Air Pollution & it’s Effects
Presentation by: Dr. Gazala Habib Room 303, Block IV Department of Civil Engineering IIT Delhi Air Pollution
• Definition: Air pollution is the introduction of chemicals, particulate matter, or biological materials that cause harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms, or damages the natural environment.
• Causes : – Industries. – Automobiles , Domestic fuels and Re-suspended dust from Roads. – Fires. – High Proportion of undesirable gases: • sulphur dioxide • carbon monoxide
• Effects: – Human health – Flora & Fauna. – Acid rain – Damage to buildings, corrosion, etc. Acid Rain Air Pollution & Cluster Effects Air pollution Prevention & Control Maintain distance between the industrial and residential areas.
Using emission & particulate control devices like ESP, bag house filters, venturi scrubbers, etc.
Tall chimneys.
Desulphurization.
Unleaded Fuel.
Plantations (especially in mining areas/construction sites).
Automobiles with emission control system like DPF (Diesel Particulate Filters).
Awareness, education, strict laws & legislation. Health Effects of Particulate Matter INTRODUCTION
Epidemiological studies:
Ambient PM ~increased hospital admission, morbidity & mortality. (Dockery et al., 1993; Pope et al., 1995; Pope, 2000; Pope et. al. 2004; Pope et. al. 2009; Fang et al., 2013).
Global Mortality:
5.5 million people worldwide including 1.4 million in India die prematurely due to fine PM. (AAAS, 2016).
Outdoor air pollution: 5th largest killer in India (after high blood pressure, indoor air pollution, tobacco smoking, and poor nutrition) (Vos et al., 2015)
Source: Guaita et al., 2011 DEPOSITION OF PARTICULATE INTO LUNGS
Extra ` • Inertial Impaction thoracic region • Sedimentation Tracheobr • Diffusion & Brownian oncial region motion
• Interception Alveolar region
Source: Bennett et al. (2008) Deposition Mechanisms Involved Major: Diffusion Sedimentation
Impaction Naso-pharyngeal: impaction, sedimentation, electrostatic (particles > 1 μm) Minor: Tracheo-bronchial: impaction, sedimentation, diffusion (particles < Interception 1 μm) Pulmonary: Electrostatic sedimentation, diffusion (particles < 0.1 μm) Diffusion
•Caused by Brownian motion •Diffusion is the deposition mechanism for small particles. •Diffusion increases with decreasing particle size and flow rate. •More deposition occurs in the alveoli region because longer residence time and smaller airway. Sedimentation
Force Force
• When gravitational force act on the particle
• Particles will settle to the lower surface of the airway. This occur more in the lower generation where the velocity is much lower and the airway is smaller
• Lung airways have different orientation so deposition of particle will be different depending on the direction of the particle flow and direction of gravitational force Impaction
•Particle cannot follow the trajectory due to its inertia and hit the wall called impaction. •Impaction increases with particle size and flow rate. •This type of deposition occur through out the lung. •This is important, especially in the head airway where most of the large particles are screened out. •Impaction occurs mostly in the upper generation airways due to high velocity Inhalation Fraction
IF = Total aerosol Aerosol inhale
Inhaling
Inhalation fraction is the ratio of aerosol inhaled to the total aerosol in the airflow.
This is affected by the entry point, the orientation of the flow to the entry point, the flow rate and particle size.
IF is usually presented as orientation average
1 IF 1 0.51 2.8 1 0.00076d p India’s National Air Quality Index (AQI) (Precautionary Warnings!!) Seen News Recently? Does poor Air Quality Affect us?
• Yes, IT DOES!
• Young people (High risk)
– Lungs are not fully developed
– Faster breathing rate: more air volume/body weight
• Very old people (High risk)
– Undiagnosed lung or heart diseases
– Pollution can exacerbate these conditions
• Persons already with chronic illnesses:
Respiratory
Cardiovascular
• Healthy persons:
While exercising outdoors with high pollutant concentration
• Pregnant Women:
Risk of pre-natal mortality Air Pollution: Major Diseases About AQI • AQI was launched in India on 6th April, 2015.
• AQI scheme reflects ‘one color, one code’ for different types of air quality (good, satisfactory, moderate, poor, very poor & severe).
• The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) has developed the index in consultation with IIT, Kanpur and other expert groups comprising medical professionals, scientists, NGO’s, etc. Indian cities under AQI
• Delhi • Faridabad • Agra • Kanpur • Lucknow • Varanasi • Ahmedabad • Bangalore • Chennai • Hyderabad • Mumbai • Kolkata • Chandigarh Proposed Cities under AQI
• 46 more cities with > 1 million population.
• 20 more state capitals.
• Each city will have 6-7 monitoring stations with AQI display boards. AQI: Importance
•AQI transforms individual air pollutant (e.g. SO2, NO2, CO, PM10 , PM2.5, O3, Pb, NH3) levels into a single number, which is a simple and lucid description of air quality for the citizens.
•AQI helps citizens to avoid exposure to air pollutants and hence prevents negative health impacts.
•AQI indicates compliance with National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS).
•AQI aids local authorities in taking swift steps in improving air quality.
•AQI guides policy makers to take broad decisions pertaining to environmental management in general & air pollution in particular.
•AQI encourages citizens to participate in air quality management. Pollutants Considered for AQI and Air Quality Standards
3 Pollutant SO2 NO2 PM2.5 PM10 O3 CO (mg/m ) Pb NH3
Averaging time (hr) 24 24 24 24 1 8 1 8 24 24
Indian Standard (µg/m3) 80 80 60 100 180 100 4 2 1 400 Development of Aggregate AQI
AQI=Max(I1,I2,...,In) AQI categories and breakpoint concentrations with averaging times (units: µg/m3 unless mentioned otherwise)
AQI Category PM10 PM2.5 NO2 O3 CO SO2 NH3 Pb (Range) 24-hr 24-hr 24-hr 8-hr 8-hr 24-hr 24-hr 24-hr (mg/m3) Good (0-50) 0-50 0-30 0-40 0-50 0-1.0 0-40 0-200 0-0.5 Satisfactory 51-100 31-60 41-80 51-100 1.1-2.0 41-80 201-400 0.6 –1.0 (51-100) Moderate 101-250 61-90 81-180 101-168 2.1- 10 81-380 401-800 1.1-2.0 (101-200) Poor 251-350 91-120 181-280 169-208 10.1-17 381-800 801-1200 2.1-3.0 (201-300) Very poor 351-430 121-250 281-400 209-748* 17.1-34 801-1600 1201-1800 3.1-3.5 (301-400) Severe 430 + 250+ 400+ 748+* 34+ 1600+ 1800+ 3.5+ (401-500) *One hourly monitoring (for mathematical calculation only) AQI: Health Impacts AQI Possible Health Impacts
Good minimal impact
Satisfactory minor breathing discomfort to sensitive people
breathing discomfort to the people with lung disease such as asthma and Moderate discomfort to people with heart disease, children and older adults
breathing discomfort to people on prolonged exposure and discomfort to people with Poor heart disease with short exposure respiratory illness to the people on prolonged exposure. Effect may be Very Poor more pronounced in people with lung and heart diseases
respiratory effects even on healthy people and serious health impacts on people with Severe lung/heart diseases
The higher the AQI, greater the air pollution and health concerns AQI in Newspaper (15 oct. 2015, TOI) Example of AQI Interpretation Example of AQI Interpretation
AQI=179 (Moderate) Voluntary Tasks for you
• Keep track of AQI from Newspapers, SAFAR website, etc. • Educate and make others aware of the issues of Air Pollution & its negative effects. • Help in making air cleaner by sustainable green & clean practices.
References
• CPCB (2015). National Air Quality Index • http://aqicn.org/map/india/#@g/21.5522/82.771/5z • http://safar.tropmet.res.in/