Diffusion of Innovation Frcm a Supply Perspective: an Application to the Artificial Insemination of Cattle in Southern Sweden
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I I I I 74-3189 HANHAM, Robert Quentin, 1947- DIFFUSION OF INNOVATION FRCM A SUPPLY PERSPECTIVE: AN APPLICATION TO THE ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION OF CATTLE IN SOUTHERN SWEDEN. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1973 Geography University Microfilms, A XEROX Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED. DIFFUSION OF INNOVATION FROM A SUPPLY PERSPECTIVE: AN APPLICATION TO THE ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION OF CATTLE IN SOUTHERN SWEDEN DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University Robert Quentin Hanham, B.A., M .A. ***** The Ohio State University 1973 Reading Committee: Approved By Lawrence A. Brown Edward J. Taaffe Kevin R. Cox Adviser Department of Geography ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am very much Indebted to Professor L.A. Brown, my adviser, for suggesting the particular topic upon which this dissertation is based, and for providing the data and many useful comments and criticisms. I also wish to thank Chose members of the reading committee, Professor E. Casetti and Professor K.R. Cox, together with John Agnew, Paul Herr, Merle Maloff, Aron Spector, Dr. C.E. Youngmann, Dr. P.C. Watson and Richard Zeller for providing me with technical and spiritual guidance. This is a portion of ongoing research on the diffusion of innovation, supported by the National Science Foundation (Grant G-36829). This support is appreciated. ii VITA July 8, 1947 ..... Born, Portsmouth, England. 1969 .................. B.A., Reading University, Reading, England. 1971 .................. M.A., Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. 1973 ................... Assistant Professor, Department of Geography, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma. PUBLICATIONS "Diffusion Through an Urban System: The Testing of Related Hypotheses." With L.A. Brown. Tijdschrift Voor Economische En Sociale Geografie, Vol. 64, 1973 FIELDS OF STUDY Major Fields: Social and Transportation Geography I TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................. ii V I T A .............................. ili LIST OF T A B L E S .................................... vi LIST OF F I G URES.................................. vii CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION 1 Geographical Diffusion Research in Perspective The Organization of the Dissertation II. A THEORY OF MACRO AND MESO SCALE DIFFUSION .............. 7 Diffusion at the Macro Scale Diffusion at the Meso Scale Diffusion at the Micro Scale Conclusions and Summary III. THE DIFFUSION OF ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION IN SOUTHERN SWEDEN . 38 The Innovation and Empirical Problem The Regional Setting Conclusions and Summary IV. DESCRIPTIVE PROPERTIES OF THE DIFFUSION OF ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION THROUGH SOUTHWEST SKANE: AN AGGREGATE DATA ANALYSIS.............. 46 The Data The Diffusion of Artificial Insemination: The Supply Perspective The Diffusion of Artificial Insemination: The Demand Perspective Conclusions iv V. MODELS OF THE DIFFUSION OF ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION THROUGH SOUTHWEST SKANE: AN AGGREGATE DATA ANALYSIS........ 83 The Data Meso Scale: The Distribution of Adop ters Meso Scale: The Diffusion Strategy The Micro Scale: Demand and Adoption Conclusions VI. DESCRIPTIVE PROPERTIES OF THE DIFFUSION OF ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION THROUGH A SAMPLE OF FARMERS: AN INDIVIDUAL DATA ANALYSIS....................... 100 The Data The Pattern of Diffusion ^ ^Conclusions VII. MODELS OF THE DIFFUSION OF ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION THROUGH A SAMPLE OF FARMERS: AN INDIVIDUAL DATA ANALYSIS .125 The Data A Model of the Time of Adoption A Causal Model of the Time of Adoption Conclusions VIII. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS............ 138 A Summary Some Critical Comments and Notes for Further Research APPENDIX 1 ............................................ 144 APPENDIX 2 ............................................ 146 APPENDIX 3 ............................................ 147 BIBLIOGRAPHY ....................................... 150 v LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Hypothesized Correlations from the Causal M o d e l ....................... 136 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Stages of Diffusion ..................... 4 2. Operating Costs Associated With the Public Good: Uniform and Step Cases . 16 3. Change in Economic Rent: Large Q, Shallow Rent C u r v e ..................... 22 4. Change in Economic Rent: Small Q, Shallow Rent Curve ..... ......... 24 5. Change in Economic Rent: Large Q, Steep Rent C u r v e ....................... 24 6 . Change in Economic Rent: Small Q, Steep Rent C u r v e ....................... 24 7. Distribution of Adopters at Two Time Periods and Four Zones of the Public G o o d ..................................... 28 8 . Distribution of Adopters at One Time Period Given the Effect of the Spread of Information......................... 33 9 . Distribution of Adopters at Two Time Periods and Four Zones of the Public Good. (Given Effect of Spread of Information)............................ 33 10. Spatial Distribution of Adopters Given a Multi-Step Flow of Information . 36 11. The Communes of Malmohus La n .......... 40 12. The Distribution of the Initial Time of Adoption.................................50 13. The Relationship Between Percent Adopters and Time ( 1 - 4 ) ......................... 52 vii 14. The Relationship Be tween Percent Adopters and Time (5-8) . 53 15. The Relationship Between Percent Adopters and Time (9-12) , 54 16. The Relationship Between Percent Adopters and Time (13-16) 55 17 . The Relationship Between Percent Adopters and Time (17-20) 56 18. The Relationship Be tween Percent Adopters and Time (21-24) 57 19 . The Relationship Between Percent Adopters and Time (25-28) 58 20 . The Relationship Between Percent Adopters and Time (29-32) 59 21. The Relationship Between Percent Adop ters and Time (33-36) 60 22. The Relationship Between Percent Adopters and Time (37-40) 61 23. The Relationship Between Percent Adopters and Time (41-44) 62 24. The Relationship Between Percent Adopters and Time (45-46) 63 25. The Dis tribution of a Values . • » • 65 26. The Distribution of Adopters in ICommunes (1944) ......... 67 27. The Distribution of Adopters in Communes (1946) ................................... 68 28. The Distribution of Adopters in Communes (1948) ................................... 69 29. The Distribution of Adopters in Communes (1950) ................................... 70 30. The Distribution of Adopters in Communes (1952) ................................... 71 31. The Distribution of Adopters in Communes (1954) ................................... 72 viii 32. The Distribution of Adopters in Communes (1956)................................... 73 33. The Distribution of Adopters in Communes (1958)................................... 74 34. The Distribution of Adopters in Communes (1960) ................................... 75 35. The Distribution of Adopters in Communes (1962 ) ................................... 76 36. The Distribution of Adopters in Communes (1963 ) ................................... 77 37. The Distribution of b V a l u e s ......... 78 38. The Relationship Between the Percent of Adopters and Distance to Kavlinge . 80 39. The Distribution of Residuals From Equation ( 2 4 ) ...............................93 40. The Distribution of Residuals From Equation ( 2 6 ) ...............................98 41. The Location of the Sample Area .... 101 42. The Sample Area in D e t a i l ................102 43. The Distribution of Individual Adopters (1946 ) ................................... 104 44. The Distribution of Individual Adopters (1947 ) ................................... 105 45. The Distribution of Individual Adopters (1948 ) ................................... 106 46. The Distribution of Individual Adopters (1949 ) ................................... 107 47. The Distribution of Individual Adopters (1950 ) ................................... 108 48. The Distribution of Individual Adopters (1951 ) ......................... 109 49. The Distribution of Individual Adopters (1952 ) ................................... 110 ix 50. The Distribution of Individual Adopters (1953 ) ..................................... Ill 51. The Distribution of Individual Adopters (1954) . ......................... 112 52. The Distribution of Individual Adopters (1955 ) ................................ 113 53. The Distribution of Individual Adopters (1956 ) .................... ..... ........ 114 54. The Distribution of Individual Adopters (1957 ) ................................... 115 55. The Distribution of Individual Adopters (1958 ) ................................... 116 56. The Distribution of Individual Adopters (1959 ) ................................... 117 57. The Distribution of Individual Adopters (1960 ) ................................... 118 58. The Distribution of Individual Adopters (1961 ) ..................................... 119 59. The Distribution of Individual Adopters (1962 ) ................................... 120 60. The Distribution of Individual Adopters (1963 ) ................................... 121 61. The Distribution of Individual Adopters (1964 ) ................................... 122 62. Residuals from Equation (28) ..... 130 63. Residuals from Equation ( 2 9 ) .............132 64. A Causal Model of the Time of Adoption .134 x CHAPTER X INTRODUCTION This dissertation reports on empirical work carried out within the context of a theory of diffusion of innovation originally proposed by Brown (1973). The theory, which will be described at length in Chapter 2, is oriented