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WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality : Selected Pollutants

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WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality : Selected Pollutants WHO GUIDELINES FOR INDOOR AIR QUALITY WHO GUIDELINES FOR INDOOR AIR QUALITY: WHO GUIDELINES FOR INDOOR AIR QUALITY: This book presents WHO guidelines for the protection of pub- lic health from risks due to a number of chemicals commonly present in indoor air. The substances considered in this review, i.e. benzene, carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, naphthalene, nitrogen dioxide, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (especially benzo[a]pyrene), radon, trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethyl- ene, have indoor sources, are known in respect of their hazard- ousness to health and are often found indoors in concentrations of health concern. The guidelines are targeted at public health professionals involved in preventing health risks of environmen- SELECTED CHEMICALS SELECTED tal exposures, as well as specialists and authorities involved in the design and use of buildings, indoor materials and products. POLLUTANTS They provide a scientific basis for legally enforceable standards. World Health Organization Regional Offi ce for Europe Scherfi gsvej 8, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark Tel.: +45 39 17 17 17. Fax: +45 39 17 18 18 E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.euro.who.int WHO guidelines for indoor air quality: selected pollutants The WHO European Centre for Environment and Health, Bonn Office, WHO Regional Office for Europe coordinated the development of these WHO guidelines. Keywords AIR POLLUTION, INDOOR - prevention and control AIR POLLUTANTS - adverse effects ORGANIC CHEMICALS ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE - adverse effects GUIDELINES ISBN 978 92 890 0213 4 Address requests for publications of the WHO Regional Office for Europe to: Publications WHO Regional Office for Europe Scherfigsvej 8 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark Alternatively, complete an online request form for documentation, health information, or for per- mission to quote or translate, on the Regional Office web site (http://www.euro.who.int/pubrequest). © World Health Organization 2010 All rights reserved. The Regional Office for Europe of the World Health Organization welcomes requests for permission to reproduce or translate its publications, in part or in full. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the ex- pression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its fron- tiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are en- dorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by the World Health Organization to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either express or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall the World Health Organization be liable for damages arising from its use. The views expressed by authors, editors, or expert groups do not necessarily represent the decisions or the stated policy of the World Health Organization. Language editing: Frank Theakston. Cover molecule structure image: Ben Mills. Book design: Sven Lund. Printed in Germany by: in puncto druck+medien GmbH, Bonn. WHO guidelines for indoor air quality: selected pollutants Abstract This book presents WHO guidelines for the protection of public health from risks due to a number of chemicals commonly present in indoor air. The sub- stances considered in this review, i.e. benzene, carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, naphthalene, nitrogen dioxide, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (especially benzo[a]pyrene), radon, trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene, have indoor sources, are known in respect of their hazardousness to health and are often found indoors in concentrations of health concern. The guidelines are targeted at public health professionals involved in preventing health risks of environmental exposures, as well as specialists and authorities involved in the design and use of buildings, indoor materials and products. They provide a scientific basis for le- gally enforceable standards. Contents Contributors viii Acknowledgements xiv Foreword xv Executive summary xvi Introduction 1 Developing indoor air quality guidelines 2 Setting indoor air quality guidelines 4 Preparation of the guidelines 7 Combined exposures 9 Use of the indoor air quality guidelines in protecting public health 11 References 13 1. Benzene 15 General description 15 Indoor sources 15 Pathways of exposure 17 Indoor concentrations 18 Indoor–outdoor relationship 19 Kinetics and metabolism 20 Health effects 24 Health risk evaluation 36 Guidelines 38 References 39 2. Carbon monoxide 55 General description 55 Indoor sources 55 Indoor levels and relationship with outdoor levels 57 Kinetics and metabolism 63 Health effects 66 Health risk evaluation 83 Guidelines 86 References 89 3. Formaldehyde 103 General description 103 Sources and pathways of exposure 104 Indoor concentrations and relationship with outdoor levels 105 Kinetics and metabolism 108 Health effects 110 Health risk evaluation 138 Guidelines 140 References 142 4. Naphthalene 157 General description 157 Sources and pathways of exposure 157 Indoor concentrations and exposures 158 Kinetics and metabolism 165 Health effects 173 Health risk evaluation 182 Guidelines 185 References 187 5. Nitrogen dioxide 201 General description 201 Sources and pathways of exposure 201 Indoor levels and relationship with outdoor levels 202 Kinetics and metabolism – effects observed in experimental studies 206 Health effects 215 Health risk evaluation 244 Guidelines 246 References 248 6. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 289 General description 289 Sources and pathways of exposure 290 Toxicokinetics and metabolism 302 Health effects 307 Health risk evaluation 321 Guidelines 323 References 325 7. Radon 347 General description 347 Sources, occurrence in air and exposure 350 Kinetics and metabolism 354 Health effects 357 Health risk evaluation 366 Guidelines 367 References 369 8. Trichloroethylene 377 General description 377 Indoor sources and exposure pathways 378 Indoor air concentrations 379 Toxicokinetics and metabolism 381 Health effects 387 Health risk evaluation 400 Guidelines 402 References 403 9. Tetrachloroethylene 415 General description 415 Indoor sources and pathways of exposure 417 Indoor air concentrations and relationship with outdoor levels 418 Toxicokinetics 421 Health effects 427 Health risk evaluation 439 Guidelines 442 References 444 viii WHO GUIDELINES FOR INDOOR AIR QUALITY: SELECTED POLLUTANTS Contributors Participants of the working group meeting in Bonn, 3–6 November 2009 Gary Adamkiewicz1 Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA Hugh Ross Anderson3 St George’s Hospital Medical School, University of London, London, United Kingdom Kenichi Azuma2 Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan Vernon Benignus2 Durham, NC, USA Paolo Carrer2 University of Milan, Milan, Italy Hyunok Choi1 Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA Aaron Cohen3 Health Effects Institute, Boston, MA, USA Christine Däumling2 Federal Environment Agency, Berlin, Germany Juana Maria Delgado Saborit1 University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom Peter Farmer2 University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom Paul Harrison1 PTCH Consultancy, Leicester, United Kingdom Roy M. Harrison1 University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom Rogene F. Henderson1 Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA Marie-Eve Héroux2 Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada Deborah Jarvis1 National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom Debra A. Kaden1 Dak Tox LLC, Arlington, MA, USA Frank J Kelly1 King’s College London, London, United Kingdom Stelios Kephalopoulos1 Institute for Health & Consumer Protection, European Commission Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy Severine Kirchner3 Centre scientifique et technique du bâtiment (CSTB), Marne-la-Vallée, France Michael T. Kleinmann2 University of California, Irvine, CA, USA Hannu Komulainen1 National Institute of Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland Dimitrios Kotzias1 Institute for Health & Consumer Protection, European Commission Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy Michaela Kreuzer1 Federal Office for Radiation Protection (BfS), Neuherberg, Germany Erik Lebret3 National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands Benoit Lévesque2 Institut national de santé publique du Québec, Quebec, Canada Corinne Mandin1 Centre scientifique et technique du bâtiment (CSTB), Marne-la-Vallée, France Robert L. Maynard1 Health Protection Agency, Chilton, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom James McLaughlin1 University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland CONTRIBUTORS ix Pertti Metiäinen2 National Supervisory Authority for Welfare and Health, Helsinki, Finland Lars Mølhave3 University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark Lidia Morawska2 Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia Stephen Nesnow2 US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA Aino Nevalainen3 National Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland Gunnar
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