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SOMALI FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT and MANAGEMENT by Mohamed

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SOMALI FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT by Mohamed Yassin 506A Project Resource Management June 1981 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I wish to express my appreciation to Mr. Robert W. Schoning and Dr. William G. Pearcy who with patience and willingness gave me guidance and advice in this work. Finally I am indebted to my advisor Victor T. Neal who was giving me constant support, encouragement, and advice through all the time I was studying in Oregon State University. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 REGIONAL OCEANOGRAPHY 3 FISH RESOURCE 10 Small Pelagic and Demersal Fish Survey 12 Survey Results 15 Sub-area 1 (Somali coast 2° - 5°N) 15 Sub-area 2 (Somali coast 5° - 10°N) 15 Sub-area 3 (Northeast Somali coast) 17 Sub-area 4 (Northern Somalia) 19 Total Area 20 Tuna and Tuna-like Species 23 Shark and Rays 23 Other Species 23 FISHERIES 26 Artisanal 26 Boats 28 Methods and Gear 30 Catches 30 Industrial 31 Domestic 33 Foreign 33 LAND BASED FACILITIES 35 Ports and Harbors 35 Preservation and Processing Plants 35 Communication and Transportation 37 UTILIZATION 40 GOVERNMENT POLICY 45 LEGISLATION 48 MANAGEMENT 50 RECOMMENDATION 55 INTRODUCTION Somalia has a population of 3.5 - 4 million and land area of about 638,000 square kilometers. It is bordered on the west by Republic of Jobouti, on the south by Ethopia and Kenya, on the north for 1000 kilo- meters by the Gulf of Aden, and on the east for 2000 kilometers by the Indian Ocean. The economy of the country is based on nomadic pastoralism which provides more than 90% of the national export. Subsistence farming is Practiced on about 700,000 hectares of an estimated 8 million hectares of cultivable land. The only export crop is bananas. Somalias net foreign trade position is heavily on deficit. In the recent years the war in the Ogedan between Somalia and Ethop ia and frequent droughts have disrupted the nomadic life. To date Somalia has the biggest refugee population in the world. About 1.5 million are now in refugee camps in Somalia. During the 1973-1975 drought in the Horn of Africa, the Somali government resettled 15,000 nomads on the coast as fishing cooperatives at four locations. Somalis are not traditionally fish eaters despite the fact that they have the longest coast of Independent Africa. The Somali government in recent years has devoted much effort to overcoming this social taboo by encouraging the utilization of fish and fish products. This paper presents roughly estimated potential fish resources and the current status of the fisheries refering to the problems and prospects of the fisheries. Recommendations on research, development, and management are included. Fig. 1 Map of Somali Democratic Republic. Zama , ,..: ,/e:/:....g.. .. .. _. • .r.r.t • ".- ''.. rIa="'"'• ' TA•1.2.1;.,. ,- VICI.:7 ..,,, , ..-..., • 0 ....:-.7-11-i , ":1;=-7.-7,-..,::::: / - . 51.,, i. .......,.... c_ ,A ha,kh. -1(;:hmin , MtAII,SeML _,,ursets.rii.";,,. a..e........,;•• ,--... ,---.......-.- ' • • -• Aden *.g.,..., .04 At FRANCAIS art; - ,..:/4:,.__ - - J:,+-A.a.- "..,!b:...t 1,7 . ruz,_/ FARS!": I. :..- _ .., 7 A "A f!'Dii301.7ri a ES ISSAS 7 rI ZC114 4,1 . I.. ...-,...trr ..:11S/0170. •••• .77.Z.,. or...4, - L0 ,••■•.0. ,••••rt _ -‘• ‘ ?.....0•1v-,..- -.. ..v., Sarin, ...,,.." N. .:..... 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''' .1 _.„, ,...- ..,..„1,,,,,,-,........7 2.-........- - ,Naa-Vared.: Baleaca + di" ,....a --- - ••1 te•u0 061312C/b.; .-1:44.4-2., ,.- -- _ .• 7,4gal :1,e...0 • ---, 1.,,,kr . /Lid, I • .4 3 D grev.g -7■22,,,ri ,..1 1.: -7,-; i ,...,."" , ,es...•7 3....0.-i0 a. 1 f-t-t. .4--_:,,-.1. /1k..A..0 //kt . ..=, A.- _ .,......,... ...-..-.,... zz,;..-o,.._ .,,,40 _.,'- 7 ....-, . .,. 4.-44e - ,W1,0",. ' 74-1`.- L...11_{.-..:.. .itV5----A",• ,,ztv.,` , ..9.,14 --.-.----■tiart.- JEC.0<s„,..._ „..-/ ...,,i1.,..--1714t- .2.ter 0 CE N V ( 1 ' P P E :d4. .s „, , n‘ar. ....„..,:- - ,D2-1.-",,....it. , stc..-....„ -."`"" es .,•-••-•,....-. ..-, .. ,-, - • • ' .---.454:13. 33 log - .1,90 e, . -...,, .:- ./Iiimbitir ;32 -1.1.1. L ..,Ixer) /-1.1...ef 1.. 0 T_A--;- C .% ,-, / A S °MAL!,. -• •ulAS•b.-• ......... R-E Zdges / 314..•hea E Brava •• • on t e Sat"! •—• U ES A s, :MgeSug, ---- aiR74OLJNIE .O. $3 t-73 3 REGIONAL OCEANOGRAPHY Somalia is located in the Eastern Horn of Africa, between 2° and 12°N. Its coastal waters which border both the Indian Ocean and the Gulf of Aden are biologically productive. The coastline consists of a series of sandy beaches broken at intervals by rocky outcrops and cliffs that often extend into shallow waters. The Continental Shelf is narrow, averaging 15 km, except in the northeast where it reaches 60 km in width. The most important factor for fisheries production in the area is the coastal upwelling of cold nutrient-rich subsurface oceanic waters. The upwelling results in the enrichment of phytoplankton and zooplankton which, in turn, make the conditions favorable for some small pelagic fish like sardines, herring, and scad (Cushing 1969; Fisher et al 1973). Most of the oceanographic data available about the Somali Coastal waters, particularly the upwelling regions, were collected during the International Indian Ocean Ex pedition (110E) in 1959-1965, and during the Indian Ocean Experiment in 1979. Off the Somali Coast the monsoon seasonal winds have great impact on the coastal oceanic conditions. During the northern winter the monsoons blow from northeast and during summer from southwest. The Somali current system is produced by the monsoons (Fig. 2). Of these two monsoons, the southwest monsoon is more important and more dramatic in its impact. The reversal of the two monsoons from northeast to southwest takes place in mid-April. Before the onset of the southwest monsoon there is a boundary zone which separates north- eastward oceanic flow from southwestward flow. This boundary zone was 4 120 140• f I 0 60 80 100 SURFACE -S CURRENTS 20• 2C• ■ t".. FEBRUARY ;•e F ••••: 414. 4.. • 0 • --,•• • 1.44104k1/4.1F4M19 •■•■• - * •-•.0 — 4 4 ‘444 4t– A., 4.— 4-•., 14. 4 s. - - - 20 20 r te" 4... • • • • S • - • '' t • p-+ "."-4. 4, • 4. -""ref 40 ••••-1. -■-•> N„, 40 60 80 100 120 SURFACE CURRENTS i •ss -+ ..4•.4%4. .."21. AUGUST a4 ;"1 )(V.I. %.4/• • •••■. \ ,. ....II.....i• Na, ....It ...lb, .. • A ‘ •C"•• •,., ..IP • s • 4 .s. -,,,r- ,,..., __,.--, • N., A ,uh. -- de 4,... 4•••• 7,e.- 4-- 4••••.„ lik..47,,,, 4.4 .r.".. 4-- , 4..... , : 4 zc*. 4.... 0 -,, T.... \b, ,,,,_ 4 20 4j _1 •ig" ." ..: i.r..., 44 - -• , _... 40"-'. %., 4., R ` 4, ■ 4 . - ..., Ar .. t , • • .. 1/4. -.4 -, , ..dr ... ...o• _:". , 00 / - - 4 --> "4" ? 4 0.0). •• • % .446, 4444 ..44 -414 s., * --iv. —4. -.4 —•••31. 120 140"E 20 • 40 60 80 100 Fig.". Surface circulation of the Indian Ocean in February and August according to Monatskarten fin den Indischen Ozean, Deutsches Hydrographisches Institut (1960) 5 located at 1°S during the Indian Ocean Experiment (DUing et al. 1980). As the southwest monsoons start the boundary zone migrates northward in a discontinuous manner (Fig. 3A - 3D). In early May the rate of migration is 24 km/day. By June the zone is located at 4°N. By July the currents attain their maximum strength of 3.5 m/sec (7 knots) (Swallow and Bruce 1966; Currie et al. 1973; Diiing et al. 1980). Usually at 8° to 11°N, but some years at 4° to 5°N, the currents separate and diverge from the coast by turning eastward and then southward forming clockwise eddies (Bruce 1979; Brown 1980). As the current departs from the coast, the isoterms are uplifted at the left side of the current, resulting in horizontal temperature gradients. These temperature gradients provide a means for tracing the patterns of the Somali current and associated eddies (Bruce 1979; Brown et al. 1980). Sattelite and research vessel observations of sea surface temperature in 1979 show the development of large wedge-shaped areas of cold water, which indicate the locations of upwelling areas. The temperature fronts develop as the current intensifies. By June two separate distinct frontal location appear at 4° to 5°N, and 8° to 11°N (Fig.
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