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MI48106-1346 USA 313!761-47oo 800:521-0600 MO'OLELO KAUKAU ALI'I: THE DYNAMICS OF CHIEFLY SERVICE AND IDENTITY IN 'OIWI SOCIETY A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI'I IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN HISTORY MAY 1995 By George Terry Young Dissertation committee: David Hanlon, Chairperson Jerry Bentley Lilikala Kame'eleihiwa Pauline King Robert McGlone Haunani-Kay Trask UMI Number: 9532640 OMI Microform 9532640 Copyright 1995, by OMI Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against ll:lauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 Abstract The kaukau ali\i were lesser-ranked members of the chiefly class in traditional \oiwi (Native Hawaiian) society. Based on their rank which was determined by familial relationships to the Ali\i Nui or high chiefs, kaukau ali\i were designated chiefly servers. They performed tasks at the behest of their higher ranked relatives in a service provider-service recipient dynamic that was a component of the overall societal structure. This service relationship delegated responsibilities to chiefly servers that contributed to the overall daily conduct of life in areas ranging from caregiving to Ali\i Nui children to the provision of battlefield support during inter-island warfare. The standard approach to the study of Hawaiian history has been to focus on the Ali\i Nui as leaders of a stratified society who held power and wielded it as they saw fit. with the coming of foreigners, the investigative e~~hasis remained on the leadership and decisions they made in the context of introductions posed by the haole or foreigners. This stUdy chose a different point of emphasis by beginning with the premise that the kaukau ali\i as chiefly servers, despite being of lesser rank, played necessary roles that facilitated everything from the distribution of produce to the bearing of spittoons. iii Along with this difference regarding the choice of subjects on which to focus primary attention, came an approach that suggested historiographical innovations. Hawaiian language terms became the foundation for conceptual development in this work. The cultural meaning inherent in Hawaiian words offered the opportunity for making Hawaiian values and philosophical principles central to the effort, not mere flavoring added for effect. For the kaukau ali'i, service so defined their identity that it seemed natural to examine the nature of this service in the contexts of three distinct time periods spanning four hundred years. Throughout the text, I have asserted that history can be written from a decidedly Native point of view and tried to show how this can be accomplished yet still allow the work to contribute to the broader issues of interpreting the past. iv Acknowledgments There are no words or actions that can adequately express the kind of gratitude I feel toward the many individuals who assisted in the completion of this document. Having sustained a cervical spinal cord injury at the age of fifteen, the resultant physical challenge of quadruplegia has made assistance of all sorts something of a perpetual, albeit necessary, state of affairs over the last twenty-five years. Consequently, the support required to finish an undertaking the magnitude of a dissertation given my physical challenge, goes to the very heart of what it means to receive much-needed, always-appreciated assistance. I could not peruse so much as a single book without first getting assistance in removing the desired volume from the shelf. My voice activated computer works wonders, but only after someone assists by plugging the electrical cord and microphone jack into their respective slots. I disclose these glimpses of the helping process first because they can be easily overlooked as "grunt" work the seemingly menial tasks assigned to "gofers." To perform these often repetitive and uninteresting tasks well takes patience and the willingness to listen to directions that at times are neither clear nor concise. These basic forms of assistance are anything but unimportant considering my v physical challenge and the need to compensate for its limiting effects. I begin, therefore, by expressing my mahalo to the people who have so tirelessly assisted me in this capacity. Ge~ry Kosasa-Terry has assisted with everything from printing hardcopy versions of each chapter, to entering the Hawaiian word glossary onto computer, to formatting the Table of Contents and the figures that appear within the text. In addition, she has served as a volunteer graduate assistant to both my classes as I juggled a fUll-time teaching load with the task of writing a dissertation. Her continuous assistance has been exemplary. Kanoelani Bee provided assistance in the retrieval of all secondary sources and accessing them for my review of notes, and also compiled the master glossary list in hardcopy of all Hawaiian words used in the text. Aside from these tasks, she has been my most constant source of emotional support as my ipo and partner in life. Kehaulani Pu'U placed diacritical marks on the Hawaiian words in text and assisted as well with the glossary as did Joy Sakamoto and Ke'ala wilcox. Each of these individuals has given of their time from very bUSy schedules to assist and I truly appreciate their efforts. Research at the state Archives was especially tedious in the early years and Carol Silva was one who offered key support. The entire staff has always been accommodating, vi even to the point of understanding why I could only write with ink pens. The curators, reference librarians, and staff of Hamilton Library's Hawai'i-Pacific Collection know me well. Each of them has contributed to this work and over the years given invaluable assistance for even the toughest of research dilemmas. Momi Kamahele and Jon Kamakawiwo'ole osorio began graduate study in history with me at the university of Hawai'i-Manoa in 1988. Enlightening and informative conversations with them have been a catalyst for much of my conceptual development in this text. There have been many lengthy discussions about how we as persons of Hawaiian ancestry can make an impact on the doing of what is our history. We have continued to support one another for seven years, through the rigors of completing doctoral requirements and have faced significant obstac~es together and persevered. A wellspring of pono has corne from our association and for this I will always be grateful. I have also had the support of my committee from the outset. Each member has contributed to my development in some way. Particular to the development of the dissertation, I thank Professors Hanlon and Bentley for their critical but constructive reviews of chapter drafts and revisions. ThGix comments were much needed food for thought and let me view my work from perspectives different from my own, but in understanding these differences there vii was also the offering of insight. conceptually, the work of Professor Kame'eleihiwa has been a beacon. My effort builds upon hers in some respects and departs from it in others, but in either case, her influence has been foundational to my thinking. To the faculty, staff, and students of the Center for Hawaiian Studies goes my most heartfelt appreciation, a more caring, supportive, and nurturing place to work could not be found. The day-to-day perseverance it took to finish this project was bolstered immeasurably by their words of encouragement and continuous demonstrations of aloha. Last but by no means least, I say mahalo ~ nui loa to my 'ohana for their unwavering support from the time I first chose to return to the university in 1988 and pursue the doctorate. They have provided all manner of assistance over the years and without their backing my task would have been insurmountable. We have accomplished this together in every sense of the word. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract G ••••••••••••••••iii Acknowledgements v Chapter 1: Na Kaukau Ali 'i: He Wahi Ho'omaka 'Ana Chiefly Servers: A Point of Departure•••• 1 Ke 'Ano 0 Ka Pu'010 : Past as Metaphor••••••••••• 3 Ke 'Ano Kaukau Ali'i: Chiefly Server :Identity••• 6 A Closer Look at Curious Blends •••••••••••••••• 15 Theoretical :Influences••••••••••••••••••••••••• 16 E HO'omaka Pono: To Begin in Earnest••••••••••• 42 Chapter 2: Kalamakumu, Ka 'Aina Hanau E Kalamakumu, The Homeland•••••••••••••••.