Animal and Health Inspection Service, USDA § 360.100

reasons therefor. If the petition is de- PART 360—NOXIOUS WEED nied fully or in part, the petitioner REGULATIONS may then file a supplemental petition, but no supplemental petition shall be Sec. considered unless it is received within 360.100 Definitions. 60 days from the date of the Deputy 360.200 Designation of noxious weeds. Administrator’s notification con- 360.300 Notice of restrictions on movement cerning the original petition. The Dep- of noxious weeds. 360.301 Information required for applica- uty Administrator shall notify the pe- tions for permits to move noxious weeds. titioner in writing concerning the ac- 360.302 Consideration of applications for tion taken in response to the supple- permits to move noxious weeds. mental petition, and shall state the 360.303 Approval of an application for a per- reasons therefor. mit to move a noxious weed; conditions specified in permit. (Information collection requirements were 360.304 Denial of an application for a permit approved by the Office of Budget and Man- to move a noxious weed; cancelation of a agement under control number 0579–0076) permit to move a noxious weed. 360.305 Disposal of noxious weeds when per- § 356.8 Return procedure. mits are canceled. 360.400 Treatments. If, at the conclusion of proceedings, 360.500 Petitions to add a taxon to the nox- seized property is to be returned to the ious weed list. person determined to be the owner or 360.501 Petitions to remove a taxon from the noxious weed lists. agent thereof, the Deputy Adminis- 360.600 Preemption of State and local laws. trator shall issue a letter or other doc- ument to the person determined to be AUTHORITY: 7 U.S.C. 7701–7772 and 7781–7786; 7 CFR 2.22, 2.80, and 371.3. owner or agent thereof authorizing its return. This letter shall be delivered § 360.100 Definitions. personally or sent by registered or cer- As used in this part, words in the sin- tified mail, return receipt requested, gular form shall be deemed to import and shall identify the person deter- the plural and vice versa, as the case mined to be the owner or agent, the may require. seized property, and if appropriate, the Administrator. The Administrator, bailee of the seized property. It shall Animal and Plant Health Inspection also provide that upon presentation of Service, or any individual authorized the letter or other document and prop- to act for the Administrator. er identification, and the signing of a APHIS. The Animal and Plant Health receipt provided by Plant Protection Inspection Service, De- and Quarantine, the seized property is partment of Agriculture. authorized to be released. Department. The U.S. Department of Agriculture. § 356.9 Filing of documents. Interstate. From one State into or (a) Any document required by this through any other State; or within the subpart to be filed or served within a District of Columbia, Guam, the Virgin certain period of time, will be consid- Islands of the United States, or any other territory or possession of the ered filed or served as of the time of re- United States. ceipt by the party with or upon whom Move. To carry, enter, import, mail, filing or service is required. ship, or transport; to aid, abet, cause, (b) Saturdays, Sundays, and federal or induce the carrying, entering, im- holidays shall be included in com- porting, mailing, shipping, or trans- puting the time allowed for the filing porting; to offer to carry, enter, im- or serving of any document or paper; port, mail, ship, or transport; to re- except that when such time expires on ceive to carry, enter, import, mail, a Saturday, Sunday or federal holiday, ship, or transport; to release into the such period shall be extended to in- environment; or to allow any of the ac- clude the next following business day. tivities described in this definition. Noxious weed. Any plant or plant product that can directly or indirectly

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injure or cause damage to crops (in- prevent their introduction into the cluding nursery stock or plant prod- United States or their dissemination ucts), livestock, poultry, or other in- within the United States: terests of agriculture, irrigation, navi- (a) Aquatic and wetland weeds: gation, the natural resources of the Azolla pinnata R. Brown (mosquito fern, United States, the public health, or the water velvet) environment. Caulerpa taxifolia (Vahl) C. Agardh, Medi- Permit. A written authorization, in- terranean strain (killer algae) cluding by electronic methods, by the Eichhornia azurea (Swartz) Kunth Administrator to move , plant Hydrilla verticillata (Linnaeus f.) Royle products, biological control organisms, (hydrilla) plant pests, noxious weeds, or articles Hygrophila polysperma T. Anderson (Miramar under conditions prescribed by the Ad- weed) Ipomoea aquatica Forsskal (water-spinach, ministrator. swamp morning-glory) Person. Any individual, partnership, Lagarosiphon major (Ridley) Moss corporation, association, joint venture, Limnophila sessiliflora (Vahl) Blume or other legal entity. (ambulia) Plant Protection and Quarantine Pro- Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cavanilles) S.T. grams. The Plant Protection and Quar- Blake antine Programs, Animal and Plant Monochoria hastata (Linnaeus) Solms- Health Inspection Service of the De- Laubach Monochoria vaginalis (Burman f.) C. Presl partment. Ottelia alismoides (L.) Pers. Responsible person. The person who Sagittaria sagittifolia Linnaeus (arrowhead) has control over and will maintain con- Salvinia auriculata Aublet (giant salvinia) trol over the movement of the noxious Salvinia biloba Raddi (giant salvinia) weed and assure that all conditions Salvinia herzogii de la Sota (giant salvinia) contained in the permit and require- Salvinia molesta D.S. Mitchell (giant salvinia) ments in this part are complied with. A tampicense Dunal (wetland nightshade) responsible person must be at least 18 Sparganium erectum Linnaeus (exotic bur- years of age and must be a legal resi- reed) dent of the United States or designate an agent who is at least 18 years of age (b) Parasitic weeds: and a legal resident of the United Aeginetia spp. States. Alectra spp. State. Any of the several States of the spp. (dodders), other than following United States, the Commonwealth of species: the Northern Mariana Islands, the Cuscuta americana Linnaeus Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the Cuscuta applanata Engelmann Cuscuta approximata Babington District of Columbia, Guam, the Virgin Cuscuta attenuata Waterfall Islands of the United States, or any Cuscuta boldinghii Urban other territory or possession of the Cuscuta brachycalyx (Yuncker) Yuncker United States. Cuscuta californica Hooker & Arnott Taxon (taxa). Any grouping within Cuscuta campestris Yuncker botanical nomenclature, such as fam- Cuscuta cassytoides Nees ex Engelmann ily, genus, species, or cultivar. Cuscuta ceanothi Behr Through the United States. From and Cuscuta cephalanthi Engelmann Cuscuta compacta Jussieu to places outside the United States. Cuscuta coryli Engelmann United States. All of the States. Cuscuta cuspidata Engelmann [41 FR 49988, Nov. 12, 1976, as amended at 75 Cuscuta decipiens Yuncker FR 68953, Nov. 102, 2010] Cuscuta dentatasquamata Yuncker

§ 360.200 Designation of noxious scientific names to help identify the weeds weeds. represented by such scientific names; how- The Administrator has determined ever, a scientific name is intended to include that it is necessary to designate the all subordinate taxa within the taxon. For example, taxa listed at the genus level in- 1 following plants as noxious weeds to clude all species, subspecies, varieties, and forms within the genus; taxa listed at the 1 One or more of the common names of species level include all subspecies, varieties, weeds are given in parentheses after most and forms within the species.

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Cuscuta denticulata Engelmann Avena sterilis Linnaeus (including Avena Cuscuta epilinum Weihe ludoviciana Durieu) (animated oat, wild Cuscuta epithymum (Linnaeus) Linnaeus oat) Cuscuta erosa Yuncker Carthamus oxyacantha M. Bieberstein (wild Cuscuta europaea Linnaeus safflower) Cuscuta exaltata Engelmann Chrysopogon aciculatus (Retzius) Trinius Cuscuta fasciculata Yuncker (pilipiliula) Cuscuta glabrior (Engelmann) Yuncker Commelina benghalensis Linnaeus (Benghal Cuscuta globulosa Bentham dayflower) Cuscuta glomerata Choisy Crupina vulgaris Cassini (common crupina) Cuscuta gronovii Willdenow abyssinica (Hochstetter ex A. Rich- Cuscuta harperi Small ard) Stapf (African couchgrass, Cuscuta howelliana Rubtzoff fingergrass) Cuscuta indecora Choisy Digitaria velutina (Forsskal) Palisot de Cuscuta leptantha Engelmann Beauvois (velvet fingergrass, annual Cuscuta mitriformis Engelmann couchgrass) Cuscuta obtusiflora Kunth Drymaria arenariodes Humboldt & Bonpland Cuscuta odontolepis Engelmann ex J.A. Schultes (lightning weed) Cuscuta pentagona Engelmann Emex australis Steinheil (three-cornered jack) Cuscuta planiflora Tenore Emex spinosa (Linnaeus) Campdera (devil’s Cuscuta plattensis A. Nelson thorn) Cuscuta polygonorum Engelmann Euphorbia terracina Linnaeus (false caper, Cuscuta rostrata Shuttleworth ex Geraldton carnation weed) Engelmann & Gray Galega officinalis Linnaeus (goatsrue) Cuscuta runyonii Yuncker Heracleum mantegazzianum Sommier & Levier Cuscuta salina Engelmann (giant hogweed) Imperata brasiliensis Trinius (Brazilian Cuscuta sandwichiana Choisy satintail) Cuscuta squamata Engelmann Imperata cylindrica (Linnaeus) Palisot de Cuscuta suaveolens Seringe Beauvois (cogongrass) Cuscuta suksdorfii Yuncker Inula britannica Linnaeus (British elecam- Cuscuta tuberculata Brandegee pane, British yellowhead) Cuscuta umbellata Kunth Ischaemum rugosum Salisbury (murainograss) Cuscuta umbrosa Beyrich ex Hooker Leptochloa chinensis (Linnaeus) Nees (Asian Cuscuta veatchii Brandegee sprangletop) Cuscuta warneri Yuncker Lycium ferocissimum Miers (African boxthorn) Orobanche spp. (broomrapes), other than the Lygodium flexuosum (Linnaeus) Swartz (maid- following species: enhair creeper) Orobanche bulbosa (Gray) G. Beck Lygodium microphyllum (Cavanilles) R. Brown Orobanche californica Schlechtendal & (Old World climbing fern) Chamisso Melastoma malabathricum Linnaeus Orobanche cooperi (Gray) Heller Mikania cordata (Burman f.) B. L. Robinson Orobanche corymbosa (Rydberg) Ferris (mile-a-minute) Orobanche dugesii (S. Watson) Munz Mikania micrantha Kunth Orobanche fasciculata Nuttall Mimosa diplotricha C. Wright (giant sensitive- Orobanche ludoviciana Nuttall plant) Orobanche multicaulis Brandegee Mimosa pigra Linneaus var. pigra (catclaw Orobanche parishii (Jepson) Heckard mimosa) Orobanche pinorum Geyer ex Hooker Moraea collina Thunberg (apricot Cape-tulip) Orobanche uniflora Linnaeus Moraea flaccida (Sweet) Steudel (one-leaf Orobanche valida Jepson Cape-tulip) Orobanche vallicola (Jepson) Heckard Moraea miniata Andrews (two-leaf Cape-tulip) spp. (witchweeds) Moraea ochroleuca (Salisbury) Drapiez (red (c) Terrestrial weeds: Cape-tulip) Moraea pallida (Baker) Goldblatt (yellow Acacia nilotica (Linnaeus) Wildenow ex Delile Cape-tulip) (gum arabic tree, thorny acacia Nassella trichotoma (Nees) Hackel ex Ageratina adenophora (Sprengel) King & Rob- Arechavaleta (serrated tussock) inson (crofton weed) Onopordum acaulon Linnaeus (stemless this- Ageratina riparia (Regel) R.M. King and H. tle) Robinson (creeping croftonweed, Onopordum illyricum Linnaeus (Illyrian this- mistflower) tle) Alternanthera sessilis (Linnaeus) R. Brown ex Opuntia aurantiaca Lindley (jointed prickly de Candolle (sessile joyweed) pear) Arctotheca calendula (Linnaeus) Levyns longistaminata A. Chevalier & Roehrich (capeweed) (red rice) fistulosus Linnaeus (onionweed) Oryza punctata Kotschy ex Steudel (red rice)

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Oryza rufipogon Griffith (red rice) Beauvois (liverseed Linnaeus (Kodo-mil- grass) let) [48 FR 20039, May 4, 1983, as amended at 49 Pennisetum clandestinum Hochstetter ex FR 25223, June 20, 1984; 57 FR 8838, Mar. 13, Chiovenda (kikuyugrass) 1992; 60 FR 35832, July 12, 1995; 64 FR 12883, Pennisetum macrourum Trinius (African Mar. 16, 1999; 65 FR 33743, May 25, 2000; 66 FR feathergrass) 21060, Apr. 27, 2001; 71 FR 35381, June 20, 2006; Pennisetum pedicellatum Trinius 74 FR 53400, Oct. 19, 2009; 75 FR 68953, Nov. 10, (kyasumagrass) 2010] Pennisetum polystachion (Linnaeus) Schultes (missiongrass, thin napiergrass) § 360.300 Notice of restrictions on alpataco R. A. Philippi movement of noxious weeds. Prosopis Burkart No person may move a Federal nox- Prosopis articulata S. Watson ious weed into or through the United Prosopis burkartii Munoz States, or interstate, unless: Prosopis caldenia Burkart (a) He or she applies for a permit to Prosopis calingastana Burkart move a noxious weed in accordance Prosopis campestris Griseback with § 360.301; Prosopis castellanosii Burkart (b) The permit application is ap- Prosopis denudans Bentham proved; and Prosopis elata (Burkart) Burkart (c) The movement is consistent with Prosopis farcta (Banks & Solander) J.F. the specific conditions contained in the Macbride permit. Prosopis ferox Grisebach Prosopis fiebrigii Harms (Approved by the Office of Management and Prosopis hassleri Harms Budget under control number 0579–0054) Prosopis humilis Gillies ex Hooker & Arnott [75 FR 68954, Nov. 10, 2010] Prosopis kuntzei Harms Prosopis pallida (Humboldt & Bonpland ex § 360.301 Information required for ap- Willdenow) Kunth plications for permits to move nox- Prosopis palmeri S. Watson ious weeds. Prosopis reptans Bentham var. reptans (a) Permit to import a noxious weed into Prosopis rojasiana Burkart the United States. A responsible person Prosopis ruizlealii Burkart must apply for a permit to import a Prosopis ruscifolia Grisebach noxious weed into the United States.2 Prosopis sericantha Gillies ex Hooker & Arnott The application must include the fol- Prosopis strombulifera (Lamarck) Bentham lowing information: Prosopis torquata (Cavanilles ex Lagasca y (1) The responsible person’s name, ad- Segura) de Candolle dress, telephone number, and (if avail- Rottboellia cochinchinensis (Lour.) W. Clayton able) e-mail address; Rubus fruticosus Linnaeus (complex) (wild (2) The taxon of the noxious weed; blackberry) (3) Plant parts to be moved; Rubus moluccanus Linnaeus (wild raspberry) (4) Quantity of noxious weeds to be Saccharum spontaneum Linnaeus (wild - moved per shipment; cane) (5) Proposed number of shipments per Salsola vermiculata Linnaeus (wormleaf year; salsola) (6) Origin of the noxious weeds; Senecio inaequidens DC. (South African (7) Destination of the noxious weeds; ragwort) (8) Whether the noxious weed is es- Senecio madagascariensis Poir. (Madagascar tablished in the State of destination; ragwort) (9) Proposed method of shipment; Setaria pallide-fusca (Schumacher) Stapf & (10) Proposed port of first arrival in Hubbard (cattail grass) the United States; Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult. subsp. (11) Approximate date of arrival; pallidefusca (Schumach.) B.K. Simon (cat- tail grass) 2 Information on applying for a permit to Solanum torvum Swartz (turkeyberry) import a noxious weed into the United Dunal (tropical soda apple) States is available at http:// Spermacoce alata Aublet www.aphis.usda.gov/plantlhealth/permits/ Tridax procumbens Linnaeus (coat buttons) plantproducts.shtml.

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(12) Intended use of the noxious tions, domestic or international orga- weeds; nizations, domestic or international as- (13) Measures to be employed to pre- sociations, and other persons for views vent danger of noxious weed dissemina- on the danger of noxious weed dissemi- tion; and nation into the United States, or inter- (14) Proposed method of final disposi- state, in connection with the proposed tion of the noxious weeds. movement. (b) Permit to move noxious weeds inter- (b) Inspection of premises. The Admin- state. A responsible person must apply istrator may inspect the site where for a permit to move a noxious weed noxious weeds are proposed to be han- interstate.3 The application must in- dled in connection with or after their clude the following information: movement under permit to determine (1) The responsible person’s name, ad- whether existing or proposed facilities dress, telephone number, and (if avail- will be adequate to prevent noxious able) e-mail address; weed dissemination if a permit is (2) The taxon of the noxious weed; issued. (3) Plant parts to be moved; [75 FR 68954, Nov. 10, 2010] (4) Quantity of noxious weeds to be moved per shipment; § 360.303 Approval of an application (5) Proposed number of shipments per for a permit to move a noxious year, weed; conditions specified in per- (6) Origin of the noxious weeds; mit. (7) Destination of the noxious weeds; The Administrator will approve or (8) Whether the noxious weed is es- deny an application for a permit to tablished in the State of destination; move a noxious weed. If the application (9) Proposed method of shipment, is approved, the Administrator will (10) Approximate date of movement; issue the permit including any condi- (11) Intended use of the noxious tions that the Administrator has deter- weeds; mined are necessary to prevent dis- (12) Measures to be employed to pre- semination of noxious weeds into the vent danger of noxious weed dissemina- United States or interstate. Such con- tion; and ditions may include requirements for (13) Proposed method of final disposi- inspection of the premises where the tion of the noxious weeds. noxious weed is to be handled after its (c) Permits to move noxious weeds movement under the permit, to deter- through the United States. Permits to mine whether the facilities there are move noxious weeds through the adequate to prevent noxious weed dis- United States must be obtained in ac- semination and whether the conditions cordance with part 352 of this chapter. of the permit are otherwise being ob- [75 FR 68954, Nov. 10, 2010] served. Before the permit is issued, the Administrator will require the respon- § 360.302 Consideration of applications sible person to agree in writing to the for permits to move noxious weeds. conditions under which the noxious Upon the receipt of an application weed will be safeguarded. made in accordance with § 360.301 for a [75 FR 68954, Nov. 10, 2010] permit for movement of a noxious weed into the United States or interstate, § 360.304 Denial of an application for a the Administrator will consider the ap- permit to move a noxious weed; plication on its merits. cancelation of a permit to move a (a) Consultation. The Administrator noxious weed. may consult with other Federal agen- (a) The Administrator may deny an cies or entities, States or political sub- application for a permit to move a nox- divisions of States, national govern- ious weed when the Administrator de- ments, local governments in other na- termines that: (1) No safeguards adequate or appro- 3 Information on applying for a permit to priate to prevent dissemination of the move a noxious weed interstate is available noxious weed can be implemented; or at http://www.aphis.usda.gov/plantlhealth/per- (2) The destructive potential of the mits/plantproducts.shtml. noxious weed, should it escape despite

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proposed safeguards, outweighs the istrator and not reinstated under probable benefits to be derived from § 360.304(c), further movement of the the proposed movement and use of the noxious weed covered by the permit noxious weed; or into or through the United States, or (3) The responsible person, or the re- interstate, is prohibited unless author- sponsible person’s agent, as a previous ized by another permit. The responsible permittee, failed to maintain the safe- person must arrange for disposal of the guards or otherwise observe the condi- noxious weed in question in a manner tions prescribed in a previous permit that the Administrator determines is and failed to demonstrate the ability adequate to prevent noxious weed dis- or intent to observe them in the future; semination. The Administrator may or seize, quarantine, treat, apply other re- (4) The movement could impede an medial measures to, destroy, or other- APHIS eradication, suppression, con- wise dispose of, in such manner as the trol, or regulatory program; or Administrator deems appropriate, any (5) A State plant regulatory official noxious weed that is moved without objects to the issuance of the permit on the grounds that granting the permit compliance with any conditions in the will pose a risk of dissemination of the permit or after the permit has been noxious weed into the State. canceled whenever the Administrator (b) The Administrator may cancel deems it necessary in order to prevent any outstanding permit when: the dissemination of any noxious weed (1) After the issuance of the permit, into or within the United States. information is received that con- [75 FR 68954, Nov. 10, 2010] stitutes cause for the denial of an ap- plication for permit under paragraph § 360.400 Treatments. (a) of this section; or (2) The responsible person has not (a) Seeds of abyssinica (niger maintained the safeguards or otherwise seed) are commonly contaminated with observed the conditions specified in the noxious weed seeds listed in § 360.200, permit. including (but not limited to) Cuscuta (c) If a permit is orally canceled, spp. Therefore, seeds APHIS will provide the reasons for the may be imported into the United withdrawal of the permit in writing States only if: within 10 days. Any person whose per- (1) They are treated in accordance mit has been canceled or any person with part 305 of this chapter at the who has been denied a permit may ap- time of arrival at the port of first ar- peal the decision in writing to the Ad- rival in the United States; or ministrator within 10 days after receiv- (2) They are treated prior to ship- ing the written notification of the can- ment to the United States at a facility cellation or denial. The appeal must that is approved by APHIS 4 and that state all of the facts and reasons upon operates in compliance with a written which the person relies to show that agreement between the treatment fa- the permit was wrongfully canceled or cility owner and the plant protection denied. The Administrator will grant service of the exporting country, in or deny the appeal, in writing, stating which the treatment facility owner the reasons for the decision as prompt- agrees to comply with the provisions of ly as circumstances allow. If there is a § 319.37–6 and allow inspectors and rep- conflict as to any material fact, a hear- resentatives of the plant protection ing will be held to resolve the conflict. service of the exporting country access Rules of practice concerning such a to the treatment facility as necessary hearing will be adopted by the Admin- to monitor compliance with the regula- istrator. tions. Treatments must be certified in [75 FR 68954, Nov. 10,2010] accordance with the conditions de- scribed in § 319.37–13(c) of this chapter. § 360.305 Disposal of noxious weeds when permits are canceled. 4 Criteria for the approval of heat treat- When a permit for the movement of a ment facilities are contained in part 305 of noxious weed is canceled by the Admin- this chapter.

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(b) [Reserved] for the taxon’s movement into and within the United States; and [75 FR 68955, Nov. 10, 2010] (2) The likelihood of survival and § 360.500 Petitions to add a taxon to spread of the taxon within each path- the noxious weed list. way. A person may petition the Adminis- (d) List of references. trator to have a taxon added to the [75 FR 68955, Nov. 10, 2010] noxious weeds lists in § 360.200. Details of the petitioning process for adding a § 360.501 Petitions to remove a taxon taxon to the lists are available on the from the noxious weed lists. Internet at http://www.aphis.usda.gov/ A person may petition the Adminis- plantlhealth/plantlpestlinfo/weeds/ trator to remove a taxon from the nox- downloads/listingguide.pdf. Persons who ious weeds lists in § 360.200. Details of submit a petition to add a taxon to the the petitioning process for removing a noxious weed lists must provide their taxon from the lists are available at name, address, telephone number, and http://www.aphis.usda.gov/plantlhealth/ (if available) e-mail address. Persons plantlpestlinfo/weeds/downloads/ who submit a petition to add a taxon delistingguide.pdf. Persons who submit to the noxious weed lists are encour- a petition to remove a taxon from the aged to provide the following informa- noxious weed lists would be required to tion, which can help speed up the re- provide their name, address, telephone view process and help APHIS deter- number, and (if available) e-mail ad- mine whether the specified plant taxon dress. Persons who submit a petition to should be listed as a noxious weed: remove a taxon from the noxious weed (a) Identification of the taxon. (1) The lists are encouraged to provide the fol- taxon’s scientific name and author; lowing information, which can help (2) Common synonyms; speed up the review process and help (3) Botanical classification; APHIS determine whether the specified (4) Common names; plant taxon should not be listed as a (5) Summary of life history; noxious weed: (6) Native and world distribution; (a) Evidence that the species is dis- (7) Distribution in the United States, tributed throughout its potential range if any (specific States, localities, or or has spread too far to implement ef- Global Positioning System coordi- fective control. nates); (b) Evidence that control efforts have (8) Description of control efforts, if been unsuccessful and further efforts established in the United States; and are unlikely to succeed. (9) Whether the taxon is regulated at (c) For cultivars of a listed noxious the State or local level. weed, scientific evidence that the (b) Potential consequences of the cultivar has a combination of risk ele- (1) The taxon’s introduction or spread. ments that result in a low pest risk. taxon’s habitat suitability in the For example, the cultivar may have a United States (predicted ecological narrow habitat suitability, low dis- range); persal potential, evidence of sterility, (2) Dispersal potential (biological inability to cross-pollinate with intro- characteristics associated with duced wild types, or few if any poten- invasiveness); tial negative impacts on the economy (3) Potential economic impacts (e.g., or environment of the United States. potential to reduce crop yields, lower (d) List of references. commodity values, or cause loss of markets for U.S. goods); and [75 FR 68955, Nov. 10, 2010] (4) Potential environmental impacts (e.g., impacts on ecosystem processes, § 360.600 Preemption of State and natural community composition or local laws. structure, human health, recreation (a) Under section 436 of the Plant patterns, property values, or use of Protection Act (7 U.S.C. 7756), a State chemicals to control the taxon). or political subdivision of a State may (c) Likelihood of the taxon’s introduc- not regulate in foreign commerce any tion or spread. (1) Potential pathways noxious weed in order to control it,

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eradicate it, or prevent its dissemina- § 361.1 Definitions. tion. A State or political subdivision of Terms used in the singular form in a State also may not impose prohibi- this part shall be construed as the plu- tions or restrictions upon the move- ral, and vice versa, as the case may de- ment in interstate commerce of nox- mand. The following terms, when used ious weeds if the Secretary has issued a in this part, shall be construed, respec- regulation or order to prevent the dis- tively, to mean: semination of the noxious weed within Administrator. The Administrator of the United States. The only exceptions the Animal and Plant Health Inspec- to this are: tion Service, U.S. Department of Agri- (1) If the prohibitions or restrictions culture, or any other individual to issued by the State or political subdivi- whom the Administrator delegates au- sion of a State are consistent with and thority to act in his or her stead. do not exceed the regulations or orders Agricultural seed. The following kinds issued by the Secretary; or and varieties of grass, forage, and field (2) If the State or political subdivi- crop seed that are used for seeding pur- sion of a State demonstrates to the poses in the United States: Secretary and the Secretary finds that there is a special need for additional Agrotricum—x Agrotriticum Ciferri and Giacom. prohibitions or restrictions based on Alfalfa—Medicago sativa L. sound scientific data or a thorough Alfilaria—Erodium cicutarium (L.) L’Her. risk assessment. Alyceclover—Alysicarpus vaginalis (L.) DC. (b) Therefore, in accordance with sec- Bahiagrass—Paspalum notatum Fluegge tion 436 of the Plant Protection Act, Barley—Hordeum vulgare L. the regulations in this part preempt all Barrelclover—Medicago truncatula Gaertn. Bean, adzuki—Vigna angularis (Willd.) Ohwi State and local laws and regulations and Ohashi that are inconsistent with or exceed Bean, field—Phaseolus vulgaris L. the regulations in this part unless a Bean, mung—Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek special need request has been granted Beet, field—Beta vulgaris L. subsp. vulgaris in accordance with the regulations in Beet, sugar—Beta vulgaris L. subsp. vulgaris §§ 301.1 through 301.13 of this chapter. Beggarweed, Florida—Desmodium tortuosum (Sw.) DC. [74 FR 53400, Oct. 19. 2009. Redesignated at 75 Bentgrass, colonial—Agrostis capillaris L. FR 68955, Nov. 10, 2010] Bentgrass, creeping—Agrostis stolonifera L. var. palustris (Huds.) Farw. Bentgrass, velvet—Agrostis canina L. PART 361—IMPORTATION OF SEED Bermudagrass—Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. AND SCREENINGS UNDER THE var. dactylon FEDERAL SEED ACT Bermudagrass, giant—Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. var. aridus Harlan and de Wet Bluegrass, annual—Poa annua L. Sec. Bluegrass, bulbous—Poa bulbosa L. 361.1 Definitions. Bluegrass, Canada—Poa compressa L. 361.2 Preemption of State and local laws; Bluegrass, glaucantha—Poa glauca Vahl general restrictions on the importation Bluegrass, Kentucky—Poa pratensis L. of seed and screenings. Bluegrass, Nevada—Poa secunda J.S. Presl 361.3 Declarations and labeling. Bluegrass, rough—Poa trivialis L. 361.4 Inspection at the port of first arrival. Bluegrass, —Poa arachnifera Torr. 361.5 Sampling of seeds. Bluegrass, wood—Poa nemoralis L. 361.6 Noxious weed seeds. Bluejoint—Calamagrostis canadensis (Michx.) P. Beauv. 361.7 Special provisions for Canadian-origin Bluestem, big—Andropogon gerardii Vitm. seed and screenings. var. gerardii 361.8 Cleaning of imported seed and proc- Bluestem, little—Schizachyrium scoparium essing of certain Canadian-origin (Michx.) Nash screenings. Bluestem, sand—Andropogon hallii Hack. 361.9 Recordkeeping. Bluestem, yellow—Bothriochloa ischaemum 361.10 Costs and charges. (L.) Keng Bottlebrush-squirreltail—Elymus elymoides AUTHORITY: 7 U.S.C. 1581–1610; 7 CFR 2.22, 2.80, and 371.3. (Raf.) Swezey Brome, field—Bromus arvensis L. SOURCE: 62 FR 48460, Sept. 16, 1997, unless Brome, meadow—Bromus biebersteinii Roem. otherwise noted. and Schult.

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