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Somali Piracy Regional Context and International Response

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Somali Piracy Regional Context and International Response POTGIETER Somali Piracy Regional Context and International Response Due mainly to the disintegration of central government authority in Somalia, the lack of maritime security around the Horn of Africa has become a grave problem. Piracy is just one manifestation of the dire lack of maritime security. This is one of the few cases in Africa where security problems on land have affected maritime security. The origin and nature of the maritime security problems and piracy are discussed in this article. The further focus is on the impact and the international response to Somali piracy. The region is in need of an integrated ‘ocean policy’, involving national, regional and international players. T.D. Potgieter* he sea makes global trade possible and also the Horn of Africa, it is of international concern Tprovides us with vast resources. Much of and naval vessels from many countries now Africa’s international trade moves through its patrol these waters. ports, while its maritime resources, that could contribute much towards sustaining develop- This paper is essentially concerned with piracy ment, are underutilized and threatened. around the Horn of Africa. Following a few Pervasive maritime insecurity is a significant brusque remarks on the security situation in threat to security in Africa, to the shipping the region and the causes of piracy, the nature, around Africa’s coast and to maritime resources, impact and the international response to specifically in areas such as the Horn of Africa. Somali piracy will be briefly discussed. The Horn of Africa is a choke point as the internationally important trade routes around Origin and nature of the maritime it link the Indian Ocean with the Suez Canal security problems and piracy and beyond. Securing free and safe traffic around it is internationally important. Mainly For decades conflicts involving Ethiopia, Sudan, due to the disintegration of central govern- Eritrea and Somalia, have ravaged the Horn of ment authority in Somalia, the lack of maritime Africa region. The Cold War interests of the security in the region is a grave problem. This major powers initially added to the turbulence, is one of the few cases in Africa where security but these conflicts soon became interrelated. problems on land have affected maritime Countries were not only fighting each other, security. Not enforcing the law at sea and the but factions in the various countries obtained lack of maritime security has real impact on and provided support to belligerents across regional security and the stability of the entire national borders. region. Piracy, so often the news focus, is just Somalia has been in disorder for the best one manifestation of the dire lack of maritime part of two decades. After the notoriously security, but it receives much attention. With repressive regime of President Siad Barre valuable cargoes traversing the waters around came to an end in January 1991, Somalia collapsed into a state of chaos and civil war.1 * The author is director of the Centre for Military Studies (Cemis), Faculty of Military With utter lawlessness, banditry, mass Science, Stellenbosch University. 1 See Martin Meredith, The State of Africa. A History of Fifty Years of Independence (Jonathan starvation and no organised government, Ball, Johannesburg, 2005), p. 469 and G. Arnold, Africa. A Modern History (Atlantic, London, warlords fought each other for the spoils and 2006), pp. 660-3. 4 MILITAIRE SPECTATOR JAARGANG 179 NUMMER 1 – 2010 SOMALI PIRACY HORN OF AFRICA 40° Al Qunfudhah 45° 50° SAUDI ARABIA Atbara Abha- Red Sea Najran- Thamud- Alghiena policing along Somalia’s coast A - - t Sala Jizan Sa'dah b Nile a Shendi r a Nakfa Mersa Gulbub and harbours disappeared. Jaza'ir'- Af'abet a'e'e - YEMEN iwiwa Dahlak Farasan ERITREA iittss Hajjah - Khartoum M Archipelago San'a- Saywun The humanitarian situation is Sebderat Kassala Asmara (Sanaa)' Shabwah Barentu Inghel Ma'rib Al Ghaydah extremely serious as millions of 15° Teseney 15° Adi Quala Mersa Al Hudaydah - Omhajer Fatuma Dhamar- 'Ataq Ash Shihr Wad Tio Al Mukalla- Somalis depend on humanitarian Madani Gedaref Aksum - Himora Adwa Adigrat Idi Ibb Al Bayda' - Sinnar Te Balhaf keze aid – of which 80 percent is W Ta'izz h Mek'ele Ahwar i t B e D B i a Singar n Metema Debark' - N l d b delivered by sea. u e Shaykh 'Uthman a i e r Assab l l G G e M (Aden) w e N Adan a e Gonder Sek'ot'a a r s i n d l d a e a T'ana b Gulf of Aden Caluula fu Ed Damazin Serdo Obock y Hayk Weldiya Tadjoura DJIBOUTI Bahir Dar Djibouti Butyaalo Three international intervention Ab Boosaaso Guba ay Bati h (Bl s S U DA N ue a Dikhil Saylac Dese N Aw i l Karin e in ) b Ceerigaabo efforts (UNOSOM I and UNITAF Kurmuk Bure li Sa Xaafuun A A b Gewané Goha a Debre Mark'os y Boorama Baki Berbera and UNOSOM II) essentially failed 10° Mendi ETHIOPIA 10° 2 Fiche Debre Birhan Dire Dawa Hargeysa Burco during the early 1990s. The Gimbi Hagere Qardho Gidami Nek'emte Hiywet Addis Ababa Harer Jijiga Bandarbeyla Kigille Mojo Boor largest, UNOSOM II (20 000 Dembi Dolo Garoowe Nazret Laascaanood Gambela Gore peacekeepers, 8000 logistical Gil Agaro Degeh Bur Eyl o W Hosa'ina Asela en Akobo z Jima A Yeki Xamure ko Awasa staff and 3000 civilians from b Ginir o Shewa Gimira Sodo W Werder Pibor Post Goba ab K'ebri Dehar Gaalkacyo Yirga 'Alem e Omo G 23 nations) had a mandate to P e Imi ib Abaya st War Galoh o Arba Kibre r r Towot Sogata o Minch' Hayk Menguist Shilabo establish a new government, Ch'amo Galadi Wabe Shebele Dhuusamarreeb Hayk Genale Garadase Ferfer SOMALIA Hobyo police force, justice system and Administrative Murle DawaNegele Filtu 5° Boundary 5 Beledweyne ° Kapoeta Ch'ew Bahir to rebuild the economy. Their Todenyang Kusa Dolo Bay Xuddur Banya Mega Lokwa Lake Turkana Moyale Ramu Luug Buulobarde efforts to disband and disarm Kangole Ceeldheere (Lake Rudolf) Takaba Baydhabo Lodwar North Horr Garbahaarrey the militias failed and after US Jawhar Moroto Loiyangalani Buna El Wak INDIAN OCEAN helicopters and troops were Lokichar UGANDA Baardheere lle Webi Jubba e Wajir hab Muqdisho Laisamis i S mauled in an urban skirmish in eb Marka (Mogadishu) W KENYA Bu'aale Maralal Mogadishu (the infamous “Black Habaswein Baraawe National capital Jinja Tororo Eldoret u rur Archer's Post Jilib hu Town, village Kakamega a Nanyuki Hawk Down” incident in October y Meru Jamaame 0° Kisumu N Bilis Airport 0° Nyeri Qooqaani 1993), the US withdrew in March Lake Kericho Nakuru Garissa Kismaayo International boundary Victoria Embu 1994.3 Other participants soon Tilka Tana Road Musoma Nairobi Buur Gaabo Railroad followed, essentially leaving the Machakos Garsen Mwanza L. Natron Namanga 0 100 200 300 400 500 km warring factions to their own Lamu UNITED REPUBLIC OF Galana HORN 0 100 200 300 mi Moshi OF designs. Various subsequent TANZANIA Voi Malindi L Arusha AFRICA . M Kilifi The boundaries and names shown and the designations a Shinyanga L. Eyasi ny used on this map do not imply official endorsement or mediation efforts failed as the ara acceptance by the United Nations. P Mombasa a n ga warring factions received support ni 5° Tanga from countries in the region. In 35° 40° 45° 50° Map No. 4188 Rev. 2 UNITED NATIONS Department of Peacekeeping Operations June 2006 the Union of Islamic May 2007 Cartographic Section Courts (UIC) seized Mogadishu and much of the south. However, at the end of forces, AMISOM and Islamist insurgents.4 2006 forces loyal to the interim administration Somalia is still without strong central (Transitional Federal Government (TFG) created government authority and it is one of the in 2004), seized control from the Islamists with failed post-Cold War efforts at conflict the backing of Ethiopian troops. This caused resolution. a surge in violence. An African Union (AU) peacekeeping mission (AMISOM), currently in The anarchic situation ashore has spilled over Mogadishu, relieved the Ethiopians. However, into the maritime domain, causing a severe it is small (as a number of African countries did lack in maritime security. This is a grave not contribute to it as promised), faces logistic, problem which impacts on all aspects relating technical and financial constraints, while it is often the target of insurgent attacks. Only 2 A. Oyebade and A. Olao, Africa after the Cold War. The Changing Perspectives on Security, (Africa World Press, Trenton NJ, 1998), p. 162. parts of Mogadishu are under government 3 Meredith, State of Africa, pp. 478 and 482-3. control and 2009 has been characterised by 4 International Crisis Group, “Somalia: to move beyond the Failed State”, Africa Report, multi-sided fighting between government No 147, International Crisis Group, 23 December 2008, pp ii, 20 and 25. JAARGANG 179 NUMMER 1 – 2010 MILITAIRE SPECTATOR 5 POTGIETER to the use of the sea. Serious environmental The former Somali Navy no longer exists. degradation has taken place as countries in the Though semi-autonomous region of Puntland region claim vast damage as a result of illegal has a small coast guard and some countries in fishing, reef destruction and the depletion of the region operate small functioning navies many species. Also, unknown quantities of (notably Yemen, Kenya and Djibouti), they are illicit (often toxic and radioactive) waste have not able to control the situation. In maritime been dumped in Somali waters. Though the security terms the region lacks capabilities full extend of it is unknown, it certainly poses such as intelligence, early warning, maritime a serious threat to the environment and air surveillance and reconnaissance.
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