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Anatomy of Tongue

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Anatomy of Tongue International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development 2014; 1(7): 124-125 IJMRD 2014; 1(7): 124-125 www.allsubjectjournal.com Anatomy of tongue - A review article Received: 15-11-2014 Accepted: 05-12-2014 Srinivas K, Jyoti Gupta, Ratnakar P, Arti Saluja Sachdev, Vasu Saxena, e-ISSN: 2349-4182 p-ISSN: 2349-5979 Taseer Bashir Impact Factor: 3.762 Abstract Srinivas K The tongue is a movable organ, which plays an important role in mastication swallowing Professor and HOD, Dept. of OMDR, Career Post-Graduate suckling and in speech. It is partly oral and partly pharyngeal in position. When at rest and Institute of Dental Sciences, the mouth is closed, it fills the oral cavity, resting in the lingual surfaces of the teeth, beneath Lucknow the under surface of the hard and soft palate. The tip of the tongue is usually in contact with the hard palate behind the upper incisor teeth. The present article presents a review of tongue Jyoti Gupta covering anatomy and applied aspects. Professor, Dept. of OMDR, Career Post Graduate Institute of Dental Sciences, Lucknow. Keywords: tongue, papillae, lymphatic system, lesions Ratnakar P Introduction Professor, Dept. of OMDR, The mucosa over the tongue is normally pink and moist. The root of the tongue is attached to Career Post-Graduate Institute of Dental Sciences, Lucknow the hyoid bone and the mandible and in between them it is in contact inferiorly with the 1,2 geniohyoid and the mylohyoid muscles. The dorsum of the tongue is divided into an Arti Saluja Sachdev anterior part facing upwards and posterior part facing posteriorly, a V shaped sulcus Senior Lecturer, Dept. of terminalis separates these. Hence the anterior part is called the presulcal or oral or papillary OMDR, Career Post-Graduate part and the posterior part is called the post sulcal or pharangeal or glandular part. The limbs Institute of Dental Sciences, Lucknow of the sulcus run anteriolaterally and form a median foramen caecum (from where the thyroid 3 has its origin) and end with the palatoglossal arches. Vasu Saxena Senior Lecturer, Dept. of Papillae of the tongue OMDR, Career Post-Graduate These are the projections of lamina propria which elevate the epithelium and gives the Institute of Dental Sciences, anterior two third of the tongue its characteristic roughness. These are of five types: valllate, Lucknow 4 fungiform, filiform, foliate & papillae simplices. Taseer Bashir Post Graduate student, Dept. Muscles of the tongue5 of OMDR, Career Post- The tongue is divided into right and left halves by a median fibrous septum. Each half Graduate Institute of Dental contains two sets of muscles, which are intrinsic and extrinsic. Sciences, Lucknow Intrinsic muscles include; 1) Superior longitudinal 2) Inferior longitudinal 3) Transverse & 4) Vertical while Extrinsic muscles include; 1) Genioglossus 2) Hyoglossus 3) Styloglossus 4) Palatoglossus & 5) Chondroglossus. Movements of the tongue The tongue is used in sucking in prehension of food, in chewing in swallowing and in speaking. It is also used for licking of lips. The intrinsic muscles alter the shapes of the tongue; the extrinsic muscles stabilize the organ and by their contraction alter its position as well as its shape. Alteration of shape The transverse muscle narrows the tongue and consequently heaps the dorsum into a side-to- side convexity. With simultaneous contraction of the vertical muscle this convexity is flattened and since the total volume of the tongue remains constant, the organ becomes Correspondence: Taseer Bashir elongated and pointed at the tip, if now the lowest fibers of geniglossous contract the back of Post Graduate student, Dept. the tongue is extruded. Contraction of longitudinal fibers shortens the tongue, which then of OMDR, Career Post- becomes concave from front to back. Contraction of the vertical fibers produces a midline Graduate Institute of Dental groove with consequent heaping up of the sides of the tongue as in the first stage of Sciences, Lucknow swallowing.6 ~ 124 ~ International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development Alteration of position References Styloglossus retracts the tongue. Hyoglossous draws the 1. Logan R. M, Luke C. Epidemiological analysis of sides of the tongue downwards. The mylohyoid muscle alters tongue cancer in South Australia for the 24-year the position of the tongue. The lowest fiber of geniglossous period, 1977-2001". Aust Dent J 2006; 51: 16-22 contract the back of the tongue and it is extruded. 2. Newman MG, Takei HH. Carranza's clinical Applied anatomy periodontology (11th edt) St. Louis, Mo: 1. The congenital cysts and fistulae may develop from Elsevier/Saunders 2012; 84-96 persistent remains of thyroglossul duct. 3. Outhouse TL, Keenan JV. Tongue scraping for 2. The attachment of genioglossus to the genial tubercles treating halitosis. The Cochrane database of behind the mandibular symphysis prevents the tongue systematic reviews 2006; 2: 23-6 from sinking back and obstructing respiration therefore anesthetists pull forward the mandible to obtain the full 4. Liran L, Yehuda. Oral and dental complications of benefit of this connection. intra-oral piercing. Dent Traumatol 2012; 6: 341-3 3. Injury to the hypoglossul nerve produces paralysis of the muscles of the tongue on the side of lesion. If the lesion 5. Kronert H, Pleschka K. Lingual blood flow and its is infranuclear, there is gradual atrophy of the affected hypothalamic control in the dog during half of the tongue (hemiatrophy). Muscular twitchings panting. Pflügers Archiv European Journal of are also observed. Infranuclear lesions of the Physiology 1976; 367: 25-31 hypoglossal nerve are also seen typically in motor 6. Romer A, Thomas S. The Vertebrate Body. neuron disease. Supranuclear lesions of the hypoglossal Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. nerve produce paralysis without wasting. This is best 1977; 298-9 seen in pseudobulbar palsy where the tongue is stiff, small and moves very sluggishly resulting in defective 7. Kingsley, John Sterling. Comparative anatomy of articulation. vertebrates. P. Blackiston's Son & Co. 1912; 217- 4. Glossitis is usually a part of generalized ulceration of the 20 ISBN 1-112-23645-7 mouth cavity (stomatitis). In certain anemias the tongue becomes bald due to atrophy of the filiform papillae. 5. The presence of a rich network of lymphatics and of loose areolar tissue of the substance of the tongue is responsible for enormous swelling of the tongue in acute glossitis. The tongue fills up the mouth cavity and then protrudes out of it. 6. The undersurface of the tongue is a good site (along with the bulbar conjunctiva) for observation of jaundice.7 7. In unconscious patients the tongue may fall back and obstruct the air passages. This can be prevented either by lying the patient on one side with head down (the ‘tonsil position’) or by keeping the tongue pulled out mechanically. 8. In patients with grand mal epilepsy the tongue is commonly bitten between the teeth during the attack. This can be prevented by hurriedly putting in a mouth gag at the onset of the seizure. 9. Carcinoma of the tongue is quite common. It is better treated by radiotherapy than by surgery. But facilities for irradiation are not always available; the affected side of the tongue is removed surgically. All the deep cervical lymph nodes are also removed (block dissection of neck) because recurrence of malignant disease occurs in lymph nodes. Carcinoma of the posterior one third of the tongue is more dangerous due to bilateral lymphatic spread. Conclusion The knowledge of normal anatomy of tongue and associated structures is of significance as until and unless we know what is normal, we can’t differentiate pathological changes. This review article presented a short note on the anatomy and applied aspects of tongue. ~ 125 ~ .
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