area Network partner agencies, a terrorist cell and activities are detected with suspect Kiel affiliates in SOCEUR NPS CORE Lab Baltics and SFB Joint Centre for Studies C3PO Combined End-to-End Expanded Berlin area coming to light. Stand-off detection and SSE are conducted at several rest stop Sgt. First Class Christopher MIO Performance Optimization Global Information and Military Application locations along route, with findings transmitted to the mesh network. Linnel, SSE Principal Operator Baltics and SFB CANSOF Canandian Special Operation Network Baltics and SFB Forces Architecture (GINA) PHASE IIIB Pursuit continues when target suspects abandon the vehicle and escape/evade with CBRN Chemical, Biological, Radioloical, unknown CBRN materials. Dismounted tracking ensues. All SSE is transmitted to mesh Baltics and SFB Nuclear CENETIX Center for Network Innovation network and reviewed at MOC RB SME sites for evaluation, analyzation and identification. and Experimentation COE Center of Excellence DHS U.S. Department of Homeland SAN FRANCISCO BAY SCENARIO NUMBERS EXPERIMENT ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES BALTICS PHASES SFB PHASES Security DNDO Defense Nuclear Detection PHASE IV Days later a vessel with shielded CBRN materials trigger a stand-off detection alert from NAME CONTRIBUTER TOOL FOR: I IIA IIB IIIA IIIB IV V VI Office a USV buoy southeast of the Golden Gate Bridge. The MOC at the USCG station at Yeurba DTRA Defense Threat Reduction Agency Buena tags and tracks the incoming vessel. Equipped with CBRN detection sensors and ARAM sensor LLNL Mobile radiation area monitor wireless broadband units forward deployed crews organize to Marine Police vessels and GSM Global System for Mobile , ATAK units USSOCOM Mobile mapping application that Communications patrol boats to conduct target screening, interdiction and SSE collection. Teams transmit Eleven communication and integrates tactical data sharing HQ Headquarters data to mesh network and a throwable UGV streams video surveillance for real-time RB networking tools JCTD Joint Capability Technology BGAN Maritime CENTCOM Satellite link to ship for network Demonstration SME analysis. In result of SSE data, the target boat crew and affiliates are found in SF communications city area — a SOF unit is deployed to search the site. JFTC Joint Force Training Center BGAN Satellite link CENTCOM Satellite link to remote locations for LLNL Lawrence Livermore National PHASE V The target craft rendezvous with a large simulated oil platform. NPS, SSE, SFPD and to MIO testbed network communications Laboratory international SOF teams communicating via mobile networks start a rapid search of the CEBOSS C3PO JCTD Data management system for intelligence MIO Maritime Interdiction Operations main deck of the platform, utilizing a UGV for stand-off CBRN and explosive detection. collection, sharing and analysis MOC Maritime Operations Center NORSOF Norwegian Special Forces Based on SSE results and RB SME feedback, a second SOF team explores the platform Nine different sensors and CBRN GINA NPS Format data and facilitate sharing detectors across broad spectrum of digital formats NOC Network Operations Center interior using a small Throwbot UGV, capable of providing video surveillance to hidden RIID Radiation Isotope Identifier and difficult to access areas. Concurrently NORSOF and SFPD divers, communicating via Mutualink NATO Real-time interoperable communications RB Reachback submersed radio frequency, search the target craft and platform perimeter for possible multimedia sharing SA Situational Awareness parasite devices. SFB San Francisco Bay RIID Sensor DHS Hand held radiation detection SFPD San Francisco Police PHASE VI Upon a secondary screening subsurface divers deploy to conduct surveillance on possible , Wave Relay Persistent Portable broadband tactical network Department threats from under the target vessel. Divers communicate via near-field underwater touch Systems communications/network SME Subject Matter Expert with tethered “mailbox,” which is interconnected with surface MIO operators. The SMEs Seven master’s and Ph.D. students SOF Special Operation Forces Lighthouse SSE NPS CORE Lab Data collection application for SSE Sensitive Site Exploitation receive uploaded site data and observe diver actions. Information is shared with mesh net- conducting thesis research information analysis and sharing work for analysis including tracking information on vessels vehicles dismounted agents USCENTCOM U.S. Central Command , , , , Targetr Atlascraft SA, threat detection and analysis, data CBRN alerts and intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance data feeds. USCG U.S. Coast Guard capture/sharing UGV Unmanned Ground Vehicle USSOCOM U.S. Special Operations The experiment ends with all CBRN material secure and accounted for with all suspects in cus- Three NATO offices in as many Throwbot UGV ReconRobotics Remote controlled lightweight robot Command tody, intelligence data ready for analyzation and a terrorist network dissembled. countries involved as RB SMEs designed for CBRN detection USV Unmanned Surface Vehicle NPS Adds Another Astronaut Alumnus Research Environment (CORE) Lab on a vessel has been made. Sensitive Site Exploitation (SSE) applica- Canadian Army Master Cpl. Jason Charlebois With NASA’s Newest Class tion known as Lighthouse SSE ... Seeing participated in the boarding team. “We use a By Dale M. Kuska its value, the team integrated it into the hand-held Identifier 2 to detect CBRN threats,” MIO2013 experimentation program. he said. “We have to be able to integrate seam- Linnel’s application attempts to sim- lessly into other special operations communi- When NASA Administrator Charles Bolden announced called by his former advisers and teachers as an overachiever. plify the SSE process by giving context at ties and it’s exciting to see where this is going.” the latest class of NASA’s eight astronaut candidates, June 17, the Naval “I remember Victor Glover as an exceptional student in the prod- the point of collection to the plethora of The team integrated additional robotics Postgraduate School was able to add yet another space-traveling alumnus uct development 21st century (PD-21) curriculum,” noted Dr. John Os- pictures, faces and documents that are technologies into the boarding team’s tactical to its ranks, now totaling 41 and counting. mundson, a Research Associate Professor in the NPS Department of In- encountered during maritime boarding scenarios, such as the Throwbot XT, a light- Lt. Cmdr. Victor Glover, an F/A-18 combat pilot currently serving as formation Sciences and co-advisor on Glover’s thesis. “He was extremely operations. weight robot that can be thrown over the side a Legislative Fellow in enthusiastic and al- “This is about enabling analysts to of a hull and remotely controlled. the office of Senator ways produced very rapidly connect the dots and better in- “We have some 3,000 robots being used in John McCain, was se- high-quality, technical form decision makers,” said CORE Lab Afghanistan right now,” said Todd Little with lected from more than I actually did the space systems certificate while I was deployed to the work. It was clear from Co-Director Army Special Forces Col. Greg ReconRobotics. “The maritime deployment of 6,100 applicants to be- Middle East flying combat missions off the USS John F. Kennedy.” his interactions with Wilson. “The ability to rapidly exploit this the system is a new concept. We are here eval- gin training at Johnson Lt. Cmdr. Victor Glover the rest of his PD-21 type of information can enable us to get uating the system by using it in conjunction Space Center in August cohort that Victor was inside the enemy’s decision cycle.” with compliant boardings. for potential space flight. a natural leader.” “I take a photo, it is geo-referenced, “You can be a football field away from an IED Glover graduated from the Naval Postgraduate School in 2009 through Glover says that while he is eager to get started on his training, he is and metadata is stamped on or other device and see it through the Master of Systems Engineering Management — Product Development also still trying to absorb the reality of his accomplishment. it with relevant information the bot. It weighs only one-and- 21st Century (SEM-PD21) program, in addition to receiving a space sys- “It still hasn’t completely set in that this is really happening. It’s an about the search and the or- WE ARE a-half pounds and can be thrown tems academic certificate in 2005, both via distance learning. amazing opportunity professionally, and personally. This is an amazing ganization that produced the UTILIZING up to 120 feet. It can also survive Glover notes the two programs, while both very different, provide a group of people that I have been selected to join, and it truly is over- report,” added Linnel. ROBOTS FOR a 20-foot drop onto concrete,” said tremendous foundation for the challenging training that lies ahead of him. whelming on so many levels,” Glover said. The application is run on THE FIRST Little. The Throwbot XT can provide “Certainly, the space systems certificate program is directly applica- “The next achievements in space will require a great deal of work by a simple Android OS-based TIME WITH A live streaming video and audio as it ble,” Glover said. “It gives you the basics of communications, orbital me- many of us selected now,” he continued. “I am happy to be associated mobile device, and connect- RADIOLOGICAL rolls about through passageways chanics, imaging systems … things that are very relevant to the processes with the accomplished and capable people that are going to be a part of ed to a tactical network via a and berthings in search of suspect of manned space exploration.” making that happen.” wave-relay radio system. DETECTOR materials and devices. But, he continues, his experience in the SEM-PD21 program provid- “By using the wave relay For larger vessels, NPS Research ed an immediate payoff to his position in the Fleet. radio, you are able to update Associate Eugene Bourakov de- “I was a test pilot, working in the systems engineering field, actually on the move and share information in veloped the Segway RMP-400 robot equipped doing test and evaluation under the umbrella of weapons systems acqui- real-time which is funneled through the with a nuclear detection sensor. The Segway sition,” Glover said. “My work product bolstered my school product, and network to CBRN experts abroad,” said RMP-400 can be remotely piloted throughout a likewise, my school product improved my work quality.” Linnel. suspect ship, and it allows boarding crews to “Systems engineering has really emerged over the last several years as Linnel and his team recently returned locate dangerous materials without exposing a critical discipline for the development of systems that meet the needs of from the Baltics where they worked with themselves to radioactive contamination or at- the warfighter,” added Dr. Cliff Whitcomb, NPS Department of Systems 13 vessel has a legitimate need to carry a Norwegian Navy Special Forces team to test tack from hostile crewmembers. Engineering Chair. “It’s an engineering discipline that provides students, CBRN material, such as radioactive isotopes for the application’s networked features. “We are utilizing robots for the first time with especially at the master’s level, with a very holistic, balanced perspective.” healthcare. “This experiment was not only a success, a radiological detector. Never before have we Not only did the coursework provide an immediate payoff, but its “There is a network of experts analyzing the but also sparked the interest of other European used an unmanned ground vehicle with a radio- simple availability to Glover was equally as valued. data in a special format, and they interact with nations who seek to participate in next year’s logical detection capability in a maritime environ- “The thing that was really amazing about both of these programs is that each other and analyze the data that we send experiment,” said Linnel. “The experiment next ment, this is a historic moment,” said Bordetsky. they are distributed, and they allowed me to continue my professional de- to teams in the field,” said Tomasetti. “They year will evolve even further with a more real- Bordetsky and his diverse team of NPS velopment through advanced formal education where I was stationed,” he also determine whether or not the source is istic feel to include shoot houses and military students, researchers and collaborators are al- stressed. “I actually did the space systems certificate while I was deployed a legitimate substance for that ship, such as a planning amongst participating units stretching ready examining the results from the June 2013 to the Middle East flying combat missions off the USS John F. Kennedy.” ship carrying cobalt-60 for medical purposes.” across the U.S. and into the Czech Republic.” experimentation event, assessing what addi- “Lt. Cmdr. Glover completed our space systems certificate program tional complexities and players need to be in- back in 2005, and I am very pleased to see he will be able to apply some REAL-TIME RAPID ANALYSIS BOARDING THE VESSEL tegrated into the program for future discovery. of what he learned to his ambitions in space flight,” added Space Systems Lt. Cmdr. Victor Glover, right, shakes hands with Maj. Gen As Bordetsky’s team has evolved the MIO With streamlined data collection, advanced With the value of international trade via Academic Group Chair Dr. Rudy Panholzer. “As a Navy pilot, it is very Thomas L. Conant, USMC at NPS during graduation in Aug. program, they quickly realized the format of sharing and real-time intelligence analysis, the seaports estimated to increase to a stagger- challenging for these officers to remove themselves from the cockpit to 2009. Glover was announced as one of only eight new the data is critical to effective and rapid analy- experimentation took the next step, integrat- ing 60 percent of the total U.S. gross domestic obtain a valued, educational experience in the classroom … This is pre- astronauts by NASA Administrator Charles Bolden, June 17, sis. NPS student, U.S. Army Special Forces Sgt. ing military forces from the U.S., Canada, Po- product by 2030, the game of port and mari- cisely why we ensure our programs are available remotely, and in the becoming NPS’ 41st graduate to become a NASA astronaut, more than any other postgraduate university in the world. 1st Class Christopher Linnel, has been work- land and Norway to help examine operational time security is one that America cannot afford more condensed format of our academic certificates.” ing with the university’s Common Operational tactics once the decision to board a suspect to lose. Although a few years removed from his time at NPS, Glover was re- 16 In Review • July 2013 naval postgraduate school naval postgraduate school In Review • July 2013 17 U.S. Cyber Command Chief Inducted Into NPS Hall of Fame By Kenneth A. Stewart

U.S. Army General Keith B. Alexander, Commander of U.S. Cyber and officer, is one of the most important things we can do and we really Command, and Director, National Security Agency/Chief, Central Securi- appreciate what you are doing here to help build that force in this area.” ty Service, was inducted into the Naval Postgraduate School Hall of Fame Alexander also spoke of the evolving nature of U.S. Cyber Command during the university’s Spring Quarter graduation ceremony, June 21. and the need to build an educated cyber force. “It is my privilege to welcome Gen. Alexander to NPS’ distinguished “The mission for the U.S. Cyber Command is evolving. We are re- Hall of Fame. I was sponsible for de- blessed to work for fending the nation Gen. Alexander for Gen. Alexander’s contribution to our nation’s security and to our against a cyber at- five consecutive years, great institution are long standing, and will endure well beyond his tack, as well as for including a year on operating, building his personal staff,” said tenure. His induction into the Hall of Fame is in recognition of these and defending our NPS Interim Presi- contributions, his continued commitment to professional excellence, DOD networks,” dent Rear Adm. Jan said Alexander. “In Dr. Douglas A. Hensler addresses regional media during a press conference announcing the beginning of his tenure as provost, June 5. Hensler will serve as the Naval Postgraduate School’s 14th chief academic officer following a lengthy career in both academia and industry. E. Tighe. “I witnessed and his tireless efforts to defend our nation in cyberspace.” my opinion, the firsthand his inspira- Rear Adm. Jan E. Tighe easiest way that tional leadership and NPS Interim President the adversary can his unwavering dedi- come against us is cation to our nation. It is truly an honor to preside at today’s ceremony.” cyber — that is where we are going to be challenged the most and in the Alexander earned advanced degrees in systems technology (elec- near term. We have to build the force, train them and get them ready to tronic warfare) and physics while attending NPS in the ’80s. Tighe com- do that which our nation depends upon us to do.” Naval Postgraduate School Welcomes mented on both the academic and professional accomplishments that led The NPS Hall of Fame was established to recognize the accomplish- to Alexander’s induction. ments of the university’s most distinguished alumni and friends who, New Provost to Campus “Gen. Alexander’s contribution to our nation’s security and to our through the attainment of positions at the highest levels of public service, great institution are long standing, and will endure well beyond his ten- have made the greatest contributions to society, their nations and to the By Dale M. Kuska ure,” said Tighe. “His induction into the Hall of Fame is in recognition Naval Postgraduate School. Alexander is the 20th inductee into the hall. of these contributions, his continued commitment to Dr. Douglas A. Hensler officially began his tenure as 14th dent in the caliber of our distinguished graduates and their outstanding professional excellence, and his tireless efforts to de- provost of NPS in early June. Hensler joins NPS following five years as contributions to our nation. fend our nation in cyberspace.” dean of the W. Frank Barton School of Business at Wichita State Univer- “Our students are not just beginning their careers, they are mid-ca- As head of Cybercom in Ft. Meade, Md., Alexander sity, and a lengthy career in both academia and industry. reer professionals whose academic work here translates into immediate is responsible for planning, coordinating and conduct- “Dr. Hensler’s background and management experience will without gains in their respective fields, and to the advancement of our nation,” he ing cyber operations, as well as the defense of Depart- a doubt contribute significantly to NPS’ effectiveness, as together, we continued. “It is a profound honor to serve beside them.” ment of Defense (DOD) computer networks. In his continue to pursue our educational mission,” noted NPS Interim Presi- As Hensler wrapped-up his comments to the gathered media, he stressed capacity as NSA director, he is responsible for a DOD dent Rear Adm. Jan E. Tighe. “I’m sure that Doug and Janie Hensler will the importance of strong leadership in guiding the institution forward. agency with national-level foreign intelligence, combat find that NPS is not only a great place to work, but a great place to live.” “I understand the challenges before me and recognize that there is a support, and U.S. national security information sys- Hensler hit the ground running with a packed schedule of meetings great team in place to help with my transition. I want to especially recog- tems protection responsibilities. and briefs during his first few days on campus, but noted he has been nize Admiral Tighe’s contributions during the short period of time she “I think one of the most important things we can do eager to get started since accepting the position in April. has been here, as well as that of Acting Provost Dr. Doug Moses,” he said. for our students here is to prepare them for the future “I have been looking forward to this day for some time,” Hensler said. “Under Admiral Tighe’s leadership, the way ahead for NPS looks roles they will play in the military,” said Alexander. “The Naval Postgraduate School has an outstanding academic reputa- bright,” Hensler continued. “She and her team have laid a solid founda- “From my perspective, having people that are edu- tion, and in combination with its mission for the Navy and Department tion that will no doubt ensure that NPS is postured for continued and cated and who understand the technical side of cyber, of Defense, the university truly is a critical asset for our national security. future success.” especially information technology, computers, how Serving as provost for this institution is an honor for me professionally, Secretary of the Navy Ray Mabus selected Hensler for the position of uni- they communicate, how people hack into them, and and a wonderful opportunity for my family.” versity provost in mid-April following a diligent search and review process. what must be done to protect them, takes great techni- NPS’ new chief academic officer highlighted several unique aspects of “For more than a century, the Naval Postgraduate School has provid- cal skill,” he continued. the institution that helped support his decision to accept the challenge. ed high-quality, relevant and unique advanced education and research “What NPS does is train people at the fundamen- U.S. Army Gen. Keith B. Alexander, Commander, U.S. Cyber Command and “The work done by NPS faculty, past and present, speaks for itself,” he opportunities,” Mabus noted in a statement announcing Hensler’s selec- tal level on how theses things operate … students can Director, National Security Agency/Chief, Central Security Service, is officially noted. “The Naval Postgraduate School is the nation’s premiere defense- tion. “I appreciate Admiral Tighe’s leadership during this time of transi- then take that deep technical understanding and use inducted into the Naval Postgraduate School’s Hall of Fame during the Spring focused graduate institution because of the work done by its dedicated tion and welcome Dr. Hensler as we begin the next chapter in this storied it in military operations around the world,” Alexander Quarter graduation ceremony. faculty. Their commitment to the education of our nation’s finest is evi- institution’s history.” added. “I believe educating our military force, enlisted 18 In Review • July 2013 naval postgraduate school naval postgraduate school In Review • July 2013 19 defeating modern ballistic threats, and that’s where the work of Colson and his team comes in. “The power has to come from the ship … We are exploring how to use ei- Exploring Laser ther batteries or capacitor banks that we have modeled. The laser would draw from the stored power, so the lights stay on inside the ship when the laser is Weapon Defense fired,” said Colson. Colson has been conducting laser research at NPS since 1989. He began As directed-energy weapons research has been underway well working on lasers in the ’80s with then President Ronald Reagan’s Strategic De- beyond the U.S. borders and those of its allies for decades, the fense Initiative, or “star wars” program, which would have utilized a massive Naval Postgraduate School has also spent several years explor- free-electron laser. He continues to explore free-electron laser technology, but ing defensive technologies and techniques. acknowledges the value of the solid-state lasers that the Navy is currently testing. “Instead of going with the big laser, that the Navy still wants, we are focus- “For many years, the U.S. government and many foreign ing on smaller lasers that are still capable,” said Colson. “Having worked on countries have been working on developing high-energy, di- the concept of shooting things down with lasers since the ’70s, it’s not the laser rected-energy weapons … But I think the subject has matured that I’ve been focusing on, but it is amazing.” in the last couple of decades, and now laser and microwave Direct energy weapons bear little resemblance to the blasters and laser weapons are very lethal,” explained Professor S.S. Sritharan. weapons popularized in science fiction movies. Modern lasers are complex, precision weapons that target a specific threat area. Sritharan and Research Assistant Professor Nathan Moshman “In the movies, you hit a target and the target just disappears,” said Colson. of the Space Systems Academic Group teamed up with re- “We are targeting a modest amount of the missile, UAV or boat … The good searchers at the Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command, side is that in modern warfare we do not necessarily want to destroy the entire focused on the detection of high-energy laser (HEL) beams. target. This is a more ‘surgical’ weapon … We are exploiting vulnerabilities, The team has developed software that they hope will lead to like blinding a missile so that it is unable to locate where its target is.” additional research, and eventually, an onboard laser weapon Distinguished Professor of Physics Dr. William Colson, center, along with Research Assistant Professor Keith Cohn, right, are using NPS’ NPS alumnus Dave Keel, one of Colson’s former students, is currently detection system. long-time directed energy research program to examine potential power supply systems for ship-borne, solid-state lasers. Marine Corps leading an effort to place solid-state lasers on ships. His work was recently fea- Capt. Miguel Alvarez, left, is examining the laser’s potential application on helicopters. tured in the national media, where a laser successfully shot down an airborne NPS researchers see the potential for the laser beam detection drone during a test fire. to position the Navy to more safely fulfill their mission when Keel utilizes commercial lasers using a tenth of the power gobbled up by faced with new and emerging threats. free-electron lasers and which are already available commercially. “Solid-state lasers have about a 20th of the power we want, but if we can “These efforts are of great importance to the Navy’s mission,” get them on ships, we can put them out there and allow the Navy to train on explained NPS Mechanical Engineering Research Associate NPS’ Long-Time Directed Energy Program them and work out the tactics, while we work on more complex missions,” Professor Lewis DeSandre. “The Navy and Marine Corps forces said Colson. will be operating in hostile areas where directed-energy Turns to Power Supply Systems NPS researchers are also working with other partners on the tactical usage weapons will be employed by adversaries on an ever-increas- of a helicopter-borne laser weapon. U.S. Marine Corps Capt. Miguel Alvarez, ing frequency. High-energy laser systems have the potential By Kenneth A. Stewart a helicopter pilot and NPS student, is working on both the tactics and engi- to disrupt Navy and Marine Corps operations and place lives in neering aspects of a helicopter-borne device. He has identified several key jeopardy. These projects will lead to an enhanced aircraft plat- Physicists at the Naval Postgraduate School are collaborating the ship,” said Cohn. “Lasers operate at essentially the speed of light, al- advantages to using direct-energy weapons on helicopters. forms survivability margin to HEL attack and greater aircraft with researchers at the University of Texas to develop the power supply lowing operators to defeat threats at greater distances.” “With a 50 caliber, we can do two or three passes and we are out of ammo, and personnel survivability.” that will help support the realities of ship-born laser weapons on “Radar knows exactly where the target is, but if the enemy is being and have to return to station to rearm … A laser weapon does not have that deployed U.S. naval vessels. evasive, your bullet goes to the wrong target. The offense always has the limitation,” said Alvarez. The collaborative research allows the expertise of both NPS and “The University of Texas is a great partner,” said Distinguished Professor disadvantage, except for when you are operating at the speed of light,” “A laser is a very precise weapon. As Marines, we often need to disable SPAWAR researchers to be applied to a common defense chal- William B. Colson of the NPS Department of Physics. “We have worked added Colson. vehicles, particularly at checkpoints — a laser allows us to do that with much lenge. The NPS team has been working directly with personnel with them on these models in the past, we are adapting the old models to Colson has been an integral leader in a long-established research effort greater accuracy,” added Alvarez. “A laser can disable a vehicle or other target at SPAWAR Systems Center Pacific’s San Diego, Calif., office. the new technology.” in directed energy at the without potentially killing the occupants.” NPS Research Assis- university, noting that The potential use of direct-energy weapons by the Marine Corps differs “Our objective at SPAWAR Systems Center Pacific is to provide tant Professor of Physics A laser is a very precise weapon. As Marines, we often need to lasers are a very cost-ef- from the use of laser platforms by the Navy due to the Marine Corps’ unique the scientific and technical understanding required to develop Keith Cohn insists that fective means of meeting mission set. the sensor capability to detect and characterize lasers from current technological ad- disable vehicles, particularly at checkpoints — a laser allows us to mission requirements. “The Navy is making a laser system that looks at a longer range, as Ma- bistatic geometries,” explained SPAWAR scientist Dr. Ike Ben- vancements have created do that with much greater accuracy. A laser can disable a vehicle “Lasers are essentially rines we are operating at a much closer range. The use of a precision electric dall. “The laser and geometric information extracted from the an opportunity for direct- electric weapons. As weapon with greater accuracy can help us to augment our ground forces,” said signal will increase the Navy’s ability to counter laser direct- ed energy weapons. “The or other target without potentially killing the occupants.” long as you have power Alvarez. ed-energy weapons. technology has reached a U.S. Marine Corps Capt. Miguel Alvarez to them, you have mu- “Another advantage to using a directed-energy weapon on a helicopter is that point that it matches the nitions — you never run it allows us to have greater range. We can engage from up to 4 kilometers away “The work at the Naval Postgraduate School is critical to unrav- threat that we are trying to counter,” he said. out of either bullets or missiles,” said Cohn. “From a cost perspective, without putting ourselves at visible risk to the adversary,” continued Alvarez. eling this complex interrelationship,” he continued. “The end According to Colson and Cohn, directed energy weapons like both laser weapons are beginning to make more and more sense.” And the logistical advantages of using directed-energy weapons that could result will be a greater ability to collect laser MASINT [Measure- solid-state and free-electron lasers are ideal missile-defense weapons and There are advantages in safety and storage space as well, without the be realized in the Navy could apply to the Marine Corps as well. “A laser weap- ment and Signature Intelligence] information or counter laser are applicable to a variety of threats to contemporary naval operations. need to maintain as large a supply of explosive missiles within the ship. on means greater range, because we are required to carry less weight. Energy threats that could disrupt Navy and Marine Crops operations or “The problem with shooting a bullet or a missile at a target is that by But all of the advantages of laser weapons are unrealized without effec- weighs significantly less than traditional munitions, and we are able to fly fur- harm personnel.” the time you have fired the munitions, the target is already half-way to tive power. Insufficient power sources means the laser has little hope of ther and augment forces longer,” said Alvarez. 20 In Review • July 2013 naval postgraduate school naval postgraduate school In Review • July 2013 21 RELIEF Helps First Responders Evaluate Modern HA/DR Technologies, Scenarios By MC3 Shawn J. Stewart

A large team of Naval Postgraduate School students, faculty and to synergize and create a think-tank for the benefit of humanitarian and researchers, along with broad swath of engineers, technologists, and disaster response.” emergency and first responders, wrapped up the latest edition of the Re- The weeklong exercise featured a plethora of unmanned aerial vehicle search & Experimentation for Local & International Emergency & First (UAV) experiments. One of those experiments featured the Department Responders (RELIEF) field-training exercise in Camp Roberts, Calif., of Homeland Security’s (DHS) Federal Emergency Management Agency May 10. (FEMA) Corps, who conducted field-training exercises in conjunction RELIEF is an NPS-led, field-experimentation program that provides with UAVs provided by Lockheed Martin. participants from multiple organizations and branches of government “RELIEF is giving us the ability to test new ideas, and be able to di- access to the university’s U.S. Special Operations Command (USSO- rectly affect change in the products that can help us save lives now, and in COM) Tactical Network the future,” said FEMA Testbed (TNT). Their Corps Team Leader at focus … to experiment, RELIEF is giving us the ability to test new ideas, and be able to AmeriCorps National A participant hand-launches a Unicorn unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) during the Research & Experimentation for Local & International evaluate and assess mod- Civilian Community Emergency & First Responders (RELIEF) field-training exercise in Camp Roberts, Calif., May 8. RELIEF is an NPS-led, field-training exercise focused directly affect change in the products that can help us save lives on humanitarian assistance and disaster response missions. ern technologies specifi- Corps (San Diego), cally for humanitarian now, and in the future.” Ebony McElroy. assistance and disaster Ebony McElroy “The UAVs abso- response utilization. FEMA Corps Team Leader lutely worked,” she con- Originally used by the Air Force in their FPASS (Force Protection NPS’ RELIEF field-experimentation program holds multiple train- For those in atten- tinued. “I was able to Airborne Surveillance System) program, the modular design of the Des- ing and analysis events annually, providing an assessment capability that dance, such as annual participant and Monterey County Emergency Ser- split my team and maintain communications inside of a simulated disaster ert Hawk III UAV allows it to be easily re-purposed for humanitarian would otherwise not be available. vices Manager Sherrie Collins, the event helps participants understand area by pinging the UAV. This is substantial because in a real-world scenar- assistance and disaster response operations. “The idea is to create a multi-institutional learning environment,” said the needs of humanitarian personnel. io, where we would lose cellular communication and visual information, “Today, we used a radio relay mod which gives us the ability to fly RELIEF Director, NPS Department of Information Sciences Associate “Combining the research and development from a multitude of or- these UAVs would provide invaluable capability to humanitarian efforts.” over an area where radio systems may not exist anymore,” said Sapp. “A Professor Dr. Ray Buettner. “With RELIEF, the government can acquire ganizations has and will continue to prove invaluable to humanitarian The scenarios outlined through RELIEF are proving what UAVs can single FEMA agent would be able to go to the disaster area and launch products from a knowledgeable standpoint. Instead of blindly purchas- efforts and those in need of it,” said Collins. “Opportunities like RELIEF offer, with faster and more accurate responses possible to humanitarian a UAV within a 15-minute time span … providing hours and hours of ing without any idea of a product’s capability … You can see a product in allow local, military, government and private-sector individuals a chance efforts, according to Jeffrey Sapp, a Chief Engineer at Lockheed Martin. video, photo or radio coverage.” action and explain [to the engineers] what you need in-person.”

NPS Student Participates in Ni mble Titan Exercise Held on Campus By MC3 Danica Sirmans

When the U.S. Strategic Command decided to hold a multi-nation- sions,” Gray said. sole input from the U.S. and its agencies.” al, tabletop exercise in support of Nimble Titan on the NPS campus, June Breaking down boundaries, physical and cultural, Stratcom has dedi- Gray’s opportunity to participate went beyond just simply observing 24–28, they also extended an invitation to the university’s students to par- cated the last eight years to leading international cooperation in missile the exercise, as she was integrated into one of the Nimble Titan tabletop ticipate. It turned out to be perfect timing for Lt. Meghan Gray who had defense through the Nimble Titan effort. exercise cells to assess its outcomes. just graduated from the national security affairs program a few days prior. “What we are doing is building human capital with nations that have “My role is to help create an end-of-action report — it helps to have a “It was a great opportunity and it worked out perfectly,” said Gray begun to think about and work in missile defense,” said U.S. Army Col. better understanding of the findings and happenings of this tabletop exer- whose thesis focused on ballistic missile defense in the Middle East. “After Mike Derrick, Director of Allied Integration for Stratcom’s Joint Function- cise,” Gray explained. “We’re offering the follow-up information … Each writing my thesis and doing so much research, it’s rewarding to see how al Component Command for Integrated Missile Defense (JFCC/IMD). cell has an observer from my team collecting data.” missile defense is happening operationally. I thought it was a really good The Nimble Titan initiative was developed to address missile defense As she completed her participation in the weeklong exercise, Gray segue between school and going to my next job … It’s a lot like interning challenges, specifically the communications challenges, across national stressed that Nimble Titan provided her a great opportunity to get involved before my next assignment.” boundaries. With 22 countries participating, Nimble Titan is separated in something directly applicable to her future job in the Navy. Lt. Meghan Gray is pictured outside the campus facility where a weeklong exercise in ballistic missile defense, part of the U.S. Gray will be heading to Bahrain working with an integrated air and mis- into multiple two-year factions, and at the end of each campaign, progress “I think this is a really great forum for students, especially those that are Strategic Command’s Nimble Titan program, was held, June 24– sile defense cell, and says she wanted to participate in the exercise to see how is assessed and goals are set for the upcoming faction. looking for thesis topics, to come and interface with these different agen- 28. Gray graduated from NPS’ national security affairs program ballistic missile defense is approached in an international, operational setting. “What I like about Nimble Titan is that, although Stratcom is the spon- cies to learn what they are working on,” Gray said. “When I was doing my a few days prior, and will be heading to Bahrain working with “I wanted to get involved with the Nimble Titan exercise to learn more sor, Nimble Titan really is the result of the contributing nations,” said thesis research, it felt like there was a disconnect between outside agencies an integrated air and missile defense cell. about missile defense in real-world application. It’s a great networking op- U.S. Army Lt. Gen. Richard Formica, Commanding Officer of Stratcom’s and NPS, I don’t think that they realize that we are a resource … Nimble portunity, and I get to talk to the people that actually make these deci- JFCC/IMD. “It’s driven by international contribution as opposed to having Titan is one of those rare opportunities to improve that.” 22 In Review • July 2013 naval postgraduate school naval postgraduate school In Review • July 2013 23 to seek cyber approaches to conventional warfare objectives. and done an intense analytic dissection of the issues,” explained Strawser. “If you can achieve the same effects with a cyber weapon verses a ki- “I’m excited and proud of it because it really pushes the debate on netic weapon, often that option is ethically preferable … If an operation drones forward,” he continued. “Most of the books out there on drones is morally justifiable, than a cyber route is likely preferable, because it are either specifically about the law, or they engage questions on specifi- causes less harm,” said Denning. cally-U.S. policy. This book is not that. It is really asking the deeper moral Denning and fellow NPS Assistant Professor Bradley Strawser make the questions behind this form of warfare in general.” argument in a recent paper addressing cyber ethics. Beyond the conversations in his ethics class, Strawser is pleased by In a paper she coauthored, “Moral Cyber Weapons,” Denning argues, the traction the topic has gained globally. The issues surrounding drone “At least with some kinds warfare have been so of cyber weapons, not prominent and dynam- only can they adhere to Cyber weapons reduce both the risk to one’s own military and ic that he and the oth- the principles of just war er contributors had to theory but that a positive the harm to one’s adversary and non-combatants. Overall, cyber evolve their content as duty to employ them can weapons are more humane, less destructive, and less risky than the issue progressed. He arise, at least in certain sees this as a good sign contexts … The reason kinetic weapons for achieving certain military effects.” that defense leaders and for this moral obligation Dr. Dorothy Denning scholars are ready to is that cyber weapons Defense Analysis Distinguished Professor delve into the issues, or reduce both the risk to at least begin to. one’s own military and the harm to one’s adversary and non-combatants. “As the drone debate has changed, we had to change what the book Overall, cyber weapons are more humane, less destructive, and less risky was going to be. At times we would have ideas for certain chapters and than kinetic weapons for achieving certain military effects.” then some new angle in the drone debate would come up and we would Still, Denning notes that the red line in the realm of cyber warfare – have to address it,” Strawser explained. “The whole drone debate is ex- which, if crossed, could lead to kinetic warfare — has not been breached. panding so fast, that it’s hard for ethicists and policy people to keep up. “We haven’t crossed the threshold where a cyber attack has initiated “What I really hope this book does is pose and frame the big ques- a kinetic response,” she said. “What we are seeing primarily is espionage, tions. This doesn’t solve all of the ethics questions about drones, in fact it and we have never responded with military force to espionage.” just kind of opens the debate on a lot of it,” he said. “We are still just at the Dr. Bradley Strawser, an Assistant Professor with the NPS Department of Defense Analysis, is pictured with his new book, “Killing by Remote Much of the espionage that Denning refers to centers on business and very beginning, the tip of the iceberg of the ethical questions surround- Control: The Ethics of an Unmanned Military.” economic interests, but Denning is quick to point out that in our global ing drone use. But this is really the first academic book of its kind to look economy, there are limits to what state actors can do without harming just at the abstract moral question of drone use in general. It is critical their own interests. that this part of the debate be moved forward, and that is precisely what “Our interconnected economies serve as a deterrent to cyber sabo- I hope this book will do.” tage that would damage the economy. I think that a state would be very Challenging Students to Examine the Ethics cautious about damaging another nation’s economy because it would likely damage their own economy in the process,” said Denning. of Modern Warfare The conversation on the ethics of cyber operations will no doubt con- tinue — the U.S. military and both its allies and foes have made tremen- By Amanda D. Stein and Kenneth A. Stewart dous human and economic capital investments into the burgeoning arena of cyber defense. What will come of these investments remains to be seen, Modern conflict has evolved immeasurably over the past few decades, in nearly every capacity. Thrust into this ever-changing battlefield but their ethics and conformity with international law is already an area is the supersonic pace of technological development, especially in the realms of cyber warfare and unmanned systems. of particular emphasis within the cyber operations community at NPS. NPS’ Department of Defense Analysis houses two of the university’s many curricula, but its mission is singular, to prepare U.S. and international military professionals and interagency personnel with the requisite critical thinking and specialized skill sets to prevail in the modern theatre. Part of this set includes an expanding and challenging academic exercise into the examination of the ethical implications of modern war- Unmanned Systems and the Implications fare … Achieved through the expertise of two very different faculty. One is an iconic veteran in the field of information assurance and an inaugural of Remote Control Warfare inductee into the national Cyber Security Hall of Fame, while the other is a rising star who taught at the Air Force and Naval Academies prior to bring- NPS Department of Defense Analysis (DA) Assistant Professor Dr. ing his expertise in unmanned systems to the university. Bradley Strawser served as co-author with Denning on the aforemen- Together, as defense analysis Chair Dr. John Arquilla notes, the faculty offer a compelling addition to the student experience. “It’s crucial for our tioned paper, “Moral Cyber Weapons.” A relatively recent addition to the students to have an opportunity to explore the ethical implications of their decisions, especially as they practice their profession in an era of protracted DA faculty, Strawser is a philosopher and ethicist, and has spent a great warfare against shadowy opponents,” he said. deal of his career addressing the intricacies of utilizing unmanned sys- tems in warfare. His new book, “Killing by Remote Control: The Ethics of an Un- Cyber Security Hall of Famer Dr. Dorothy in Cyber Systems and Operations (CSO) degree program, as well as stu- manned Military,” addresses the many dimensions of unmanned sys- Denning, and the Ethics of Cyber Operations dents within the defense analysis department. tems, and the role they play in military operations. A compilation of the Defense Analysis Distinguished Professor Dr. Dorothy Denning is an Denning helps her students to navigate the murky waters of cyber works of 10 contributing experts in their fields, the book looks at such icon in the field of information security, but has spent the last several ethics, where battlefields may consist of layers of code rather than the topics as just war theory, martial virtues, the morality of lethal autonomy, Distinguished Professor Dorothy Denning has built a leg- years adding the ethics of cyber warfare to her fields of exploration. mountains, seas and plains that have historically defined combat areas and the use of unmanned systems in humanitarian operations. endary resume in the information security arena, but has spent the last several years examining, and teaching, about Denning teaches a class titled “Conflict in Cyber Space” that attempts of operations. “I brought together a mix of philosophers, political scientists and le- the ethical challenges of cyber warfare. to address the legal and ethical issues driven by cyber warfare. Her stu- Despite the legal ambiguity of some questions, Denning makes a gal scholars to address moral questions about drones that have been out dents include members of NPS’ recently inaugurated Master of Science seemingly powerful case for both the legality and the moral imperative in the national discussion for a long time, but nobody has ever sat down 24 In Review • July 2013 naval postgraduate school naval postgraduate school In Review • July 2013 25 SEE WHAT’S INSIDE www.nps.edu Naval Postgraduate School faculty follow graduates into King Auditorium for the Spring Quarter graduation, June 21. More than 300 graduates earned their advanced degrees during the ceremony.

Latest Class Honored During Spring Graduation Ceremony By Kenneth A. Stewart

The Naval Postgraduate School welcomed U.S. Army changed the course of the war,” said Alexander. Gen. Keith B. Alexander, Commander, U.S. Cyber Command and Director, Drawing upon that famed accomplishment, Alexander emphasized National Security Agency/Chief, Central Security Service to keynote its that it was up to the current generation, including those in attendance 2013 Spring Graduation ceremony in King Auditorium, June 21. at the ceremony, to carry the gauntlet forward and create a more secure Alexander, an NPS alumnus who holds two advanced degrees from world through technical innovation and education. NPS, delivered a short but poignant commencement speech. Much of his “You are the leaders that will lead us into a new world,” said Alexan- address was focused on Gen. Douglas McArthur’s famed, “Duty, Honor, der. “We cannot do that without people that are educated at your level. Country” speech given to members of Alexander’s other alma mater, the You have the knowledge necessary to change our world for good.” U.S. Military Academy at West Point. Alexander pointed to several examples of innovation born of advanced “Duty, honor, country … Those three hallowed words reverently dic- technical studies that have led to major breakthroughs since his initial at- tate what you ought to be, what you can be, what you will be. They are tendance at NPS in the ’80s, notably, the adoption of advanced network your rallying points to build courage when courage seems to fail, to re- technologies that led to the creation of the Internet as we know it today. gain faith when there seems to be little cause for faith, to create hope Finally, Alexander thanked the graduating class for their contribution when hope becomes forlorn,” quoted Alexander. to their respective nations’ defense with an eye to their future accom- Alexander also spoke of the ability of WWII era intelligence officers plishments. to break the German code that had previously defied intelligence experts “Thank you for what you have done for the security of our nation and throughout the war. what you will do in the future,” said Alexander. “During WWII we had the ability to break an ‘enigma.’ Everyone Some 306 graduates earning 309 degrees from a host of defense-relat- thought it was impossible, but nine months later we break the code and ed disciplines crossed the stage during the quarterly ceremony.

26 In Review • July 2013 naval postgraduate school naval postgraduate school In Review • July 2013 27 Semper Fidelis

Honor. Courage. Commitment. It was during his time at the university, however, that Rodriguez would be thrust onto his most virulent battlefield. In August of 2012, an acutely ill These core values of the United States Marine Corps are more than just Rodriguez was diagnosed with an aggressive form of pancreatic cancer. words, they are fundamental qualities of character that dictate how a Marine will think, act and fight on the battlefield. Well into his studies in electrical engineering, and true to the Eagle, Globe and Anchor he earned, Rodriguez honored his values, fighting his Maj. Francisco “Cheech” Rodriguez was commissioned as a second illness while maintaining a near perfect academic performance in one of lieutenant in the Marine Corps following graduation from California the university’s most rigorous and challenging curricula. Committed to State University Bakersfield in 1997. He had long dreamed of becoming completing what his nation had asked him to do, Rodriguez fulfilled his a pilot, and pursued his aspirations with determination, hard work and requirements for graduation before passing on April 30, 2013. courage — and he achieved them. To a standing ovation of fellow graduates, family members and friends dur- Rodriguez exemplified the core values of a Marine as he served his na- ing the Spring Quarter graduation ceremony, keynote speaker U.S. Army tion in the cockpit of an EA-6B Prowler. He completed a combat tour in Gen. Keith B. Alexander and NPS Interim President Rear Adm. Jan E. Tighe the Middle East, a tour overseas in Japan, and was a rising star, selected presented the master’s degree in electrical engineering Marine Corps Maj. for graduate education at the Naval Postgraduate School. Francisco Rodriguez earned to the daughters he dedicated his life to.

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