DOCSLIB.ORG

The Foreign Policy of Kenya I963-I978 by Stephen John Wright Thesis Presented for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Lond

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Foreign Policy of Kenya I963-I978 by Stephen John Wright Thesis Presented for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Lond The Foreign Policy of Kenya I963-I978 by Stephen John Wright Thesis presented for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at The London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London) i The Foreign Policy of Kenya 1963-1978 This thesis analyses Kenyan foreign policy between I963 and 1978 and provides a case-study of foreign policy-making in a developing state. It shows how the colonial heritage influenced the orientation of foreign policy through political, economic and cultural means. An examination of the domestic political structure shows that an elite group around Jomo Kenyatta controlled the policy-making process and gave little opportunity to competing elites to alter the country's foreign policy and development goals. These goals were pursued within the framework of the former colony's dominant aid and trading patterns and thus raised questions concerning neo-colonialist control and the dependence of Kenya upon the West. In East Africa, Kenya sought peaceful relations to maximise economic benefits. The country capitalised upon its predominance caused by colonial and settler policies and formalised its position in the East African Community. Its relative strength, however, combined with political differences unsettled its neighbours and contributed to the Community's demise. The unresolved territorial dispute with the Somali Republic, added to the difficulties with Tanzania and Uganda, presented major problems for Kenya's foreign policy in the region. In international organisations, the government aligned with Third World countries on many issues, but the political and economic constraints emanating from the neo-colonial nature of the state made sure that policies were pragmatic ones. In the final chapter, a theoretical approach is utilised to explain foreign policy behaviour and this draws together the major factors which made this period the 'Kenyatta Era'. il Table of Contents 1« Colonisation and Independence 1 Introduction 1 The Initial Occupation 3 The African Response 7 Pre-independence politics* I96O-I963 12 The British Withdrawal 15 K.A.N.U. versus K.A.D.U. 19 The Outlook at Independence 25 Conclusion 28 . 2. Domestic Structure and Foreign Policy 31 The governing elite: the President and his Cabinet 32 The Bureaucracy 36 ? The National Assembly 1*3 The Armed Forces l*Q Trade Unions and Business 51 The Media 5^ The Political Arena 58 3. Economic Development and Foreign Policy 63 Development Goals 63 Trade 68 Tourism 72 Foreign Aid and Investment 75 The Special Relationship: Britain 81 Western Europe and the United States of America 88 The Communist World 91 The Middle East and Africa 95 Multilateral Aid 99 Conclusioni Dependence or Independence? 102 4, The East African Arena 106 Regional Foreign Policy 107 The Federation Issue IO9 The E3.st African Community 118 The Somali Dispute1 Background and Issues 132 International Implications l4l The Border War l^f The Truce 153 East Africa after the Community 157 Conclusion I63 5 , Foreign Policy and International Organisations 165 Diplomatic Style and Objectives in . International Organisations I65 Political Issues I69 Southern Africa 172 International Economic Issues 179 International Prestige 182 Conclusion 187 6, Foreign Policy in the Kenyatta Brat A Conclusion I89 Determinants of Foreign Policy ' I89 The Colonial Heritage I93 Economic Dependency I97 Elite Ideology 200 Internal Political Pressures 20*f iv External Environment 206 Goals and the Implementation of Foreign Policy 210 The Kenyatta Era 216 Appendices 221 V List of Tables Map -1*1 Kenya 4 Table Ij2 Population Census I969* The Tribes 13 Table 2:1 Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the decision-making structure 38 Table 2*2 Kenyan Missions Abroad 1977 39 Table 2*3 Membership of the National Assembly 45 Table 2*4 Kenyan Armed Forces 1977 49 Table 2*5 Foreign News Bureaux in Nairobi 1977 55 Table 3*1 Domestic Exports* Principal Commodities as a Percentage of Total Value 69 Table 3*2 Kenyan Trade Figures* 1973-76 70 Table 3*3 Donors of Aid I963-I978 (Percentages) 76 Table 3*4 Source of Total Aid Disbursements (Percentages) 78 Table 3*5 U.K. Bilateral Aid (Disbursements) to African countries 83 Table 3*6 Trade with U.K. 83 Table 3*7 Trade with Eastern Europe (including U.S.S.R.) and the People's Republic of China 93 Table 3*8 Trade with African countries 98 Table 3*9 Multilateral Aid* A Sample of Projects 101 Map 4*1 Eastern, Central and Southern .Africa 107 Table 4* 2 Trade with Tanzania and Uganda (Percentages) 120 Table 4* 3 Major Trading Partners in Africa (I969 exports) 122 Table 4*4 Armed Forces in East Africa I966 150 Table 4*5 Armed Forces in East Africa 1977 ' 160 f - Table 5*1 International Organisations in Nairobi 185 vi Abbreviations A* R,B, Africa Research Bulletin (Political, Social and Cultural Series) A.R.B. (E.F.T.) Africa Research Bulletin (Economic, Financial and Technical Series) E.A.A. Bast African Airways E. A.C. East African Community EtA«CiSiO» East African Common Services Organisation F. A.0« Food and Agricultural Organisation of the united Nations I.B.R.D. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development I.D.A. International Development Association I.F.C. International Finance Corporation I.L.O. international Labour Organisation K.A.D.U. Kenya African Democratic union K.A.N.U. Kenya African National Union K.N.A. Kenya News Agency K.P.U. Kenya People’s Union N, F.D, Northern Frontier District O. A.U, Organisation of African Unity O.U.P. Oxford University Press The Journal of Modem African Studies Ü.N. United Nations U.N.C.T.A.D. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development U. N.E.S.C.O. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation V. O.K. Voice of Kenya V.H.O. World Health Organisation t U.S. dollar £ pound sterling K£ Kenyan pound I Chapter One Colonisation and Independence Introduction This thesis presents an analysis of Kenyan foreign policy from the time of independence in 1963 until 1978» the year in which the 'founder' of the Kenyan nation, President Mzee Jomo Kenyatta, died. It is the first complete survey of Kenyan foreign policy and so provides a definitive case-study not only for scholars of Kenya but also for those interested in the wider fields of African politics and foreign policy analysis. Scholarly work of any nature is difficult to accomplish, but a study of the political organisation of an African state presents extra problems to the student. The inadequacy and unavailability of sources and data throw a great responsibility on the student to sift very carefully through what material there is and to fill in the numerous gaps with intuitive thought. Allied to the unfavourable amount of literature on which to base one's study is the problem, faced by myself, that a student may be denied access to the country to under­ take research upon such delicate issues as foreign policy, thus forcing the student into the guise of an 'investigative tourist'. Given these drawbacks, then, this thesis presents an accurate and analytical study of the derivation, nature and direction of Kenyan foreign policy since the time of independence. The study is undertaken in a thematic manner with the dual aims of shedding light on the major areas of policy and providing a solid base for future work in this field. The boundaries of foreign policy analysis, especially for developing countries, are difficult to 2 delimit, but this work has operated from the loose definition that foreign policy analysis is concerned with the actions of the state towards the external environment and how and why such actions are formulated. Chapter two concentrates upon the domestic structure of Kenya in relation to foreign policy-making and shows how both the domestic and external environments are interrelated. The later chapters look in turn at the economic development of the country and its bilateral and multilateral relations, the policies pursued in the East African arena, and those pursued in international organisations, -with special reference to the Southern African problem. The final chapter pulls together the material in a more theoretical manner, focusing upon the determinants, rather than recipient fields, of foreign policy. Here the conclusions are reached that Kenyatta was the leading force in the formulation of Kenyan foreign policy and that his death closed a specific period in Kenyan politics. „ The continuation of similar foreign policy goals under the new President, Daniel arap Moi, lends weight to the view that Kenyatta's policies were proved in practice. It is also possible to say that the new leadership merely reflects the old because the elite group formerly around Kenyatta is continuing under Moi to control the country and to benefit from the spoils of office. This brings us to the central theme of the thesis, that Kenya is a 'neo-colonial' society in which political activities are constrained and circumscribed by the need to naintain links with foreign financial and political interests. The term 'neo-colonialism' here is used to mean the survival of the colonial system of economic exploitation after independence, and despite independence, with the connivance of a domestic elite who gain in material terms from such an arrangement. 3 The existence of neo-colonialism in Kenya has a dominant influence on foreign policy. The thesis shows that at independence the aspirations of the African leaders in Kenya were, at least, compatible with and, at most, totally attuned to those of the out­ going colonialists. The foreign policy of the country in the years after 1963 was tentative and formative but displayed a tacit acceptance by the Kenyan elite of the parameters allowed it by the residual colonial interests.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Teaching About Africa South of the Sahara; a Guide and Resource Packet for Ninth Grade Social Studies
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 042 667 SO 000 190 AUTHOR Coburn, Barbara; And Others TITLE Teaching About Africa South of the Sahara; A Guide and Resource Packet for Ninth Grade Social Studies. INSTITUTION State Univ. of New York, Albany. SPONS AGENCY New York State Education Dept., Albany. Bureau of Secondary Curriculum Development. PUB DATE 70 NOTE 285p. EDRS PRICE EDRS Price MF-$1.25 HC-$14.35 DESCRIPTORS African Culture, *African History, Case Studies, Concept Teaching, *Grade 9, *Inductive Methods, Inquiry Training, Instructional Materials, Multimedia Instruction, *Resource Materials, Secondary Grades, Social Change, Social Studies Units, *Teaching Guides, Urbanization ABSTRACT This guide provides a sampling of reference materials which are pertinent for two ninth grade units: Africa South of the Sahara: Land and People, and Africa South of the Sahara: Historic Trends. The effect of urbanization upon traditional tribalistic cultures is the focus. A case study is used to encourage an inductive approach to the learning process. It is based upon the first hand accounts of Jomo Kenyatta and Mugo Gatheru as they grew up within the traditions of their ethnic group --the Kikuyu of Kenya. Materials using the "mystery story" approach are included for an analysis of the iron age culture at Zimbabwe. The case study package purposely does not go into detail on such steps as the identification of theme and the determination of procedures to encourage individualization. The latter part of the guide is arranged as a reference section by subtopic or understanding including questions suggesting the direction of inquiry, and pertinent reading selections, diagrams, maps and drawings. Finally, an annotated bibliography lists materials that are currently in print or available through regional libraries.
    [Show full text]
  • Kwame Nkrumah and the Pan- African Vision: Between Acceptance and Rebuttal
    Austral: Brazilian Journal of Strategy & International Relations e-ISSN 2238-6912 | ISSN 2238-6262| v.5, n.9, Jan./Jun. 2016 | p.141-164 KWAME NKRUMAH AND THE PAN- AFRICAN VISION: BETWEEN ACCEPTANCE AND REBUTTAL Henry Kam Kah1 Introduction The Pan-African vision of a United of States of Africa was and is still being expressed (dis)similarly by Africans on the continent and those of Afri- can descent scattered all over the world. Its humble origins and spread is at- tributed to several people based on their experiences over time. Among some of the advocates were Henry Sylvester Williams, Marcus Garvey and George Padmore of the diaspora and Peter Abrahams, Jomo Kenyatta, Sekou Toure, Julius Nyerere and Kwame Nkrumah of South Africa, Kenya, Guinea, Tanza- nia and Ghana respectively. The different pan-African views on the African continent notwithstanding, Kwame Nkrumah is arguably in a class of his own and perhaps comparable only to Mwalimu Julius Nyerere. Pan-Africanism became the cornerstone of his struggle for the independence of Ghana, other African countries and the political unity of the continent. To transform this vision into reality, Nkrumah mobilised the Ghanaian masses through a pop- ular appeal. Apart from his eloquent speeches, he also engaged in persuasive writings. These writings have survived him and are as appealing today as they were in the past. Kwame Nkrumah ceased every opportunity to persuasively articulate for a Union Government for all of Africa. Due to his unswerving vision for a Union Government for Africa, the visionary Kwame Nkrumah created a microcosm of African Union through the Ghana-Guinea and then Ghana-Guinea-Mali Union.
    [Show full text]
  • The Somali Maritime Space
    LEA D A U THORS: C urtis Bell Ben L a wellin CONTRIB UTI NG AU THORS: A l e x andr a A mling J a y Benso n S asha Ego r o v a Joh n Filitz Maisie P igeon P aige Roberts OEF Research, Oceans Beyond Piracy, and Secure Fisheries are programs of One Earth Future http://dx.doi.org/10.18289/OEF.2017.015 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS With thanks to John R. Hoopes IV for data analysis and plotting, and to many others who offered valuable feedback on the content, including John Steed, Victor Odundo Owuor, Gregory Clough, Jérôme Michelet, Alasdair Walton, and many others who wish to remain unnamed. Graphic design and layout is by Andrea Kuenker and Timothy Schommer of One Earth Future. © 2017 One Earth Future Stable Seas: Somali Waters | i TABLE OF CONTENTS STABLE SEAS: SOMALI WATERS .......................................................................................................1 THE SOMALI MARITIME SPACE ........................................................................................................2 COASTAL GOVERNANCE.....................................................................................................................5 SOMALI EFFORTS TO PROVIDE MARITIME GOVERNANCE ..............................................8 INTERNATIONAL EFFORTS TO PROVIDE MARITIME GOVERNANCE ..........................11 MARITIME PIRACY AND TERRORISM ...........................................................................................13 ILLEGAL, UNREPORTED, AND UNREGULATED FISHING ....................................................17 ARMS TRAFFICKING
    [Show full text]
  • BARBADOS Latin America & Caribbean
    Country Profile BARBADOS Abc Region: Latin America & Caribbean 2020 EPI Country Rank (out of 180) GDP [PPP 2011$ billions] 4.7 77 GDP per capita [$] 16,464 2020 EPI Score [0=worst, 100=best] Population [millions] 0.3 45.6 Urbanization [%] 31.19 Country Scorecard Issue Categories Rank [/180] Environmental Health 38 60.7 Air Quality 32 66.0 Sanitation & Drinking Water 78 51.9 Heavy Metals 39 70.4 Waste Management 50 67.2 Ecosystem Vitality 145 35.6 Biodiversity & Habitat 177 12.6 Ecosystem Services 75 37.1 Fisheries 28 18.4 Climate Change 58 59.1 Pollution Emissions 102 53.3 Agriculture 170 11.9 Water Resources 104 1.1 Regional Average World Average epi.yale.edu Page 1 of 3 Country Profile BARBADOS Abc Region: Latin America & Caribbean 10-Year Regional Regional Rank EPI Score Change Rank Average Environmental Performance Index 77 45.6 +0.9 18 45.6 Environmental Health 38 60.7 +0.9 3 46.8 Air Quality 32 66 +1.3 2 46.9 Household solid fuels 28 96.5 +5.3 1 48.0 PM 2.5 exposure 90 40.7 -1.6 21 44.3 Ozone exposure 1 100 –- 1 65.7 Sanitation & Drinking Water 78 51.9 –- 9 47.0 Unsafe sanitation 71 58.3 +1.3 8 52.0 Unsafe drinking water 76 47.6 -0.8 9 43.6 Heavy Metals / Lead exposure 39 70.4 +3.6 4 50.8 Waste Management / Controlled solid waste 50 67.2 –- 7 42.2 Ecosystem Vitality 145 35.6 +1.0 30 44.7 Biodiversity & Habitat 177 12.6 +1.2 32 58.4 Terrestrial biomes (nat'l) 174 2.8 –- 32 73.3 Terrestrial biomes (global) 174 2.8 –- 32 71.4 Marine protected areas 113 0.1 –- 28 31.7 Protected Areas Representativeness Index 34 50.4 +10.9 20 52.4 Species
    [Show full text]
  • Priee Sh. 60 Vol Cxvell No. 66 NAIROBI
    Put:dialled by Authority of the. Repubtle of Kenya (Registered ash Newspaper at the G.P.O.) Vol CXVEll No. 66 NAIROBI,-17th June, 2016 priee Sh. 60 CONTENTS GAztrrrE NOTICES PAGE PAGE Task Pare on the Deielopment of die Mina Industry- The Miao and.Small Enterprises Act-Appointn pt 2461 2454 The Science, Technology and • Innovatiops Act— Ilitricntinniniuniiket-krAppninissients.... .. ...... Appointment -.346i, 2463 ontinintie tO Develop a Crinibial The Industrial and Commercial Development CoOrstion '- Ben4h**-4)Pnianient 2455 Act—Appointment ' 2461' in the Office of the Deputy Chief The National Museums and .Fleritage-Act--Appointinent... 2462 etc. ' .... 2455-2456'2451 The Kenya National Library'. Services. Boat , Adt—APPoilnment,. 2456 Appointment .. 2462 The Mains Act--Teinporary Suspension of Processing The Water Act— Arpobitments... 2462,2463 A can"ons for Mineral Rights of 2456,2507 2462 Coital Big" yk of 'Kenya Act —31evocation of a Forear The Postal Corporation of Kenya Act %Wean Licence 2456 ThelOnye 2462 The Public Service Commiaskal Act—ApPointment 2456 The Indust. hal TribihitAct 2463 The thicbrimed Rancid Assets Ant=Appointment 2457 The National Social Security Fund Act—Appointments 2463 TheRetirement Benefits Acf--Appointrnein 6 2457- Lana. - Registration Act—Win Of PiovisiOnal TheCapital *no* AC4--4.Appllitnineel ..... 24S7 Certificates, etc - 2464-2472 The Land Act—Intention to Acqinre Lad 2472 - The Insurance Act —Appoinown• 2457 . - The Kenya, Schoolof GoveininearAttl+APPcimment"-- 2458 The Competion Act—proposed Addition* Inveshpetty . Cement Investment Company Limited. 2472 The Rama Agricultural CollAtiAnt7',7-AppOinnnemt 2458 Notices 2472 2488 The Deify industry Act77Appdintnients .. ... 2458-2459 Ifinerinaty Salvors and vailtinary Pala-professionals The National Land Commission Act—Allocation of Land Maio 2474-2475 Aet—Appointment.....
    [Show full text]
  • Race for Distinction a Social History of Private Members' Clubs in Colonial Kenya
    Race for Distinction A Social History of Private Members' Clubs in Colonial Kenya Dominique Connan Thesis submitted for assessment with a view to obtaining the degree of Doctor of History and Civilization of the European University Institute Florence, 09 December 2015 European University Institute Department of History and Civilization Race for Distinction A Social History of Private Members' Clubs in Colonial Kenya Dominique Connan Thesis submitted for assessment with a view to obtaining the degree of Doctor of History and Civilization of the European University Institute Examining Board Prof. Stephen Smith (EUI Supervisor) Prof. Laura Lee Downs, EUI Prof. Romain Bertrand, Sciences Po Prof. Daniel Branch, Warwick University © Connan, 2015 No part of this thesis may be copied, reproduced or transmitted without prior permission of the author Race for Distinction. A Social History of Private Members’ Clubs in Colonial Kenya This thesis explores the institutional legacy of colonialism through the history of private members clubs in Kenya. In this colony, clubs developed as institutions which were crucial in assimilating Europeans to a race-based, ruling community. Funded and managed by a settler elite of British aristocrats and officers, clubs institutionalized European unity. This was fostered by the rivalry of Asian migrants, whose claims for respectability and equal rights accelerated settlers' cohesion along both political and cultural lines. Thanks to a very bureaucratic apparatus, clubs smoothed European class differences; they fostered a peculiar style of sociability, unique to the colonial context. Clubs were seen by Europeans as institutions which epitomized the virtues of British civilization against native customs. In the mid-1940s, a group of European liberals thought that opening a multi-racial club in Nairobi would expose educated Africans to the refinements of such sociability.
    [Show full text]
  • The Kenyan British Colonial Experience
    Peace and Conflict Studies Volume 25 Number 1 Decolonizing Through a Peace and Article 2 Conflict Studies Lens 5-2018 Modus Operandi of Oppressing the “Savages”: The Kenyan British Colonial Experience Peter Karari [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://nsuworks.nova.edu/pcs Part of the Peace and Conflict Studies Commons Recommended Citation Karari, Peter (2018) "Modus Operandi of Oppressing the “Savages”: The Kenyan British Colonial Experience," Peace and Conflict Studies: Vol. 25 : No. 1 , Article 2. DOI: 10.46743/1082-7307/2018.1436 Available at: https://nsuworks.nova.edu/pcs/vol25/iss1/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Peace & Conflict Studies at NSUWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Peace and Conflict Studies by an authorized editor of NSUWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Modus Operandi of Oppressing the “Savages”: The Kenyan British Colonial Experience Abstract Colonialism can be traced back to the dawn of the “age of discovery” that was pioneered by the Portuguese and the Spanish empires in the 15th century. It was not until the 1870s that “New Imperialism” characterized by the ideology of European expansionism envisioned acquiring new territories overseas. The Berlin Conference of 1884-1885 prepared the ground for the direct rule and occupation of Africa by European powers. In 1895, Kenya became part of the British East Africa Protectorate. From 1920, the British colonized Kenya until her independence in 1963. As in many other former British colonies around the world, most conspicuous and appalling was the modus operandi that was employed to colonize the targeted territories.
    [Show full text]
  • Taming the Intractable Inter-Ethnic Conflict in the Ilemi Triangle
    International Journal of Innovative Research and Knowledge Volume-3 Issue-7, July-2018 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE RESEARCH AND KNOWLEDGE ISSN-2213-1356 www.ijirk.com TAMING THE INTRACTABLE INTER-ETHNIC CONFLICT IN THE ILEMI TRIANGLE PETERLINUS OUMA ODOTE, PHD Abstract This article provides an overview of the historical trends of conflict in the Ilemi triangle, exploring the issues, the nature, context and dynamics of these conflicts. The author endeavours to deepen the understanding of the trends of conflict. A consideration on the discourse on the historical development is given attention. The article’s core is conflict between the five ethnic communities that straddle this disputed triangle namely: the Didinga and Toposa from South Sudan; the Nyangatom, who move around South Sudan and Ethiopia; the Dassenach, who have settled East of the Triangle in Ethiopia; and the Turkana in Kenya. The article delineates different factors that promote conflict in this triangle and how these have impacted on pastoralism as a way of livelihood for the five communities. Lastly, the article discusses the possible ways to deal with the intractable conflict in the Ilemi Triangle. Introduction Ilemi triangle is an arid hilly terrain bordering Kenya, South Sudan and Ethiopia, that has hit the headlines and catapulted onto the international centre stage for the wrong reasons in the recent past. Retrospectively, the three countries have been harshly criticized for failure to contain conflict among ethnic communities that straddle this contested area. Perhaps there is no better place that depicts the opinion that the strong do what they will and the weak suffer what they must than the Ilemi does.
    [Show full text]
  • THE KENYATTA SUCCESSIONS: the Resurgence of Hegemonic Politics in Central Kenya
    THE KENYATTA SUCCESSIONS: The Resurgence of Hegemonic Politics in Central Kenya By Dauti Kahura THE current clamour by a certain section of the political class across the board to change Kenya’s constitution is not anything new; we have been here before. Two years before the death of Kenya’s first president, Jomo Kenyatta, in August 1978, and after the hotly contested 1974 general election, this clamour reached its zenith, with its protagonists coming out openly to hold public barazas across the country to caution people about the danger of having one Daniel arap Moi succeeding Jomo. This group wanted the constitution changed so that a vice president could not automatically become president upon the death of the president, an amendment that would have made it impossible for Moi to succeed Jomo. Moi was a Kalenjin from Baringo and the so-called “Kiambu Mafia” despised him and could not in their wildest dreams countenance the fact that a non-Kikuyu could ascend to State House. Nearly forty years later, in February 2018, a little-known and first time MP for Tiaty constituency in Baringo County, received wide media coverage when, out of the blue, he proposed changes to Kenya’s 2010 constitution. The 45-year-old MP, William Kamket, through his Constitution Amendment Bill 2018, advocated for the inclusion of a powerful position of prime minister and the scrapping of the position of deputy president. (The current constitution is hardly a decade old, having been promulgated on August 27, 2010.) Less than a month later, on March 9, President Uhuru Kenyatta and his strident political nemesis, Raila Amolo Odinga, in a surprise manoevure, appeared on the steps of Harambee House – the seat of government – to declare a political détente by publicly shaking hands and smiling broadly for the cameras.
    [Show full text]
  • Mauritius's Constitution of 1968 with Amendments Through 2016
    PDF generated: 26 Aug 2021, 16:39 constituteproject.org Mauritius's Constitution of 1968 with Amendments through 2016 This complete constitution has been generated from excerpts of texts from the repository of the Comparative Constitutions Project, and distributed on constituteproject.org. constituteproject.org PDF generated: 26 Aug 2021, 16:39 Table of contents CHAPTER I: THE STATE AND THE CONSTITUTION . 7 1. The State . 7 2. Constitution is supreme law . 7 CHAPTER II: PROTECTION OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS OF THE INDIVIDUAL . 7 3. Fundamental rights and freedoms of the individual . 7 4. Protection of right to life . 7 5. Protection of right to personal liberty . 8 6. Protection from slavery and forced labour . 10 7. Protection from inhuman treatment . 11 8. Protection from deprivation of property . 11 9. Protection for privacy of home and other property . 14 10. Provisions to secure protection of law . 15 11. Protection of freedom of conscience . 17 12. Protection of freedom of expression . 17 13. Protection of freedom of assembly and association . 18 14. Protection of freedom to establish schools . 18 15. Protection of freedom of movement . 19 16. Protection from discrimination . 20 17. Enforcement of protective provisions . 21 17A. Payment or retiring allowances to Members . 22 18. Derogations from fundamental rights and freedoms under emergency powers . 22 19. Interpretation and savings . 23 CHAPTER III: CITIZENSHIP . 25 20. Persons who became citizens on 12 March 1968 . 25 21. Persons entitled to be registered as citizens . 25 22. Persons born in Mauritius after 11 March 1968 . 26 23. Persons born outside Mauritius after 11 March 1968 .
    [Show full text]
  • Colonialism and Economic Development in Africa
    NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES COLONIALISM AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA Leander Heldring James A. Robinson Working Paper 18566 http://www.nber.org/papers/w18566 NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138 November 2012 We are grateful to Jan Vansina for his suggestions and advice. We have also benefitted greatly from many discussions with Daron Acemoglu, Robert Bates, Philip Osafo-Kwaako, Jon Weigel and Neil Parsons on the topic of this research. Finally, we thank Johannes Fedderke, Ewout Frankema and Pim de Zwart for generously providing us with their data. The views expressed herein are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research. NBER working papers are circulated for discussion and comment purposes. They have not been peer- reviewed or been subject to the review by the NBER Board of Directors that accompanies official NBER publications. © 2012 by Leander Heldring and James A. Robinson. All rights reserved. Short sections of text, not to exceed two paragraphs, may be quoted without explicit permission provided that full credit, including © notice, is given to the source. Colonialism and Economic Development in Africa Leander Heldring and James A. Robinson NBER Working Paper No. 18566 November 2012 JEL No. N37,N47,O55 ABSTRACT In this paper we evaluate the impact of colonialism on development in Sub-Saharan Africa. In the world context, colonialism had very heterogeneous effects, operating through many mechanisms, sometimes encouraging development sometimes retarding it. In the African case, however, this heterogeneity is muted, making an assessment of the average effect more interesting.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethnicity, Governance and Socio – Economic Development in Africa: a Case Study of Kenya and Its Luo Community, 1963 – 2013
    ETHNICITY, GOVERNANCE AND SOCIO – ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA: A CASE STUDY OF KENYA AND ITS LUO COMMUNITY, 1963 – 2013 ALBERT GORDON OTIENO OMULO STUDENT NUMBER: 3523464 A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor Philosophiae in Public Policy and Administration, in the School of Government, University of the Western Cape Supervisor: Senior Professor John J. Williams November 2017 KEYWORDS Ethnicity Governance Development Africa Kenya Luo Nyanza Globalists Kenyatta Odinga ii http://etd.uwc.ac.za ABSTRACT “Ethnicity” and disparate group-based socio-economic development make governance in Africa problematic. Despite this existential reality, the “ethnic” question in African governance remains, largely, only the subject of general discourse. There appears to be very little rigorous scholarship on the economic and socio-cultural dimensions related to the socio-historical construct, “ethnicity”. Similarly, attempts to explain why African political culture, in general, continues to encourage the social reproduction of “ethnic” identities also appear to be largely lacking. This thesis aims to fill some of the gaps existent in scholarship of ethnicity vis-à-vis socio-economic- cultural development by examining the antagonism between the Luo community and the Kenyan state. Its main objectives are to examine the specifics of the socio-economic consequences of the political marginalization of the Luo and to explain why “ethnicity” is, seemingly, strongly correlated with the crisis of state power in Kenya. This thesis is grounded on the following two major assertions: first, that “ethnicity”, like its correlative, “race”, is an ideological concept, devoid of any scientific substance; second, that “ethnicity” is an “exogenous construct”, imposed on aboriginal people of Africa mostly by European colonizers.
    [Show full text]