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Al-Muhaddithat: the Women Scholars in Islam

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Al-Muhaddithat: the Women Scholars in Islam Kalamullah.Com AL-MUI:IADDITHAT: the women scholars in Islam by MOHAMMADAI~NADWI Interface Publications Published by INTERFACE PUBLICATIONS Oxford • London Interface Publications Ltd. Company address: 15 Rogers Street 2nd floor 145-157 StJohn St. Oxford. OX2 7JS London. EC1V 4PY www. interfacepublications.com Copyright© Interface Publications, 2007 (1428 AH) The right of Mohammad Akram Nadwi to be identified as the Author of this work has been asserted. All rights reserved. Except for excerpts cited in a review or similar published discussion of this publication, no part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form by any means whatever including electronic without prior permission of the copyright owner, obtainable at permissions@interfacepublications. com paperback: 978-09554545-1-6 hardcover: 978-09554545-3-0 Typeset in Garamond, 11/12 Printed in Turkey by Mega Bas1m Y aym San. ve Tic. A.~. \=obans:e~me Ma. Kalender Sok. No: 9 3530 Y enibosna. Istanbul. e: [email protected] Contents PREFACE xi -Acknowledgements, xxiii List of tables, charts, maps, and illustrations Vlll INTRODUCTION -The impact of the Book and 1 Sunnah, 3 -The women's authority established by the Qu~an and Sunnah, 7 -The women's authority established by their own actions, 13 1 THE LEGAL CONDITIONS FOR NARRATING 17 J:IADITH -Testimony and narration, 17 (The difference between testim01ry and narration, 20) -The lawfulness of women transmitting J:tadith, 22 -The public authority of J:tadiths narrated by women, 25 (The ~adith ofFa(imah bint Q~s, 29; Another example: a ~adith from 'A_Jishah, 32) 2 WOMEN AS SEEKERS AND STUDENTS OF 35 J:IADITH -The disposition to teach women, 35 (The duty to teach, 35; Educating the children, 36; Keeping children on the Sunnah, 39; Encouraginggirls and women to attend gatherings, 40; The duty to answer the women's questions, 41; The practice of those who .followed, 43) -The women's own efforts, 46 (What the women asked about, 48; About sf?yness in the w~ oflearning, 50; Women learningfrom the Companions, 51) -Women's preserving of the J:tadith, 51 (Memoriifition, 52; Writing, 54; Writing marginal notes, 56; Comparison and correction, 56) 3 OCCASIONS, TRAVELS, VENUES FOR, AND 58 KINDS OF, J:IADITH LEARNING -Public occasions, 58 (The ~4;- ~tfiJat al-wada', 60)- Private occasions, 64- Travelling, 71 (fJajjjournrys, 72) - Venues, 76 (Houses, 77; Mosques, 81; Schools, 82)- Ways of receiving }:ladith, 84 (Samii' (hearing), 84; al- 'Arrj, 85; Ijazah, 86; al-Muniiwalah, 87; al-Mukiitabah, 88; al-I'liim, 88; al-Wa.[ryyah, 88; al-Wijiidah, 89; Documentation of the samii' and fjiizah, 89; Querying ijiizahs, 92)- Faj:imah hint Sa'd al-Khayr (?525-600), 93 4 THE WOMEN'S TEACHERS -Teachers within the 97 family circle, 98 -Teachers of the locality, 102 -Visiting teachers, 103 -Teachers in other towns, 106 -Number of teachers, 107 5 THE READING MATTER -The first three centuries, 109 109 -The fourth to the sixth centuries, 110 -From the seventh to the ninth centuries, 114 From later ninth to thirteenth centuries, 119- In the fourteenth century, 121 - Kinds of the books they studied, 123 (ai-Muwattii, 123; al-]awiimic, 124; ai-Sunan, 128; a/-Masiinid, 128; a/-Maciijim and a/-Masi?Jakhiit, 129; ai-Arbaciiniit, 132; ai-Ajzii), 132; a/- Musa/saliit, 134) -The reading list of Umm Hani bint Niir al-Din al-Hiiriniyyah (d. 871), 136 6 WOMEN'S ROLE IN DIFFUSION OF 'THE 138 KNOWLEDGE' -The Companions and the scholars after them, 138-Major scholars who narrated from women, 140- Husbands narrating from their wives, 142 - Children learning from their mothers, 144 - Children narrating from their mothers, 146 - The manners of the women scholars, 149 (reaching unpaid; accepting small gijts, 154) - The numbers of their students, 155 - How the mu/;laddithiit transmitted J:tadith, 164 (Narration of the words, 164; Reading to the teacher, 169; Correspondence, 170; ijiizah, 171)- Assemblies for narration and teaching, 176 (Houses, 171; Mosques, 179; Schools, 180; Other places, 182) 7 WOMEN'S J:IADITHS AND NARRATIONS- 184 Women's l;tadiths in the Six Books, 184-The narrators' eloquence, 189- Fiqh dependent on women's J:tadiths, 195 (fhe /;ladith of Subqy'ah ai-Aslamryyah, 196; The /;ladith of Busrah bint $rifwiin, 197; The /;ladith ofUmm 'Atiyyah, 198; cAJishah's f}adith about the wife ofRifocah aiQura?f, 199)­ Women's narration of different kinds of[:laclith compilations, 199 (Jawiimic, 199; Sunan, 203; Masiinid, 206; Maciijim and Masf?yakhiit, 208; Arbaciiniit, 209; Ajza), 210; Musalsaliit, 213; Abundance of their narrations, 214)­ Collections of the women's narrations, 219 -Higher isniid through women teachers, 227 8 WOMEN AND J::IADITH CRITIQUE- Evaluation of 230 narrators, 230 (Tacdil ofwomen narrators, 233; Jar!} ofwomen narrators, 234)- Evaluation of women's [:lacliths, 235- Evaluation of narrators by women, 237 (Women's role in tacdil andjarf}, 237; Examples oftacdil andjarf} f?y women, 238) -Women's role in [:laclith critique, 239 (Checking the f}adith against the Qur)iin, 240; Checking the f}adith against another, stronger f}adith, 241; Checking the f}adith against a sunnah ofthe Prophet, 242; Checking the f}adith in the light of its occasion (sabab), 24 3; Checking a f}adith against the difficulty ofacting upon it, 244; Checking a f}adith for misconstruction ofits meaning, 244) 9 OVERVIEW BY PERIOD AND REGION -First 245 period: 1st-2nd c. ah, 246- Second period: 3rd-5th c. ah, 250 - The third period: 6th-9th c. ah, 255 - The fourth period: 900-1500 ah - overview by region, 264 (l:IijiiiJ 264; Iraq, 265; ai-Shiim (Greater Syria), 266; Egypt, 268; Spain and Morocco, 270; The region ofKhurasan and Transoxania, 271; India, 272) 10 FIQH AND S4MAL-The fiqh of the women scholars, 273 27 5 (Understanding the Qur)an, 2 75; understanding the f}adith, 278; Women jurists, 279; Womengivingfatwas, 281; Debate between men and women, 282; Reliance ofthe jurists on the fiqh of women, 283; The women's holding opinions that others disputed, 284) -c.Amal, 285 REFERENCES 291 INDEXES -The Companions and their Successors, 302 302 - The women scholars, 305 -The men scholars, 308 - Place names, 316 list of tables, charts, maps and illustrations* Table 1. Different responses to l:J_adith of Fatimah hint Qays, 31 Table 2. Famous students of Shuhdah al-Baghdadiyyah, 156-58 Chart fo-e. Transmission of $abif? al-Bukharito women, 125-27 Chart 2. Transmission of Musnad Ibn I-Janbal to women, 130 Chart 3. Transmission of Mu'jam al-kabir to women, 130 Chart 4. Transmission of ]uz) 'Arafah to women, 211 Chart 5. Transmission of]uz) al-An[arito women, 212 Chart 6. Transmission of al-Ghcrylan!Jyat to women, 213 Chart 7. Transmission ofJuz) Biba to women, 221 Map 1. Study journeys of Fatimah hint Sacd al-Khayr, 94 Map 2. Islamic world. Spread of mul;addithat 1st-2nd c., 247 Map 3. Islamic world. Spread of mul;addithat 3rd-5th c., 251 Map 4. Islamic world. Spread of mul;addithat 6th-9th c., 256 Map 5. Islamic world. Spread of mul;addithat 1Oth-14th c., 261 Illustrations Photo. Great Umayyad Mosque, Damascus, x Photo. al-Jamic al-J:Ianabilah al-Mu{:affari, Damascus, 96 Photo. Dar al-Kutub al-Zahiriyyah, Damascus, 137 MS copy. Istidca) of Mul:J_ammad ibn Qudamah, 91 MS copy. Samac of class of Zaynab bint al-Kamal, 159-58 MS copy. Jjazah signed by Sitt al-Katabah bint 'Ali al-Tarralf, 171 MS copy. Sama' of class of Karimah al-Zubayriyyah, 178 MS copy. Sama' of class of Zaynab hint Makki al-J:Iarrani, 181 MS copy. 5 amac of class of Karimah al-Zubayriyyah, 183 MS copy. Title page of $al;tl; al-Bukhari of Sitt al-Wuzara), 200 MS copy. ljiizah signed by Sitt al-Wuzara), 201 *Maps drawn by Dr. Alexander Kent, FBCart.S., FRGS. Photos from the personal collection of Y ahya Michot. MSS photocopies. See text and notes on the page for sources. Qasim ibn Isma'il ibn 'Ali said: 'We were at the door of Bishr ibn al-I;Iarith, he came [out] to us. We said: 0 Abu Na~r, narrate l:J_adith to us. He said: Do you pay the zakah [that is due] on l:J_adith? I said to him: 0 Abu Na~r, is there zakah [that is due] on l:J_adith? He said: Yes. When you hear l:J_adith or remembrance of God you should apply it.' (see pp. 285-86) Courtyard of the Great Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, where Umm al­ Darda' (d. 81) taught ]::ladith andjiqh, and 'A'ishah bint 'Abd al-Hadi (d. 816) was appointed to the post of principal teacher of $a~i~ ai- Bukhiiri. (Photo: Y ahya Michot) Preface This book was conceived as a translation of the muqaddimah to an as yet unpublished biographical dictionary in Arabic of the women scholars of l).aclith in Islamic history. However, it was soon apparent that much of the original needed to be adapted, not simply translated. One reason is that this introduction to the material in the Dictionary is not accompanied by that work, and so the material in it needs to be adequately illustrated. Another reason is that the expectations of an English readership are some­ what different from an Arabic one. I know that to be so from questions put to me after talks I have given on the subject and from correspondence following announcement of this book. Those expectations oblige me to say what this book is not, which is rather an awkward way of explaining what it is. Let me start by stating that this is not an exercise in 'women's studies'.
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