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Ground-Water and Surface-Water Interactions Along Rapid Creek Near Rapid City, South Dakota

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Ground-Water and Surface-Water Interactions Along Rapid Creek Near Rapid City, South Dakota science for a changing world Prepared in cooperation with the City of Rapid City and the South Dakota Department of Game, Fish and Parks Ground-Water and Surface-Water Interactions along Rapid Creek near Rapid City, South Dakota Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4214 - £fcB¥t»ant ul the Interio* Cover photograph: Shows Cleghorn Springs Fish Hatchery and Canyon Lake. Photograph by M.T. Anderson U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Ground-Water and Surface-Water Interactions along Rapid Creek near Rapid City, South Dakota By MarkT. Anderson, Daniel G. Driscoll, and Joyce E. Williamson Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4214 Prepared in cooperation with the City of Rapid City and the South Dakota Department of Game, Fish and Parks U.S. Department of the Interior Bruce Babbitt, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Charles G. Groat, Director The use of firm, trade, and brand names in this report is for identification purposes only and does not constitute endorsement by the U.S. Geological Survey. Rapid City, South Dakota: 1999 For additional information write to: District Chief U.S. Geological Survey 1608 Mt. View Road Rapid City, SD 57702 Copies of this report can be purchased from: U.S. Geological Survey Branch of Information Services Box 25286 Denver, CO 80225-0286 CONTENTS Abstract.................................................................................................................................................................................. 1 Introduction .....................................................................................................................................................................^ 2 Purpose and scope ....................................................................................................................................................... 4 Previous investigations................................................................................................................................................ 4 Acknowledgments....................................................................................................................................................... 5 Hydrologic setting................................................................................................................................................................. 5 Physiography and climate............................................................................................................................................ 5 Surface Water............................................................................................................................................................... 10 GroirndWater........................................................_ 10 Water development and use................................................................................................................................................... 10 Municipal..................................................................................................................................................................... 11 Irrigation.................................................................................................._^ 16 Reservoirs .................................................................................................................................................................^ 17 Study design and methods..................................................................................................................................................... 18 Data-collection networks............................................................................................................................................. 18 Hydrologic budgets...................................................................................................................................................... 23 Hydrochemistry........................................................................................................................................................... 25 Ground-water and surface-water interactions at city infiltration galleries ............................................................................ 26 Jackson Springs Gallery .............................................................................................................................................. 26 Control-volume analysis.................................................................................................................................... 26 Interactions with alluvial aquifer....................................................................................................................... 29 Interactions with Rapid Creek........................................................................................................................... 30 Hydrochemical interpretations .......................................................................................................................... 34 Summary for Jackson Springs Gallery.............................................................................................................. 38 Meadowbrook Gallery................................................................................................................................................. 38 Control-volume analysis.................................................................................................................................... 38 Interactions with alluvial aquifer....................................................................................................................... 41 Interactions with Rapid Creek........................................................................................................................... 43 Hydrochemical interpretations .......................................................................................................................... 43 Summary for Meadowbrook Gallery................................................................................................................. 45 Girl Scout Gallery........................................................................................................................................................ 46 Control-volume analysis.................................................................................................................................... 46 Interactions with alluvial aquifer....................................................................................................................... 49 Interactions with Rapid Creek........................................................................................................................... 49 Hydrochemical interpretations .......................................................................................................................... 51 Summary for Girl Scout Gallery ....................................................................................................................... 51 Hydrologic budget for Rapid Creek ...................................................................................................................................... 52 Summary and conclusions..................................................................................................................................................... 58 References cited..................................................................................................................................................................... 60 Supplemental information..................................................................................................................................................... 63 ILLUSTRATIONS 1. Map showing Rapid Creek Basin ............................................................................................................................... 3 2. Map showing location of study area, Rapid City water-supply facilities in use during 1990, and streamflow-gaging stations used for study........................................................................................................... 6 3. Map showing generalized areal geology of study area............................................................................................... 8 Content- III ILLUSTRATIONS Continued 4. Diagram showing simplified diagramatic section of hydrogeologic setting of the Rapid City area.......................... 11 5. Graph showing chronology of development and operation of municipal water sources for Rapid City through 1990 ......................................................................................................................... 12 6. Chart showing sources of finished municipal water for Rapid City during water years 1988-89.............................. 14 7. Schematic cross section showing typical construction of infiltration galleries along Rapid Creek........................... 15 8. Graphs showing daily pumping rate for Rapid City infiltration galleries for water years 1987-90........................... 15 9. Graph showing municipal production of finished water (all sources) for Rapid City from 1943-90 ........................ 16 10. Graphs showing monthend usable contents of Deerfield and Pactola Reservoirs through 1990............................... 17 11. Schematic showing scheduled gallery cycling during October through December 1987-89 .................................... 18 12. Map
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