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El Complejo Asphodelus Fistulosus-A. Ayardii (Asphodelaceae) En El Valle Medio Del Ebro

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El Complejo Asphodelus Fistulosus-A. Ayardii (Asphodelaceae) En El Valle Medio Del Ebro View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Repositori d'Objectes Digitals per a l'Ensenyament la Recerca i... Flora Montiberica 45: 21-41 (V-2010). ISSN 1138-5952 EL COMPLEJO ASPHODELUS FISTULOSUS-A. AYARDII (ASPHODELACEAE) EN EL VALLE MEDIO DEL EBRO Mikel LORDA LÓPEZ I.E.S. Agroforestal. Avda. Villava, 55. 31015 Pamplona-Iruña. Navarra. [email protected] RESUMEN: En este trabajo se reconoce la presencia en el Valle del Ebro de cuatro especies del género Asphodelus: A. ayardii Jahand. & Maire, A. cera- siferus J. Gay, A. fistulosus L. y A. serotinus Wolley-Dod. De éstas, se estudia la morfología, el tratamiento taxonómico, la distribución, el hábitat y la fenología de A. ayardii y A. fistulosus, dos taxones hasta la fecha mal conocidos en el Va- lle del Ebro. En el contexto del área de estudio, predomina A. fistulosus sobre A. ayardii, mientras que A. tenuifolius no estaría presente, y donde las grandes in- fraestructuras viarias de transporte favorecerían su expansión. Se aporta material gráfico, mapas de distribución y la relación del material estudiado. Palabras clave: Asphodelaceae, Asphodelus, Asphodelus fistulosus, Asphodelus ayardii, morfología, taxonomía, distribución, Valle del Ebro, Península Ibérica. SUMMARY: The complex Asphodelus fistulosus-A. ayardii (Aspho- delaceae) in the middle Ebro Valley. This work recognizes the presence in the Ebro Valley of four species of the genus Asphodelus: A. ayardii Jahand. & Maire, A. cerasiferus J. Gay, A. fistulosus L. and A. serotinus Wolley-Dod. About these species, on discusses the morphology, taxonomic treatment, distri- bution, habitat and phenology of A. ayardii and A. fistulosus, two taxa badly known in the Ebro Valley. In the study area is dominated by A. fistulosus on A. ayardii, while that A. tenuifolius would not be present. The transport infrastruc- ture conducive to its extension through the Ebro Valley. Provides pictures, dis- tribution maps and the relationship of the studied material. Key words: Aspho- delaceae, Asphodelus, Asphodelus fistulosus, Asphodelus ayardii, morphology, taxonomy, distribution, Ebro Valley, Iberian Peninsula. INTRODUCCIÓN AZ & VALDÉS (1996) que adoptan la clasificación de DAHLGREN & al. (l.c.) El género Asphodelus pertenece a la para la revisión de los materiales. Así, subfamilia Asphodeloideae dentro de la estos autores consideran Asphodelaceae familia Asphodelaceae (Liliaceae s.l.), a como un grupo taxonómico independiente la que da nombre. Esta familia está repre- del resto de las Liliaceae s.l., con Asp- sentada por 18 géneros y unas 700 espe- hodelus como género tipo. La familia As- cies de distribución fundamentalmente phodelaceae así delimitada, se distribuye africana (DAHLGREN & al., 1985). fundamentalmente por la Región Medite- Seguimos las consideraciones de DÍ- rránea, oeste de Asia, Australia, Nueva 21 El complejo Asphodelus fistulosus-A. ayardii en el valle medio del Ebro Zelanda, sur y este de África, incluyendo & VALDÉS, 1996). Las diferencias más Madagascar y las Islas Mauricio. notables se establecen por sus caracteres Dentro de esta familia se reconocen vegetativos, órganos subterráneos princi- dos subfamilias naturales. Por una parte la palmente, por su morfología y estructura subfamilia Alooideae, un grupo monofilé- foliar, y por sus caracteres florales, tales tico que se distribuye fundamentalmente como la composición de la inflorescencia, por la mitad sur de África y que incluye simetría floral, color y morfología del siete géneros: Aloe, Gasteria, Haworthia, periantio y morfología del estigma. Otros Lomatophyllum, Chortolirion, Poellnitzia caracteres diferenciales se basan en el tipo y Astroloba, y la subfamilia Asphodeloi- de germinación, el desarrollo de las plán- deae que ocupa un área más amplia, dis- tulas, el sistema de reproducción, los ca- tribuyéndose por las regiones mediterrá- racteres del polen y el número básico de nea e iranoturanianas, S de África y Aus- cromosomas. tralia. Está formada por nueve géneros: Muestra un área de distribución muy Asphodelus, Asphodeline, Bulbine, Bulbi- amplia, que abarca desde Macaronesia por nopsis, Bulbinella, Eremurus, Jodriella, el oeste, hasta la India por el este, y desde Simethis y Trachyandra. El género Knip- el norte de Francia y Suiza por el norte, hofia se ha incluido indistintamente tanto hasta el desierto del Sahara por el sur, en Asphodeloideae como en Alooideae se- estando, además, A. fistulosus introducido gún los distintos autores (DÍAZ & VAL- en América, Nueva Zelanda y Australia. DÉS, 1996). Su máxima diversidad se da en el W del Dentro de la subfamilia Asphodeloi- Mediterráneo, particularmente en la Pe- deae, Asphodelus forma junto con Asp- nínsula Ibérica y el NW de África, donde hodeline y Eremurus un grupo natural y su variabilidad no se ha interpretado co- son los únicos géneros de la familia Asp- rrectamente (DÍAZ & VALDÉS, 1996). hodelaceae presentes en el hemisferio Este estudio que presentamos abarca norte. Aunque sus respectivas áreas de dos especies presentes en el Valle del distribución se solapan en cierta medida, Ebro, A. fistulosus y A. ayardii y, compa- cada uno de los tres géneros presentan rativamente aportamos datos de una terce- centros de diversificación independientes. ra especie, A. tenuifolius, con la que Eremurus se distribuye desde el E del muestran una estrecha relación tanto eco- Mediterráneo hasta Asia; Asphodeline lógica, como morfológica y taxonómica. presenta un área más reducida, extendién- A. tenuifolius es una planta repartida por dose desde el E del Mediterráneo hasta el el SE de la Península Ibérica, y con mayor W de Asia y Asphodelus ocupa el W del presencia en la región saharo-síndica, al- Mediterráneo (DÍAZ & VALDÉS, 1996). canzando la macaronésica. Asphodelus y Asphodeline están ínti- En el Valle Medio del Ebro podemos mamente relacionados entre sí, presentan- encontrar cuatro taxones del género Asp- do un gran parecido morfológico en mu- hodelus: A. ayardii Jahand. & Maire, A. chos de sus caracteres. Ambos parecen cerasiferus J. Gay, A. fistulosus L. y A. haberse originado de un ancestro común, serotinus Wolley-Dod. aunque con centros de evolución diferen- A. cerasiferus se distribuye por el S de tes, al este de la región mediterránea para Europa (C-E de la Península Ibérica, S de Asphodeline, y el oeste para Asphodelus Francia, Italia, Córcega, Cerdeña y N de (DÍAZ & VALDÉS, 1996). África), y es un gamón frecuente en el El género Asphodelus se presenta con Valle del Ebro, destacando por su gran ta- gran polimorfismo morfológico y en él se maño, su floración primaveral y el tamaño reconocen especies muy diferentes (DÍAZ grueso de sus cápsulas dispuestas sobre 22 Flora Montiberica 45: 21-41 (V-2010). ISSN 1138-5952 M. LORDA LÓPEZ ramas numerosas y abiertas de la inflores- AIZPURU & al. (1999) se hace una revi- cencia (DÍAZ & VALDÉS, 1996). sión del género, en base a trabajos ante- A. serotinus ha sido frecuentemente riores (AIZPURU & al., 1998), aportando confundido con A. aestivus Brot. (AIZPU- datos sobre A. fistulosus y reconociendo RU & al., 1998), diferenciándose por de- en clave adjunta la presencia, entre otros, terminados caracteres morfológicos entre de A. ayardii, pero sin anotar localidades los que destaca la forma de la cápsula del mismo. que, en A. serotinus, es claramente piri- Tras la revisión de materiales para el forme, muy constreñida en la base y cu- Atlas de la Flora de Aragón (www.ipe. bierta de una pruina viscosa que la hace csic.es/floragon/) pudimos constatar la pegajosa al tacto, mientras que en A. aes- presencia de los dos taxones citados, lo tivus es totalmente globosa y mate. Tam- que motivó al estudio de su distribución bién la floración y ecología difieren entre en el Valle del Ebro. ambos taxones. Si A. aestivus es de flora- ción estival y ocupa zonas deprimidas y húmedas, sobre suelos bien desarrollados MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS en las cercanías a cursos de agua, A. sero- El área estudiada (Fig. 1) comprende tinus es de floración netamente primave- el Valle Medio del Ebro, desde el embalse ral (algo tardía), creciendo sobre suelos de Caspe (Zaragoza) al este, hasta Haro menos desarrollados y con frecuencia so- (La Rioja), siguiendo el curso del Ebro, bre sustratos pedregosos, expuestos al me- incluyendo por tanto parte de las Comu- diodía. A. aestivus se distribuye por el SW nidades de La Rioja, Navarra y Aragón. de la Península Ibérica, llegando al E a El trabajo está basado en observacio- través de Sierra Morena y no parece al- nes directas de campo y en el estudio de canzar el Valle del Ebro, y A. serotinus material de herbario. Con los datos geo- muestra una distribución algo más amplia, rreferenciados de campo, más el estudio sobre todo por la Región Mediterránea y en el laboratorio del material herborizado, mitad W de la Península Ibérica (DÍAZ & que han puesto en evidencia las diferen- VALDÉS, 1996), si bien su presencia en cias más notables, hemos elaborado los el Valle Medio del Ebro es testimonial y mapas de distribución dejando al margen reducida a escasas localidades de las in- los datos bibliográficos, toda vez que han mediaciones del Sistema Ibérico. ignorado sistemáticamente la presencia de Finalmente, los dos gamones del estu- alguno de los dos taxones, no pudiéndose dio, A. ayardii y A. fistulosus, muestran conocer realmente a qué taxon correspon- una distribución con áreas solapadas, una den las citas bibliográficas de la literatura morfología próxima y exigencias ecológi- botánica, incluso más reciente. Así, cas similares, compartiendo hábitats en hemos dejado aparte las anotaciones bi- ocasiones, lo que quizás haya originado bliográficas sobre la distribución de los una confusión generalizada en sus deter- dos taxones y hemos preferido el estudio minaciones. La presencia de A. ayardii en de material fresco, proveniente de las her- la Península Ibérica ya fue puesta de ma- borizaciones. nifiesto por DÍAZ (1991), que hasta la También hemos estudiado numeroso fecha se había considerado endémica de material de herbario, procedente de reco- Marruecos (DÍAZ & VALDÉS, 1996), lecciones del Valle del Ebro, si bien no encuadrada bajo la denominación de A.
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