Streamflow Characteristics for the Black Hills of South Dakota, Through Water Year 1993

Home , Belle Fourche River, Cheyenne River, Deerfield Dam, Redwater River

STREAMFLOW CHARACTERISTICS FOR THE BLACK HILLS OF SOUTH DAKOTA, THROUGH WATER YEAR 1993

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4288

Prepared in cooperation with the SOUTH DAKOTA DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES and the WEST DAKOTA WATER DEVELOPMENT DISTRICT STREAMFLOW CHARACTERISTICS FOR THE BLACK HILLS OF SOUTH DAKOTA, THROUGH WATER YEAR 1993

By LISA D. MILLER and DANIEL G. DRISCOLL

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4288

Prepared in cooperation with the SOUTH DAKOTA DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES and the WEST DAKOTA WATER DEVELOPMENT DISTRICT

Rapid City, South Dakota 1998 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BRUCE BABBITT, Secretary

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Thomas J. Casadevall, Acting Director

The use of firm, trade, and brand names in this report is for identification purposes only and does not constitute endorsement by the U.S. Geological Survey.

For additional information write to: Copies of this report can be purchased from:

District Chief U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey Branch of Information Services 1608 Mt. View Road Box 25286 Rapid City, SD 57702 Denver, CO 80225-0286 CONTENTS

Abstract...... 1 Introduction ...... 2 Purpose and scope ...... 2 Description of study area...... 2 Physiography and climate...... 2 Hydrogeology ...... 5 Reservoirs and water use ...... 5 Acknowledgments ...... 9 Summary of streamflow gaging in the Black Hills ...... 9 History of streamflow gaging ...... 10 Summary of streamflow records...... 10 Stations with records of only monthly mean flow...... 16 Stations with less than 5 years of daily record ...... 18 Stations with 5 to 9 years of daily record ...... 18 Stations with 10 or more years of daily record...... 18 Streamflow characteristics for selected basins ...... 28 Methods for categorizing basins...... 29 Comparison of streamflow characteristics for selected hydrogeologic settings...... 34 Factors affecting streamflow variability ...... 41 Summary and conclusions...... 42 Selected references ...... 44 Supplemental information ...... 47

ILLUSTRATIONS 1. Map showing area of investigation for the Black Hills Hydrology Study showing locations of gaging stations outside of study area for which data are presented ...... 3 2. Map showing generalized outcrop of Madison Limestone and outer extent of Inyan Kara Group, within study area for Black Hills Hydrology Study ...... 4 3. Stratigraphic section for the Black Hills ...... 6 4. Generalized geologic section A-A’ ...... 7 5. Schematic showing simplified hydrogeologic setting of the Black Hills area ...... 8 6. Map showing location of gaging stations within study area for which only monthly records are available ...... 17 7. Map showing location of gaging stations within study area with less than 5 years of daily record ...... 20 8. Map showing location of gaging stations within study area with 5 to 9 years of daily record ...... 22 9. Map showing location of gaging stations within study area with 10 or more years of daily record ...... 25 10. Location of selected gaging stations relative to selected geologic outcrops ...... 33 11. Graphs showing distribution of streamflow variability for selected gaging stations in selected hydrogeologic settings ...... 38 12. Map showing distribution of annual yield for gaging stations representative of selected hydrogeologic settings ...... 40

Contents III TABLES 1. Continuous-record streamflow-gaging stations operated in Black Hills area...... 11 2. Site information for gaging stations for which only monthly streamflow records are available ...... 16 3. Site information for gaging stations with less than 5 years of daily record ...... 19 4. Site information for gaging stations with 5 to 9 years of daily record...... 21 5. Site information for gaging stations with 10 or more years of daily record ...... 23 6. Summary of storage information for selected large reservoirs in Black Hills area...... 26 7. Rationale for selection of statistics period for selected gaging stations...... 27 8. Hydrogeologic setting and degree of regulation for selected long-term gaging stations (generally those with 10 or more years of record) ...... 30 9. Criteria for categorizing degree of regulation for Black Hills streams ...... 34 10. Comparison statistics for selected stations with various hydrogeologic settings...... 35

CONTENTS OF SUPPLEMENTAL SECTIONS Section A. Reservoir contents —Tables of monthend contents, in acre-feet, for stations: A1. 06401000, Angostura Reservoir near Hot Springs ...... 51 A2. 06409500, Deerfield Reservoir near Hill City...... 52 A3. 06411000, Pactola Reservoir near Silver City...... 53 A4. 06427000, Keyhole Reservoir near Moorcroft, WY ...... 54 A5. 06435000, Belle Fourche Reservoir near Belle Fourche ...... 55

Section B. Summary of streamflow records for stations with records of only monthly flows—Tables of monthly flows, in acre-feet, for stations: B1. 06413000, Bennett Ditch at Rapid City...... 59 B2. 06413500, Leedy Ditch at Rapid City ...... 59 B3. 06414500, Iowa Ditch at Rapid City ...... 59 B4. 06415000, Lockhart Ditch at Rapid City...... 60 B5. 06416500, Murphy Ditch near Rapid City ...... 60 B6. 06417000, Cyclone Ditch near Rapid City ...... 60 B7. 06417500, South Side Ditch near Rapid City...... 61 B8. 06418000, Little Giant Ditch near Rapid City...... 61 B9. 06418500, Rapid Creek below Little Giant Ditch, near Rapid City...... 61 B10. 06419000, Lone Tree Ditch near Rapid City...... 62 B11. 06419500, Saint German Ditch at Caputa ...... 62 B12. 06420000, Rapid Creek at Caputa ...... 62 B13. 06420500, Hammerquist Ditch near Farmingdale...... 63 B14. 06429000, Belle Fourche River at Belle Fourche...... 63 B15. 06431000, Spearfish Creek near Spearfish ...... 63 B16. 06432000, Spearfish Creek at Toomey Ranch, near Spearfish...... 63 B17. 06432500, Redwater Canal at Minnesala ...... 64 B18. 06434000, Redwater Creek at Belle Fourche ...... 64

Section C. Summary of streamflow records for stations with less than 5 years of daily record—Tables of mean flow, in cubic feet per second, for stations: C1. 06394600, Hell Canyon near Jewel Cave, near Custer...... 67 C2. 06394605, Hell Canyon near Custer...... 67 C3. 06400870, Horsehead Creek near Oelrichs ...... 67 C4. 06402430, Beaver Creek near Pringle ...... 67 C5. 06402470, Beaver Creek above Buffalo Gap...... 67 C6. 06402990, French Creek below Custer...... 68 C7. 06402995, French Creek above Stockade Lake near Custer...... 68 C8. 06403000, French Creek near Custer...... 68 C9. 06403500, French Creek near Fairburn ...... 68 C10. 06404500, Battle Creek near Hermosa ...... 68

IV Contents Section C. Summary of streamflow records for stations with less than 5 years of daily record—Continued C11. 06405400, Grace Coolidge Creek near Fairburn ...... 69 C12. 06406920, Spring Creek above Sheridan Lake, near Keystone...... 69 C13. 06407000, Spring Creek near Hill City ...... 69 C14. 06408000, Spring Creek near Rapid City ...... 69 C15. 06412510, Rapid Creek above Rapid City...... 70 C16. 06412810, Cleghorn Springs at Rapid City ...... 70 C17. 06413200, Rapid Creek below Park Drive, at Rapid City ...... 70 C18. 06413300, Leedy Ditch at headgate below Canyon Lake Dam, at Rapid City ...... 70 C19. 06413550, Leedy Ditch at mouth, at Rapid City ...... 70 C20. 06413570, Rapid Creek above Jackson Boulevard, at Rapid City...... 71 C21. 06413660, Storybook Ditch at headgate, at Rapid City...... 71 C22. 06413670, Storybook Ditch at mouth, at Rapid City...... 71 C23. 06414700, Rapid Creek at East Main Street, at Rapid City...... 71 C24. 06415500, Hawthorne Ditch at Rapid City...... 72 C25. 06416000, Rapid Creek below Hawthorne Ditch, at Rapid City...... 72 C26. 06416300, Meade Street Drain at Rapid City...... 72 C27. 06422398, Boxelder Creek at Nemo...... 73 C28. 06422600, Boxelder Creek at Camp Columbus, near Nemo...... 73 C29. 06422650, Boxelder Creek at Doty School, near Blackhawk...... 73 C30. 06423000, Boxelder Creek at Blackhawk...... 73 C31. 06424500, Elk Creek above Piedmont...... 74 C32. 06430540, Cox Lake outlet near Beulah, WY...... 74

Section D. Summary of streamflow records for stations with 5 to 9 years of daily record—Tables of mean flow, in cubic feet per second, and statistics for stations: D1. 06394500, Beaver Creek near Burdock ...... 77 D2. 06404800, Grace Coolidge Creek near Hayward ...... 77 D3. 06405500, Grace Coolidge Creek near Hermosa ...... 77 D4. 06405800, Bear Gulch near Hayward...... 78 D5. 06406500, Battle Creek below Hermosa ...... 78 D6. 06408860, Rapid Creek near Rochford ...... 78 D7. 06412200, Rapid Creek above Victoria Creek...... 79 D8. 06412600, Cleghorn Springs main channel at Fish Hatchery, at Rapid City...... 79 D9. 06412700, Cleghorn Springs south channel at Fish Hatchery, at Rapid City...... 79 D10. 06412800, Cleghorn Springs north channel at Fish Hatchery, at Rapid City ...... 80 D11. 06412900, Rapid Creek below Cleghorn Springs, at Rapid City ...... 80 D12. 06413650, Lime Creek at mouth, at Rapid City ...... 80 D13. 06413700, Rapid Creek above Water Treatment Plant, at Rapid City...... 81 D14. 06413800, Deadwood Avenue Drain at mouth, at Rapid City...... 81 D15. 06422000, Rapid Creek at Creston ...... 81 D16. 06424000, Elk Creek near Roubaix ...... 82 D17. 06429997, Murray Ditch above headgate, at Wyoming-South Dakota State line ...... 82 D18. 06430770, Spearfish Creek near Lead ...... 82 D19. 06430800, Annie Creek near Lead ...... 83 D20. 06430850, Little Spearfish Creek near Lead ...... 83 D21. 06430898, Squaw Creek near Spearfish ...... 83 D22. 06430900, Spearfish Creek above Spearfish...... 84 D23. 06432020, Spearfish Creek below Spearfish ...... 84 D24. 06436156, Whitetail Creek at Lead ...... 84 D25. 06436500, Horse Creek near Newell ...... 85 D26. 06437020, Bear Butte Creek near Deadwood...... 85 D27. 06437200, Bear Butte Creek near Galena...... 85

Contents V Section E. Summary of streamflow records for stations with 10 or more years of daily record— The following six tables are presented for station 06395000, Cheyenne River at Edgemont: E1.1 Mean flow, in cubic feet per second ...... 88 E1.2 Statistics on mean flow, in cubic feet per second ...... 89 E1.3 Serial correlation for 1-year time lag for monthly mean flow ...... 89 E1.4 Correlation matrix for monthly mean flow...... 89 E1.5 Lowest mean flow, in cubic feet per second, and ranking ...... 90 E1.6 Highest mean flow, in cubic feet per second, and ranking ...... 91

A series of six similar tables are presented for stations: E2.1 - 2.6 06400000, Hat Creek near Edgemont...... 92-95 E3.1 - 3.6 06400497, Cascade Springs near Hot Springs...... 96-99 E4.1 - 4.6 06400500, Cheyenne River near Hot Springs...... 100-103 E5.1 - 5.6 06400875, Horsehead Creek at Oelrichs ...... 104-105 E6.1 - 6.6 06401500, Cheyenne River below Angostura Dam...... 106-109 E7.1 - 7.6 06402000, Fall River at Hot Springs ...... 110-113 E8.1 - 8.6 06402500, Beaver Creek near Buffalo Gap ...... 114-117 E9.1 - 9.6 06402600, Cheyenne River near Buffalo Gap ...... 118-119 E10.1 - 10.6 06403300, French Creek above Fairburn...... 120-121 E11.1 - 11.6 06404000, Battle Creek near Keystone ...... 122-125 E12.1 - 12.6 06404998, Grace Coolidge Creek near Game Lodge, near Custer...... 126-129 E13.1 - 13.6 06405000, Grace Coolidge Creek near Custer ...... 130-131 E14.1 - 14.6 06406000, Battle Creek at Hermosa...... 132-135 E15.1 - 15.6 06407500, Spring Creek near Keystone ...... 136-137 E16.1 - 16.6 06408500, Spring Creek near Hermosa...... 138-141 E17.1 - 17.6 06408700, Rhoads Fork near Rochford...... 142-143 E18.1 - 18.6 06409000, Castle Creek above Deerfield Reservoir, near Hill City ...... 144-147 E19.1 - 19.6 06410000, Castle Creek below Deerfield Dam ...... 148-151 E20.1 - 20.6 06410500, Rapid Creek above Pactola Reservoir, at Silver City...... 152-155 E21.1 - 21.6 06411500, Rapid Creek below Pactola Dam ...... 156-159 E22.1 - 22.6. 06412000, Rapid Creek at Big Bend ...... 160-161 E23.1 - 23.6. 06412500, Rapid Creek above Canyon Lake, near Rapid City ...... 162-165 E24.1 - 24.6. 06414000, Rapid Creek at Rapid City...... 166-169 E25.1 - 25.6. 06418900, Rapid Creek below Sewage Plant, near Rapid City...... 170-171 E26.1 - 26.6. 06421500, Rapid Creek near Farmingdale ...... 172-175 E27.1 - 27.6. 06422500, Boxelder Creek near Nemo...... 176-179 E28.1 - 28.6. 06423010, Boxelder Creek near Rapid City...... 180-181 E29.1 - 29.6. 06423500, Cheyenne River near Wasta ...... 182-187 E30.1 - 30.6. 06425100, Elk Creek near Rapid City...... 188-189 E31.1 - 31.6. 06425500, Elk Creek near Elm Springs...... 190-193 E32.1 - 32.6 06428500, Belle Fourche River at Wyoming-South Dakota State line ...... 194-197 E33.1 - 33.6. 06430000, Murray Ditch at Wyoming-South Dakota State line...... 198-201 E34.1 - 34.6. 06430500, Redwater Creek at Wyoming-South Dakota State line...... 202-205 E35.1 - 35.6. 06431500, Spearfish Creek at Spearfish...... 206-209 E36.1 - 36.6. 06433000, Redwater River above Belle Fourche ...... 210-213 E37.1 - 37.6. 06433500, Hay Creek at Belle Fourche...... 214-217 E38.1 - 38.6. 06434500, Inlet Canal near Belle Fourche ...... 218-221 E39.1 - 39.6. 06435500, Belle Fourche River near Belle Fourche...... 222-225 E40.1 - 40.6. 06436000, Belle Fourche River near Fruitdale...... 226-229 E41.1 - 41.6. 06436170, Whitewood Creek at Deadwood ...... 230-231 E42.1 - 42.6. 06436180, Whitewood Creek above Whitewood ...... 232-233 E43.1 - 43.6. 06436190, Whitewood Creek near Whitewood...... 234-235 E44.1 - 44.6. 06436198, Whitewood Creek above Vale...... 236-237 E45.1 - 45.6. 06436700, Indian Creek near Arpan...... 238-241 E46.1 - 46.6 06436760, Horse Creek above Vale...... 242-243

VI Contents Section E. Summary of streamflow records for stations with 10 or more years of daily record—Continued E47.1 - 47.6. 06436800, Horse Creek near Vale ...... 244-247 E48.1 - 48.6. 06437000, Belle Fourche River near Sturgis ...... 248-251 E49.1 - 49.6. 06437500, Bear Butte Creek near Sturgis ...... 252-255 E50.1 - 50.6. 06438000, Belle Fourche River near Elm Springs ...... 256-259 E51.1 - 51.6. 06438500, Cheyenne River near Plainview ...... 260-273 E52.1 - 52.6. 06439300, Cheyenne River at Cherry Creek ...... 264-267

Section F. Graphs showing variations in flow for stations with 10 or more years of daily record— A series of figures, each of which contains the following four graphs, is presented: A. Annual mean flow B. Distribution on monthly mean flow C. Duration curve of daily mean flow D. Duration hydrographs of daily mean flow Figures are presented for the following stations: F1. 06395000, Cheyenne River at Edgemont...... 271 F2. 06400000, Hat Creek near Edgemont ...... 272 F3. 06400497, Cascade Springs near Hot Springs ...... 273 F4. 06400500, Cheyenne River near Hot Springs ...... 274 F5. 06400875, Horsehead Creek at Oelrichs...... 275 F6. 06401500, Cheyenne River below Angostura Dam ...... 276 F7. 06402000, Fall River at Hot Springs...... 277 F8. 06402500, Beaver Creek near Buffalo Gap...... 278 F9. 06402600, Cheyenne River near Buffalo Gap...... 279 F10. 06403300, French Creek above Fairburn ...... 280 F11. 06404000, Battle Creek near Keystone...... 281 F12. 06404998, Grace Coolidge Creek near Game Lodge, near Custer ...... 282 F13. 06405000, Grace Coolidge Creek near Custer...... 283 F14. 06406000, Battle Creek at Hermosa ...... 284 F15. 06407500, Spring Creek near Keystone...... 285 F16. 06408500, Spring Creek near Hermosa ...... 286 F17. 06408700, Rhoads Fork near Rochford ...... 287 F18. 06409000, Castle Creek above Deerfield Reservoir, near Hill City...... 288 F19. 06410000, Castle Creek below Deerfield Dam...... 289 F20. 06410500, Rapid Creek above Pactola Reservoir, at Silver City ...... 290 F21. 06411500, Rapid Creek below Pactola Dam...... 291 F22. 06412000, Rapid Creek at Big Bend...... 292 F23. 06412500, Rapid Creek above Canyon Lake, near Rapid City...... 293 F24. 06414000, Rapid Creek at Rapid City ...... 294 F25. 06418900, Rapid Creek below Sewage Plant, near Rapid City ...... 295 F26. 06421500, Rapid Creek near Farmingdale...... 296 F27. 06422500, Boxelder Creek near Nemo ...... 297 F28. 06423010, Boxelder Creek near Rapid City ...... 298 F29. 06423500, Cheyenne River near Wasta...... 299 F30. 06425100, Elk Creek near Rapid City ...... 300 F31. 06425500, Elk Creek near Elm Springs...... 301 F32. 06428500, Belle Fourche River at Wyoming-South Dakota State line...... 302 F33. 06430000, Murray Ditch at Wyoming-South Dakota State line ...... 303 F34. 06430500, Redwater Creek at Wyoming-South Dakota State line ...... 304 F35. 06431500, Spearfish Creek at Spearfish ...... 305 F36. 06433000, Redwater River above Belle Fourche...... 306 F37. 06433500, Hay Creek at Belle Fourche ...... 307 F38. 06434500, Inlet Canal near Belle Fourche...... 308 F39. 06435500, Belle Fourche River near Belle Fourche ...... 309 F40. 06436000, Belle Fourche River near Fruitdale ...... 310

Contents VII Section F. Graphs showing variations in flow for stations with 10 or more years of daily record—Continued F41. 06436170, Whitewood Creek at Deadwood...... 311 F42. 06436180, Whitewood Creek above Whitewood...... 312 F43. 06436190, Whitewood Creek near Whitewood ...... 313 F44. 06436198, Whitewood Creek above Vale ...... 314 F45. 06436700, Indian Creek near Arpan ...... 315 F46. 06436760, Horse Creek above Vale ...... 316 F47. 06436800, Horse Creek near Vale...... 317 F48. 06437000, Belle Fourche River near Sturgis...... 318 F49. 06437500, Bear Butte Creek near Sturgis...... 319 F50. 06438000, Belle Fourche River near Elm Springs...... 320 F51. 06438500, Cheyenne River near Plainview...... 321 F52. 06439300, Cheyenne River at Cherry Creek...... 322

VIII Contents CONVERSION FACTORS AND VERTICAL DATUM

Multiply By To obtain Length

inch (in.) 2.54 centimeter inch (in.) 25.4 millimeter foot (ft) 0.3048 meter mile (mi) 1.609 kilometer

Area

acre 4,047 square meter acre 0.4047 hectare square mile (mi2) 259.0 hectare square mile (mi2) 2.590 square kilometer

Volume

cubic foot (ft3) 0.02832 cubic meter acre-foot (acre-ft) 1,233 cubic meter acre-foot (acre-ft) 0.001233 cubic hectometer

Flow rate

inch per year (in/yr) 25.4 millimeter per year acre-foot per year (acre-ft/yr) 1,233 cubic meter per year acre-foot per year (acre-ft/yr) 0.001233 cubic hectometer per year cubic foot per second (ft3/s) 0.02832 cubic meter per second

Temperature in degrees Celsius (° C) may be converted to degrees Fahrenheit (° F) as follows:

° F = (1.8 × ° C) + 32

Temperature in degrees Fahrenheit (° F) may be converted to degrees Celsius (° C) as follows:

° C = (° F - 32) / 1.8

Sea level: In this report, "sea level" refers to the National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 (NGVD of 1929)—a geodetic datum derived from a general adjustment of the first-order level nets of both the United States and Canada, formerly called Sea Level Datum of 1929.

Water year: In Geological Survey reports dealing with surface-water supply, water year is the 12-month period, October 1 through September 30. The water year is designated by the calendar year in which it ends; thus, the water year ending September 30, 1993, is called the "1993 water year."

Streamflow Characteristics for the Black Hills of South Dakota, through Water Year 1993

By Lisa D. Miller and Daniel G. Driscoll

ABSTRACT largest variability in both annual and monthly flow. Streamflow variability for the interior crys- This report summarizes streamflow records talline basins, which are composed primarily of and describes streamflow characteristics for Precambrian and Tertiary igneous and metamor- streams draining the Black Hills of western South phic rocks, generally falls midway between the Dakota. Monthly and annual streamflow records interior sedimentary and exterior basins. Loss- are tabulated for all available years of record, zone stations, which are located downstream of through water year 1993, for 129 continuous- loss zones that occur where streams cross outcrops record gaging stations, including 111 stations for of the Madison Limestone and other overlying which records of daily flow are available and 18 sedimentary units, exhibit the widest range in stations for which only monthly records are avail- streamflow variability of any of the categories. able. Various summary statistics and graphics are Most of the loss-zone basins have springs located presented for stations with sufficient periods of upstream of the gaging stations, but downstream record. In addition to streamflow summaries, of the loss zones. Flow at several of the loss-zone records of monthend contents are presented for stations is dominated by large and consistent five reservoirs operated by the Bureau of springflow; however, flow at other loss-zone Reclamation in the Black Hills area. stations is dominated by streamflow losses or by Streamflow characteristics are described for tributary inflows between the loss zones and the four categories of hydrogeologic settings, includ- gaging stations, which results in extremely vari- ing interior sedimentary basins, interior crystalline able streamflow characteristics. It is demonstrated basins, interior basins downstream of loss zones that springflow in Battle, Spring, Elk, and Bear (loss-zone basins), and exterior basins. All of the Butte Creeks is much more variable than in interior basins are located predominantly within Cascade Springs, Fall River, Beaver Creek, and the outermost extent of the outcrop of the Inyan Redwater River. Kara Group and the exterior basins are located Interior crystalline basins and exterior predominantly beyond this outcrop. basins are shown to be much more responsive to Distinct differences in variability of annual climatic conditions than the springflow-dominated and monthly streamflow are described for the four basins. Zero-flow months have been recorded for categories of hydrogeologic settings. The interior all of the exterior basins and most of the interior sedimentary basins, which are dominated by crystalline basins; however, zero-flow months springflow from headwater areas, have the small- have not been recorded for any of the interior sed- est variability in both annual and monthly flow, as imentary basins. Zero-flow months have not been a group. The exterior basins, as a group, have the recorded for the loss-zone stations with large,

Abstract 1 consistent springflow; however, zero-flow months Purpose and Scope are common for loss-zone stations with smaller, less consistent springs. One of the specific objectives of the Black Hills Direct surface runoff is demonstrated to be Hydrology Study is to describe streamflow for the uncommon for outcrops of the Madison Lime- Black Hills area. The purpose of this report is to fulfill stone and Minnelusa Formation. Examination of that objective by summarizing streamflow records and streamflow records for two basins with large out- describing streamflow characteristics for streams crops of these formations indicates that direct draining the Black Hills of South Dakota. surface runoff seldom occurs. Annual streamflow is shown to increase Description of Study Area from south to north, which is consistent with climatic patterns for the area. Annual yield generally The Black Hills are situated between the is larger for all of the interior categories than for Cheyenne and Belle Fourche Rivers (fig. 1). The Belle the exterior basins; however, this is consistent with Fourche River, with a drainage area of 7,210 mi2 at larger precipitation and smaller evapotranspiration USGS gaging station 06438000, is the largest tributary rates at higher elevations. Annual yields generally to the Cheyenne River, which has a drainage area of are largest for the interior sedimentary basins; 23,900 mi2 at gaging station 06439300. The study area however, all of these basins are located in the northern Black Hills. Interior crystalline basins for the Black Hills Hydrology Study includes the topo- located in the northern Black Hills have annual graphically defined Black Hills, which is represented in yields that are comparable with interior sedimen- figures 1 and 2 by the outer extent of the outcrop of the tary basins. Inyan Kara Group.

Physiography and Climate INTRODUCTION The Black Hills area is an elongated, domal The Black Hills area is an important resource feature, about 125 mi long and 60 mi wide, that was center for the State of South Dakota. Not only do the uplifted during the Laramide orogeny (Feldman and Black Hills provide an economic base for western Heimlich, 1980). Elevations range from about 7,200 ft South Dakota through tourism, agriculture, the timber above sea level at the higher peaks to approximately industry, and mineral resources; they also are an impor- 3,000 ft in the surrounding plains. Most of the higher tant source of water. Water originating in the area is elevations are heavily forested with ponderosa pine, used for municipal, industrial, agricultural, and which is the primary product of an active timber indus- recreational purposes throughout much of western try. White spruce, quaking aspen, paper birch, and South Dakota. other native trees and shrubs are found in cooler, wetter Population growth and resource development have the potential to affect the quantity, quality, and areas (Orr, 1959). The lower elevations surrounding availability of water within the Black Hills area. the Hills are primarily urban, suburban, and agricul- Because of this concern, the Black Hills Hydrology tural. Numerous deciduous species such as cotton- Study was initiated in 1990 to assess the quantity, wood, ash, elm, oak, and willow are common along quality, and distribution of surface water and ground stream bottoms in the lower elevations. Rangeland, water in the Black Hills area of South Dakota (Driscoll, hayland, and winter wheat farming are the principal 1992). This long-term study is a cooperative effort agricultural uses for dryland areas. Alfalfa, corn, and between the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS); the South Dakota Department of Environment and Natural vegetables are produced in bottom lands and in irri- Resources; and the West Dakota Water Development gated areas. Various other crops, primarily for cattle District, which represents various local and county fodder, are produced in both dryland areas and in cooperators. bottom lands.

2 Streamflow Characteristics for the Black Hills of South Dakota, through Water Year 1993 97º ch data are presented. 98º MILES 99º RIVER KILOMETERS 100º 0204060 0 204060

MISSOURI 101º 06439300 Cherry Creek

Cr River 102º

06438500 Cherry Plainview 06423500 Elm Springs 06422000 Wasta Creston Farmingdale 06438000

Cr 06406500 103º 06420500 6425500

River EXPLANATION Caputa 06437000

Cr Cr 06419500 06400870

06400875

06421500 nne Oelrichs

a BLACK HILLS AREA BLACK HILLS HYDROLOGY STUDY AREA STREAMFLOW-GAGING STATION OUTSIDE STUDY AREA-- Number indicates station number 06436500 Elk he d

Cr se C Butte Battle r

se o r r Cheye o H 06420000 H Arpan Fourche

Cr Rapid 06437500 Bear Indian 06400870 104º . Area of investigation for Black Hills Hydrology Study showing locations gaging stations outside the study area whi

Belle Limestone Plateau Limestone 06436700 45º 44º Figure 1 43º

Introduction 3 104º 45' 30' Crow Indian Cr Horse 44º45' Belle Fourche Creek Reservoir Newell EXPLANATION Owl BELLE Creek Creek APPROXIMATE EXTENT OF BLACK

F Fruitdale HILLS AREA, REPRESENTED BY BELLE FOURCHE O UR CHE RIVER GENERALIZED OUTER EXTENT Hay Creek R Vale OF OUTCROP OF INYAN KARA E BUTTE CO V ER R I MEADE CO GROUP REDWAT LAWRENCE CO Cox Lake Creek GENERALIZED OUTCROP OF

Bear MADISON LIMESTONE 30' Spearfish AA'LINE OF GEOLOGIC SECTION Whitewood Creek SHOWN IN FIGURE 4

Gulch Creek

Whitewood STURGIS Iron Creek Butte Lake DEADWOOD 15' 103º Cr Galena A' Lead h s i f r

a e Bear p

S Elk

Roubaix Creek Spearfish Piedmont 15' N Little F Boxelder o r k

R a S. Fork Rapid Cr p i d Nemo Blackhawk Creek

rk Box Elder Fo Rochford s ad o N Fork Rapid h Cas Silver City RAPID CITY R tle Cr Big Bend Rapid e Cre Pactola Creek stl ek a Reservoir C Creek Deerfield V Deerfield icto Creek

S. Fork Reservoir ria r

44º Limestone Plateau C Sheridan pring e Lake S A Castl Hill City Creek

Keystone

KOTA Hayward

PENNINGTON CO Battle Hermosa CUSTER CO Grace Bear Creek

WYOMING C Gulch Creek Stockade o CUSTER o French Lake lid ge

SOUTH DA SOUTH Jewel Cave National Monument 45' CUSTER

STATE Fairburn Creek PARK

Canyon Beaver Pringle Wind Cave National Park Hell Creek Dewey Creek

k o Cottonwood o Buffalo Gap RIVER 30' Pass r Springs B d Cottonwoo l Cold Brook d S Reservoir o

FALL RIVER CO pri C Reservoir ng s Cr Burdock HOT SPRINGS Fall R Oral

CHEYE Cascade Springs NNE

Edgemont Horsehead Angostura 43º15' Reservoir Creek

Creek

Hat 01020MILES Base from U.S. Geological Survey digital data, 1:100,000; Quadrangle maps 1:24,000; and City Engineers map, 1991 01020KILOMETERS Figure 2. Generalized outcrop of Madison Limestone and outer extent of Inyan Kara Group, within study area for Black Hills Hydrology Study.

4 Streamflow Characteristics for the Black Hills of South Dakota, through Water Year 1993 The overall climate of the Black Hills area is angles that approach or exceed 10 degrees near the out- continental, with generally low precipitation amounts, crops, and decrease with distance from the uplift hot summers, cold winters, and extreme variations in (fig. 4). both precipitation and temperatures (Johnson, 1933). Many of the sedimentary units are aquifers, both Climatic conditions are locally affected by topography, within and beyond the study area. Recharge to these with generally lower temperatures and higher precipi- aquifers is from precipitation upon the outcrops and tation at the higher elevations. The average annual from stream infiltration along the flanks of the Black temperature (1961-90) for the Black Hills area is 43.9 Hills (Greene, 1993; Kyllonen and Peter, 1987; Peter, degrees Fahrenheit (U.S. Department of Commerce, 1985). Within the Paleozoic rock interval, aquifers in 1994), and ranges from 47.6 degrees at Hot Springs the Deadwood Formation, Madison Limestone, (fig. 2; elevation = 3,559 ft) to approximately 37 Minnelusa Formation, and Minnekahta Limestone are degrees near Deerfield Reservoir (elevation = 6,060 ft). used extensively. These aquifers are collectively con- Average annual precipitation is 21.30 in., and ranges fined by the underlying Precambrian rocks and the from 15.08 in. at Hot Springs to 28.65 in. at Lead overlying Spearfish Formation. Individually the aqui- (elevation = 5,350 ft). Average annual precipitation fers are separated by minor confining layers, or by rel- also generally increases from south to north, by as much as 5 to 10 in/yr (Addison, 1991). Average annual atively impermeable layers within the individual evaporation generally exceeds average annual precipi- formations. Leakance between these aquifers is tation throughout the study area. Average pan evapora- extremely variable (Greene, 1993; Peter, 1985). tion for April through October (U.S. Department of Within the Mesozoic rock interval, aquifers in the Commerce, 1994) is about 30 in. at Pactola Reservoir Inyan Kara Group are used extensively. Aquifers in (elevation = 4,720 ft) and about 50 in. at Oral various other units within the Mesozoic interval are (elevation = 2,960 ft). used locally to lesser degrees. As much as 4,000 ft of Cretaceous shales act as the upper confining layer to Hydrogeology aquifers in the Mesozoic interval. Artesian conditions generally exist within the Much of the surface-water hydrology of the aforementioned aquifers, where an upper confining Black Hills area is controlled by geologic features. The layer is present. Under artesian conditions, water in a oldest geologic units in the stratigraphic sequence are well will rise above the top of the aquifer in which it is the Precambrian metamorphic and igneous rocks completed. If the water level, or potentiometric (fig. 3), which are exposed in the central core of the surface, is above the land surface, a flowing well will Black Hills, extending from near Lead to south of result. Flowing wells and artesian springs that origi- Custer. The Precambrian rocks generally are of low nate from confined aquifers are common around the permeability; however, localized fracture systems can periphery of the Black Hills. The hydrogeologic set- provide adequate well yields for limited use. Various ting of the Black Hills area is schematically illustrated Tertiary intrusive rocks, with hydrogeologic character- in figure 5. istics similar to the Precambrian rocks, are exposed in the northern Black Hills. Reservoirs and Water Use Surrounding the central core is a layered series of sedimentary rocks including limestones, sandstones, Numerous agricultural, municipal, industrial, and shales that are exposed in roughly concentric rings and recreational users utilize available water supplies around the uplifted flanks of the Black Hills (DeWitt in the Black Hills area. The natural flows of many and others, 1989). The generalized outcrop of the streams within the study area are altered by regulation Madison Limestone, also known locally as the or diversions for these uses. Agricultural users in the Pahasapa Limestone, is shown as an example in area account for the largest consumptive uses of water, figure 2. The generalized outer extent of the outcrop of followed by municipal and industrial users. Major the Inyan Kara Group, which approximates the outer irrigation projects with large storage reservoirs are extent of the Black Hills uplift, also is shown in located along Rapid Creek and the Belle Fourche and figure 2. The bedrock sedimentary formations Cheyenne Rivers. Significant irrigation diversions also typically dip away from the uplifted Black Hills at occur from many other area streams.

Introduction 5 Light-gray shale with numerous large concretions and sandy layers. Dark-gray shale Light colored clays with sandstone channel fillings and local limestone lenses. Yellow to red cross-bedded sandstone, limestone, and anhydrite locally at top. Interbedded sandstone, limestone, dolomite, shale, and anhydrite. Red shale with interbedded limestone and sandstone at base. Massive light-colored limestone. Dolomite in part. Cavernous in upper part. Pink to buff limestone. Shale locally at base. Buff dolomite and limestone. Green shale with siltstone. Massive to thin-bedded buff purple sandstone. Greenish glauconitic shale flaggy dolomite and flatpebble limestone conglomerate. Sandstone, with conglomerate locally at the base. Schist, slate, quartzite, and arkosic grit. Intruded by diorite, metamorphosed to amphibolite, and by granite and pegmatite. Massive to slabby sandstone. Coarse gray to buff cross-bedded conglomeratic sandstone, interbedded with buff, red, and gray clay, especially toward top. Local fine-grained limestone. Gray shale with scattered limestone concretions. Clay spur bentonite at base. Light-gray siliceous shale. Fish scales and thin layers of bentonite. Brown to light yellow and white sandstone. Principal horizon of limestone lenses giving teepee buttes. Dark-gray shale containing scattered concretions. Widely scattered limestone masses, giving small teepee buttes. Black fissile shale with concretions. Impure slabby limestone. Weathers buff. Dark-gray calcareous shale, with thin Orman Lake limestone at base. Greenish-gray shale, thin limestone lenses. Glauconltic sandstone; red sandstone near middle. Red siltstone, gypsum, and limestone. Red sandy shale, soft red sandstone and siltstone with gypsum and thin limestone layers. Gypsum locally near the base. Massive gray, laminated limestone. Red shale and sandstone. Green to maroon shale. Thin sandstone. Massive fine-grained sandstone. 0-25 0-45 0-60 20-60 30-50 30-60 0-100 0-600 0-220 0-225 10-400 10-200 10-188 25-485 50-135 (25-30) 100-225400-750 Impure chalk and calcareous shale. 300-550 150-250 170-270 Dark gray to black siliceous shale. 250-450 250-700 350-850 300-630 (200-350) 1200-2000 IN FEET THICKNESS . . . South Dakota School of Mines and Technology (written commun., January 1994) . Modified from information furnished by the Department of Geology and Geological Engineering, DYNNESON NEWCASTLE Turner Sand Member Wall Creek Sands Sharon Springs Mem. Fuson Shale Minnewaste Limestone Goose Egg Equivalent Redwater Member Lak Member Hulett Member Stockade Beaver Canyon Spr Member MOWRY SHALE

GEOLOGIC UNIT SECTION DESCRIPTION

MUDDY FM

SANDSTONE LAKOTA

FALL RIVER FORMATION SKULL CREEK SHALE BELLE FOURCHE SHALE

WHITE RIVER GROUP GROUP CARLILE FORMATION PIERRE SHALE NIOBRARA FORMATION UNDIFFERENTIATED SANDS AND GRAVELSGREENHORN FORMATION 0-50 Sand, gravel, and boulders SUNDANCE FORMATION GYPSUM SPRING FORMATION MINNEKAHTA LIMESTONE OPECHE FORMATION MINNELUSA FORMATION MADISON (PAHASAPA) LIMESTONE ENGLEWOOD LIMESTONE WHITEWOOD (RED RIVER) FORMATION WINNIPEG FORMATION DEADWOOD FORMATION UNDIFFERENTIATED METAMORPHIC AND IGNEOUS ROCKS MORRISON FORMATION SPEARFISH FORMATION

GRANEROS GROUP GRANEROS INYAN KARA INYAN UNKPAPA SS Kp Kb Tw R Jsg Kng pCu Kms Pmo T Ps KJim P Pm MDpe OCwd FOR Qal, Qw, Qt INTERVAL ABBREVIATION STRATIGRAPHIC 1 PERMIAN TRIASSIC TERTIARY JURASSIC SYSTEM DEVONIAN CAMBRIAN ORDOVICIAN

QUATERNARY CRETACEOUS MISSISSIPPIAN & TERTIARY (?)

PENNSYLVANIAN Stratigraphic section for the Black Hills. AEZI EOOCCENOZOIC MESOZOIC PALEOZOIC PRECAMBRIAN Also may include intrusive igneous rocks 1 ERATHEM Figure 3.

6 Streamflow Characteristics for the Black Hills of South Dakota, through Water Year 1993 A' Kng Kb KJim R T Ps MDpe P Pm Kms

interval is shown in figure 3). pCu Elk Creek Elk Jsg OCwd Pmo Modified from Ed DeWitt and others, 1989 MDpe Whitewood Anticline

OCwd Boxelder Creek Boxelder MILES pCu KILOMETERS

OCwd South Fork Rapid Creek Rapid Fork South

0510 0510 North Fork Castle Creek Castle Fork North pCu

MDpe Castle Creek Castle OCwd pCu MDpe Fanny Peak Monocline

P Pm SOUTH DAKOTA SOUTH Generalized geologic section A-A'. (Location of is shown in figure 2. Explanation abbreviation for stratigraphic

Topography and contact placement on this cross section are slightly stylized to accomodate the 5X vertical exaggeration VERTICAL EXAGGERATION = 5X WYOMING A SEA FEET Figure 4. 7,000 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 1,000 2,000 3,000 LEVEL

Introduction 7 EXPLANATION AQUIFER CONFINING UNIT

Potentiometric surface Water of Madison aquifer table

Alluvial aquifer

Spring Flowing conduit well Precambrian metamorphic and igneous rocks

Deadwood Cave Inyan Kara Group

Minnekahta Madison Limestone

Formation

Minnelusa Limestone

Formation

Dip of sedimentary rocks exaggerated Relative thickness NOT TO SCALE

Figure 5. Schematic showing simplified hydrogeologic setting of the Black Hills area.

The USGS and the Bureau of Reclamation 122,100 acre-ft, of which active conservation capacity (Reclamation) have cooperated in collection and publi- is 82,400 acre-ft and inactive capacity is 39,700 acre-ft. cation of storage information for five reservoirs Dead storage (storage below lowest outlet point) is (Angostura, Deerfield, Pactola, Keyhole, and Belle 8,600 acre-ft, and surcharge capacity (capacity above Fourche) in the Black Hills area. The USGS typically crest of spillway) is 56,400 acre-ft (Bureau of has assisted in collection of stage information, which is Reclamation, 1997). used by Reclamation for calculating records of reser- Deerfield Reservoir (fig. 2) is formed by an voir contents. Records of monthend reservoir contents earthfill dam on Castle Creek, a major tributary to are provided by Reclamation for publication in USGS Rapid Creek. Water from Deerfield Reservoir is used data reports. Records of monthend contents for for municipal supply for Rapid City and for irrigation Angostura, Deerfield, Pactola, Keyhole, and Belle in the Rapid Valley Project downstream of Rapid City. Fourche Reservoirs, which have been published pre- Storage began in December 1945 and the dam was viously by the USGS, are summarized for all available completed in 1947. Active conservation capacity is years of record in Section A of the Supplemental Infor- 15,504 acre-ft, dead storage is 151 acre-ft, and sur- mation section at the back of this report. The following charge capacity is 26,655 acre-ft (Bureau of paragraphs provide a brief description of each of these Reclamation, 1997). reservoirs. Pactola Reservoir (fig. 2) is formed by an earth- Angostura Reservoir (fig. 2) is formed by a com- fill dam on Rapid Creek. Water from Pactola Reservoir posite dam consisting of a concrete gravity structure is used for municipal supply for Rapid City and for and an earth embankment on the Cheyenne River. irrigation in the Rapid Valley Project downstream of Water stored in the reservoir is used primarily for Rapid City. The dam was completed in August 1956, irrigation. Storage began in October 1949 and the dam and storage began that same month. Active conserva- was completed in December 1949. Live capacity is tion capacity is 54,955 acre-ft, inactive capacity is

8 Streamflow Characteristics for the Black Hills of South Dakota, through Water Year 1993 895 acre-ft, and dead storage is 122 acre-ft. Pactola small. Potential, minor effects of small reservoirs gen- Reservoir also provides 43,057 acre-ft of exclusive erally are noted in station descriptions in USGS data flood-control storage and 41,892 acre-ft of surcharge reports. capacity (Bureau of Reclamation, 1997). The City of Rapid City is the largest municipal Keyhole Reservoir, which is located in Wyoming user of both surface and ground water in the Black Hills about 50 mi west of Spearfish, South Dakota, is formed area. Numerous industries within Rapid City use by an earthfill dam on the Belle Fourche River. The modest quantities of water, most of which are obtained reservoir provides supplemental irrigation storage for from the City’s municipal supply. The largest indus- the Belle Fourche Project, which is located 146 river trial user in the Black Hills area is the Homestake miles downstream. Keyhole Reservoir also supplies Mining Company in Lead, which also supplies water to water for irrigation between the reservoir and the Belle the Cities of Deadwood and Lead. An interbasin Fourche Project. Storage began in February 1952, and collection system is used to divert water to Whitewood the dam was completed in October 1952. Active con- Creek from Rapid, Elk, and Spearfish Creeks for these servation capacity is 185,801 acre-ft, inactive capacity municipal and industrial uses. Homestake Mining is 7,226 acre-ft, and dead storage is 726 acre-ft. Sur- charge capacity is 294,810 acre-ft, of which Company also diverts water from Spearfish Creek for 140,462 acre-ft is designated as exclusive flood-con- two hydropower stations; however, these flows are trol storage (Bureau of Reclamation, 1997). returned to Spearfish Creek. Belle Fourche Reservoir (fig. 2) is an off-stream reservoir formed by an earthen dam on Owl Creek. Acknowledgments Water is diverted from the Belle Fourche River through the Inlet Canal and is used for irrigation of project areas The authors acknowledge the efforts of the West within and beyond the northern part of the study area. Dakota Water Development District for helping to Storage began in May 1910 and the dam was completed develop the Black Hills Hydrology Study. West in April 1911. Active conservation capacity is Dakota’s coordination of various local and county 185,277 acre-ft, dead storage is 6,800 acre-ft, and sur- cooperators has been a key element in making this charge capacity is 86,139 acre-ft (Bureau of Reclama- study possible. The authors also recognize the numer- tion, 1997). ous local and county cooperators represented by West Two small flood control reservoirs constructed Dakota, as well as the numerous private citizens who by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers are known to have helped provide guidance and support for the affect high flows of the Fall River near Hot Springs

(fig. 2). Cold Brook Reservoir, with a capacity of Black Hills Hydrology Study. In addition, the 7,200 acre-ft, has regulated flows from Cold Brook guidance and support of the South Dakota Department since September 1952. Perennial flows occur into Cold of Environment and Natural Resources is acknow- Brook Reservoir; however, outflows are approximately ledged. equal to inflows, except when flood flows are stored (Kevin Grode, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, written commun., Feb. 23, 1994). Cottonwood Springs Reser- SUMMARY OF STREAMFLOW GAGING IN voir, with a capacity of 8,385 acre-ft, has regulated THE BLACK HILLS flows from Cottonwood Springs Creek since June 1969. Small, intermittent flows occur into Cottonwood Since the turn of the century, more than 100 Springs Reservoir; however, extended periods of zero continuous-record streamflow-gaging stations have inflow are common (Kevin Grode, U.S. Army Corps of been operated in the Black Hills area by the USGS. Engineers, oral commun., Feb. 23, 1994). Over the years, this network has been adapted to meet Numerous other small reservoirs and stock dams specific needs of Federal, State, and local cooperators are located within the study area. Most of these are to provide streamflow data for a variety of purposes operated as pass-through reservoirs under most condi- (Little and Matthews, 1985). The following sections tions. The individual effects of such reservoirs on describe the history of streamflow gaging and summa- streamflow at various gaging stations generally are rize available streamflow records for the study area.

Summary of Streamflow Gaging in the Black Hills 9 History of Streamflow Gaging established along Whitewood Creek in the early-1980’s to monitor and study potential environmental problems A list of continuous-record gaging stations oper- associated with mining activities upstream (Goddard, ated in the Black Hills area is presented in table 1. 1989). Stations are arranged by station numbers, which Numerous stations have been operated in coop- increase in a downstream direction, according to the eration with various State and local agencies. Many USGS downstream order system. Collection of stations have been operated for water-rights purposes streamflow data began in 1903 under the authority of since the 1940’s, in cooperation with the South Dakota the Sundry Civil Bill. A total of 13 stations were Department of Environment and Natural Resources. In installed in the area during the period from 1903 1988, numerous stations were established along Rapid through 1906; however, the program was discontinued Creek as part of a study of ground-water/surface-water in 1907 (Larimer, 1970). Eight new stations, as well as interactions. Numerous stations also were established several stations that had been operated previously, were in Pennington and Lawrence Counties during the late installed during four periods (1912-15, 1928-29, 1980’s and early 1990’s, as part of hydrologic investi- 1932-34, and 1938) of modest growth in the gaging gations in these counties. As of March 1994, nineteen program. Several of the stations installed during continuous-record streamflow-gaging stations, 1928-29 were under authority of the Flood Control Act, including many of the aforementioned Pennington and which established many stations on the Missouri River Lawrence County gages, were being operated as part of and its major tributaries (Little and Matthews, 1985). the Black Hills Hydrology Study (Driscoll, 1994). Two stations have been operated continuously since Prior to about 1940, continuous streamflow data 1934 (06423500 and 06438000) and constitute the were obtained primarily from daily water-stage (height longest continuous streamflow records in the Black of the water surface above a reference elevation) mea- Hills area. surements made by observers. After the mid-1940’s, Beginning in the 1940’s, numerous additional most continuous records of stage have been obtained gaging stations were installed and operated for various from water-stage recorders, which generally record purposes. Several Federal programs such as the stage on either a continuous basis or at selected time Hydrologic Bench-Mark Network, National Stream- intervals. Stage-discharge relations are developed for Quality Accounting Network, and Missouri River specific stream locations from periodic discharge Basin Program have supported numerous gaging measurements made at known stages (Wahl and others, stations, primarily on major tributaries to the Missouri 1995). These relations, in combination with stage River. Both the Hydrologic Bench-Mark Network and records, are used to calculate streamflow records. the National Stream-Quality Accounting Network were designed by the USGS to obtain hydrologic data at selected sites throughout the country. The Missouri Summary of Streamflow Records River Basin Program is supported primarily by the Bureau of Reclamation and is used to manage water Summaries of streamflow records are presented resources in the region. During the mid-1940’s, many for 129 continuous-record gaging stations that have streamflow-gaging stations were established under the been operated by the USGS within, or downstream Pick-Sloan Plan for Missouri Basin development from, the study area for the Black Hills Hydrology (Decker, 1991). Additional stations were established Study. This includes 111 stations for which records of during the late 1940’s through the early 1960’s in the daily flow have been reported and 18 stations for which Black Hills area for management of the Rapid Valley only monthly records are available. For the stations and Belle Fourche irrigation projects. In 1980 and with records of daily flow, 32 have less than 5 years of 1981, several stations were established along Rapid record, 27 have between 5 and 9 years of record, and 52 Creek in Rapid City as part of the U. S. Environmental have 10 or more years of record. Protection Agency’s Nationwide Urban Runoff The following summaries generally are pre- Program (Goddard and Lockner, 1989). A portion of sented by water year, which is the standard format for Whitewood Creek and the adjacent flood plain was publication of streamflow records by the USGS (Rantz listed as an Interim Priority Site under the Comprehen- and others, 1982). A water year is a 12-month period sive Environmental Response Compensation and that extends from October 1 through September 30 and Liability Act of 1980. As a result, stations were is designated by the calender year in which it ends.

10 Streamflow Characteristics for the Black Hills of South Dakota, through Water Year 1993 Graphic representation of period of record 1900 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 2000

Period of record Period through water 1993through year 1905-07, 1928-32 1905-07, 1978-80 1978-80 1947-93 1928-33, 1903-07, 1951-93 1905-06, 1976-93 1943-72 1915-20, 1982-83 1983-93 1946-93 1938-93 1991-93 1991-93 1938-93 1969-80 1991-92 1991-93 1945-47 1982-93 1945-47 1962-93 1945-47, 1945-47 1989-93 1977-93 1967-76 1945-47, ations operated in Black Hills area Game Lodge, near Custer Station name Beaver Creek near Burdock near Creek Beaver Custer near Cave, Jewel near Canyon Hell Custer near Hell Canyon at Edgemont River Cheyenne Hat Creek near Edgemont Cascade Springs near Hot near Hot Springs River Cheyenne Horsehead Creek near Oelrichs Horsehead Creek at Oelrichs Dam Angostura below River Cheyenne at Hot Springs River Fall Pringle near Creek Beaver Gap Buffalo above Creek Beaver Gap Buffalo near Creek Beaver Gap near Buffalo River Cheyenne Custer below Creek French Custer near Lake, Stockade above French Creek French Creek near Custer Fairburn above Creek French French Creek near Fairburn Keystone near Creek Battle Hermosa near Creek Battle Grace Coolidge Creek near Hayward Grace Coolidge Creek near Grace Coolidge Creek near Custer Continuous-record streamflow-gaging st

. Station number 06394500 06394600 06394605 06395000 06400000 06400497 06400500 06400870 06400875 06401500 06402000 06402430 06402470 06402500 06402600 06402990 06402995 06403000 06403300 06403500 06404000 06404500 06404800 06404998 06405000 Table 1

Summary of Streamflow Gaging in the Black Hills 11 Graphic representation of period of record 1900 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 2000 Period of record of Period through water year 1993 water year through 1978-80 1978-80 1945-47, 1989-93 1903, 1949-93 1989-93 1951-53, 1991-93 1938-40 1987-93 1945-47, 1945-47 1903-06, 1949-93 1982-93 1988-93 1948-93 1946-93 1954-93 1946-93 1929-32, 1932-43 1915-17, 1989-93 1946-93 1991 1988-92 1988-92 1988-92 1993 1988-93 1946-51 ions operatedarea—Continued in Black Hills Fish Hatchery, at Rapid City at Rapid Hatchery, Fish Fish Hatchery, at Rapid City Fish Hatchery, Reservoir, near Hill Hill City near Reservoir, Station name channel at Fish Hatchery, at Rapid City at Rapid City channel at Fish Hatchery, Grace Coolidge Creek near Fairburn near Creek Grace Coolidge Hermosa near Creek Grace Coolidge Hayward near Gulch Bear at Hermosa Creek Battle Hermosa Battle Creek below near Keystone Sheridan Lake, above Spring Creek Hill City near Spring Creek Keystone near Spring Creek City Rapid near Spring Creek Hermosa near Spring Creek Rochford near Fork Rhoads Rapid Creek near Rochford Deerfield above Castle Creek Dam Deerfield below Creek Castle City at Silver Reservoir, Pactola Rapid Creek above Dam Pactola Rapid Creek below Rapid Creek at Big Bend Creek, City near Rapid Victoria Rapid Creek above near Rapid City Lake, Canyon Rapid Creek above Rapid City Rapid Creek above at Springs main channel Cleghorn Springs south Cleghorn channel at Springs north Cleghorn Rapid City Springs at Cleghorn City at Rapid Springs, Cleghorn Rapid Creek below Bennett Ditch City at Rapid . Continuous-record streamflow-gaging stat Station number 06405400 06405500 06405800 06406000 06406500 06406920 06407000 06407500 06408000 06408500 06408700 06408860 06409000 06410000 06410500 06411500 06412000 06412200 06412500 06412510 06412600 06412700 06412800 06412810 06412900 06413000 Table 1 Table

12 Streamflow Characteristics for the Black Hills of South Dakota, through Water Year 1993 Graphic representation of period of record 1900 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 2000 Period of record Period through water 1993through year 1988-90 1988-90 1946-51 1988-90 1988-90 1988-93 1981-82, 1988-90 1988-90 1988-90 1980-82, 1987-90 1981-82, 1942-93 1903-07, 1946-53 1980-82 1946-53 1981-82 1946-53, 1980-82 1946-53, 1980 1946-53 1946-53 1946-53 1946-53 1946-53 1982-93 1946-53 1946-53 1946-53 ns operated in Black Hills area—Continued Canyon Lake Dam, at Rapid City Dam, at Rapid Lake Canyon e Ditch, at Rapid City eatPlant, at Rapid City ant Ditch, near Rapid City Rapid ant Ditch, near mouth, at Rapid City at Rapid mouth, Boulvard, at Rapid City at Boulvard, Plant, near Rapid City Station name Street, at Rapid City gate, at Rapid City gate, h at Rapid City h, at Rapid City h, at Rapid City Rapid Creek below Park Drive, at Rapid City Drive, Park Rapid Creek below below Leedy Ditch at headgate Leedy Ditch at Rapid City Leedy Ditch at mout Jackson above Rapid Creek at mout Lime Creek at head Ditch Storybook City Rapid at mouth, Ditch Storybook Tr Water above Rapid Creek Drain at Avenue Deadwood Rapid City at Rapid Creek City at Rapid Ditch Iowa East Main at Rapid Creek Rapid City Ditch at Lockart Ditch at Hawthorne Rapid City Hawthorn below Rapid Creek Meade Street Drain at Rapid City City Rapid Ditch near Murphy Cyclone Ditch near Rapid City South Side Ditch near Rapid City City Rapid near Ditch Giant Little Little Gi below Rapid Creek Sewage below Rapid Creek Ditch near Rapid City Lone Tree Caputa at Ditch Germain Saint Caputa at Rapid Creek . Continuous-record streamflow-gaging statio streamflow-gaging . Continuous-record Station number 06413200 06413300 06413500 06413550 06413570 06413650 06413660 06413670 06413700 06413800 06414000 06414500 06414700 06415000 06415500 06416000 06416300 06416500 06417000 06417500 06418000 06418500 06418900 06419000 06419500 06420000 Table 1

Summary of Streamflow Gaging in the Black Hills 13 Graphic representation of period of record 1900 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 2000 Period of record of Period through water year 1993 water year through 1946-53 1991-93 1946-89, 1990 1929-32, 1978-80 1966-93 1945-47, 1978-80 1978-80 1945-47 1903-06, 1978-93 1928-32, 1934-93 1914-15, 1992-93 1945-47, 1945-47 1979-93 1949-93 1947-93 1903-06 1987-93 1954-87 1936-37, 1954-93 1929-31, 1991-93 1989-93 1989-93 1989-93 1989-93 1989-93 1904-07 kota State line State kota ions operatedarea—Continued in Black Hills Wyoming-South Da Wyoming-South ing-South State line Dakota South State line Dakota Station name ng-South State line Dakota near Farmingdale Hammerquist Ditch Rapid Creek near Farmingdale Rapid Creek at Creston Creek at Nemo Boxelder Creek near Nemo Boxelder near Nemo Creek at Camp Columbus, Boxelder Creek at near Blackhawk Doty School, Boxelder Creek at Blackhawk Boxelder Creek near City Rapid Boxelder near Wasta River Cheyenne Elk Creek near Roubaix Piedmont above Creek Elk Elk Creek near Rapid City Elk Creek near Elm Springs Wyom at River Fourche Belle Fourche Belle at River Fourche Belle at headgate, Murray Ditch above Murray Ditch at Wyoming- Redwater Creek at Wyomi outlet near Beulah, WY Cox Lake Creek near Lead Spearfish Annie Creek near Lead Creek near Lead Little Spearfish Spearfish near Creek Squaw Spearfish Creek above Spearfish Creek nearSpearfish Spearfish . Continuous-record streamflow-gaging stat Station number 06420500 06421500 06422000 06422398 06422500 06422600 06422650 06423000 06423010 06423500 06424000 06424500 06425100 06425500 06428500 06429000 06429997 06430000 06430500 06430540 06430770 06430800 06430850 06430898 06430900 06431000 Table 1 Table

14 Streamflow Characteristics for the Black Hills of South Dakota, through Water Year 1993 Graphic representation of period of record 1900 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 2000 Period of record Period through water 1993through year 1947-93 1903 1989-93 1904-06 1946-93 1954-93 1903-06 1946-93 1912-50 1906-07, 1946-93 1989-93 1982-93 1983-93 1982-93 1983-93 1962-69 1961-81 1981-93 1962-80 1946-93 1989-93 1965-69 1946-72 1934-93 1928-32, 1951-81 1960-93 ns operated in Black Hills area—Continued Ranch near Spearfish near Ranch Station name Spearfish Creek at Spearfish Spearfish Creek at Spearfish Creek at Toomey Spearfish Spearfish Creek below Spearfish at Minnesala Canal Redwater Fourche Belle above River Redwater Fourche at Belle Hay Creek Fourche at Belle Creek Redwater Inlet Canal near Belle Fourche near Belle Fourche BelleRiver Fourche Fruitdalenear River Belle Fourche at Lead Creek Whitetail Creek at Deadwood Whitewood Whitewood Creek above Whitewood Whitewood Creek near Whitewood Vale Creek above Whitewood Creek near Newell Horse Arpan Creek near Indian Vale Horse Creek above Vale near Creek Horse Sturgis near River Belle Fourche Deadwood near Butte Creek Bear Galena near Butte Creek Bear Sturgis near Butte Creek Bear Elm Springs near River Belle Fourche near Plainview River Cheyenne at Cherry Creek River Cheyenne . Continuous-record streamflow-gaging statio streamflow-gaging . Continuous-record Station number 06431500 06432000 06432020 06432500 06433000 06433500 06434000 06434500 06435500 06436000 06436156 06436170 06436180 06436190 06436198 06436500 06436700 06436760 06436800 06437000 06437020 06437200 06437500 06438000 06438500 06439300 Table 1

Summary of Streamflow Gaging in the Black Hills 15 Streamflow records in this report are summarized from Basin. Streamflow records for the Missouri River the first available year of record through water year Basin through WY 1970 have been summarized in a 1993 (WY 1993). Different types of summaries are series of multi-year compilations for water years presented in the Supplemental Information section for through 1950, WY 1951-60, WY 1961-65, and WY each of four categories, including: (1) Stations for 1965-70 (U.S. Geological Survey, 1959, 1964, 1969, which only monthly records are available; (2) stations and 1973). with less than 5 years of daily record; (3) stations with Most of the streamflow records that are summa- 5 to 9 years of daily record; and (4) stations with 10 or rized in this report are obtained from the USGS’s com- more years of daily record. Within each category, sta- puterized data base known as the Automated Data tions are arranged by station numbers, which increase Processing System (ADAPS). ADAPS is part of the in a downstream direction. National Water Information System (NWIS), which is Streamflow records for South Dakota have been used by the USGS to store and process water-related published in a variety of USGS publications. During data (Dempster, 1990). Various ADAPS application WY 1966-93, streamflow records have been published programs were used to develop statistical summaries of in a series of annual, state-wide "Water Resources streamflow records. Data" reports for South Dakota (U.S. Geological Sur- vey, 1967-94). During WY 1961-65, streamflow Stations With Records of Only Monthly Mean Flow records for South Dakota were included in joint annual reports for North Dakota and South Dakota (U.S. Geo- Descriptions of stations for which only monthly logical Survey, 1962-66). Prior to water year 1961, streamflow records are available are presented in streamflow records for South Dakota were published in table 2. Stations located within the study area for the a series of annual USGS Water-Supply Papers that con- Black Hills Hydrology Study are shown in figure 6. tained streamflow records for the Missouri River Stations 06419500, 06420000, and 06420500, which

Table 2. Site information for gaging stations for which only monthly streamflow records are available [NA, drainage area not applicable; --, drainage area undetermined]

Period of Area Latitude Longitude Station record Station name (square number (water years) miles) (degrees, minutes, seconds) 06413000 1946-51 Bennett Ditch at Rapid City NA 440330 1031640 06413500 1946-51 Leedy Ditch at Rapid City NA 440320 1031640 06414500 1946-53 Iowa Ditch at Rapid City NA 440500 1031200 06415000 1946-53 Lockart Ditch at Rapid City NA 440420 1031130 06416500 1946-53 Murphy Ditch near Rapid City NA 440340 1031000 06417000 1946-53 Cyclone Ditch near Rapid City NA 440320 1031000 06417500 1946-53 South Side Ditch near Rapid City NA 440240 1030800 06418000 1946-53 Little Giant Ditch near Rapid City NA 440240 1030730 06418500 1946-51 Rapid Creek below Little Giant Ditch, near Rapid City -- 440230 1030730 06419000 1946-53 Lone Tree Ditch near Rapid City NA 440120 1030400 06419500 1946-53 Saint Germain Ditch at Caputa NA 435950 1025950 06420000 1946-54 Rapid Creek at Caputa 509 435920 1025940 06420500 1946-53 Hammerquist Ditch near Farmingdale NA 435800 1025530 06429000 1903-06 Belle Fourche River at Belle Fourche 3,360 444030 1035120 06431000 1904-07 Spearfish Creek near Spearfish 157 442840 1035200 06432000 1903 Spearfish Creek at Toomey Ranch, near Spearfish 179 443310 1035230 06432500 1904-06 Redwater Canal at Minnesala NA 443900 1034800 06434000 1903-06 Redwater Creek at Belle Fourche 1,020 444020 1035010

16 Streamflow Characteristics for the Black Hills of South Dakota, through Water Year 1993 An electronic copy of figure 6 is not available. For more information, please contact Dan Driscoll (605) 355-4560.

Figure 6. Location of gaging stations within study area for which only monthly records are available.

Summary of Streamflow Gaging in the Black Hills 17 are located beyond the study area boundary, are shown station is presented in Section E of the Supplemental in figure 1. Monthly streamflow values for these sta- Information section. Graphical representations of vari- tions are summarized in Section B of the Supplemental ations in annual, monthly, and daily flow for each Information section. Annual streamflow values also station are presented in Section F of the Supplemental are presented for several stations; however, most sta- Information section. tions were operated only on a seasonal basis. All The tabular information for each station includes streamflow values for these stations are presented in a table of monthly and annual mean flows for the entire acre-feet. Records for several of the stations also were period of record and five additional tables of selected published as mean values in cubic feet per second in summary information for a selected, consistent period previous compilations (U.S. Geological Survey, 1959, of record. The summary information includes sum- 1964). All other streamflow records in subsequent mary statistics for monthly and annual mean flows, Supplemental Information sections are presented in correlation coefficients for 1-year serial correlations for cubic feet per second. monthly mean flows, correlation matrices for monthly mean flow, low-flow tables, and high-flow tables. Stations With Less Than 5 Years of Daily Record Graphical representations include graphs of annual mean flow, distribution of monthly mean flow, a dura- Descriptions of stations with less than 5 years of tion curve of daily mean flow, and duration hydro- daily record are presented in table 3. Stations located graphs of daily mean flow for each station. More within the study area for the Black Hills Hydrology detailed descriptions of tabular and graphical informa- Study are shown in figure 7. Station 06400870, which tion are presented in subsequent discussions. is located beyond the study area boundary, is shown in The summary information and graphical repre- figure 1. Monthly and annual streamflow values for sentations generally are presented only for consecutive, these stations are summarized in Section C of the complete years of hydrologically consistent record for Supplemental Information section. Daily flow values each station. The period of record used for summary for all of these stations are available in various, information and graphical representations is shown as previous USGS publications. the "Period of statistics record" in table 5. Using station 06400000, Hat Creek near Edgemont as an Stations With 5 to 9 Years of Daily Record example, statistics are not computed for WY 1905-06 Descriptions of stations with 5 to 9 years of because of the large break in record from 1907-50 record are presented in table 4. Stations located within (tables E2.1-2.6). the study area for the Black Hills Hydrology Study are Months of missing record are common during shown in figure 8. Stations 06406500, 06422000, and the first year of record for many stations or for stations 06436500, which are located beyond the study area that have been operated seasonally. Such years of boundary, are shown in figure 1. Monthly and annual incomplete record generally are excluded from statisti- streamflow values for these stations are presented in cal computations. Station 06400497, Cascade Springs Section D of the Supplemental Information section. A near Hot Springs (table 5), is an example of a station limited set of summary statistics also is presented for for which the first year of incomplete record is most stations in Section D. Maxima, minima, and excluded from statistical computations (tables E3.1- means are presented for monthly and annual values 3.6). Station 06395000, Cheyenne River near where 5 or more years of consecutive, complete record Edgemont, is an example of a station with seasonal are available. In tables with sufficient record for com- records (tables E1.1-1.6). putation of summary statistics, the period of record used for computations is shown. Months of missing record within a period of consistent record are uncommon. Occasional years with months of missing record within a year generally are Stations With 10 or More Years of Daily Record included in statistical computations because of prob- Descriptions of stations with 10 or more years of lems with excluding intermediate years in applications daily record are presented in table 5. Stations located programs for statistical computations. An example is within the study area for the Black Hills Hydrology station 06402000, Fall River near Hot Springs, for Study are shown in figure 9. Ten stations, which are which statistics are computed for WY 1939-93, in spite located beyond the study area boundary, are shown in of 3 months of incomplete record during WY 1947 figure 1. A summary of tabular information for each (tables E7.1-7.6).

18 Streamflow Characteristics for the Black Hills of South Dakota, through Water Year 1993

Table 3. Site information for gaging stations with less than 5 years of daily record [NA, drainage area not applicable; --, drainage area undetermined]

Period of Area Latitude Longitude Station record Station name (square number (water year) miles) (degrees, minutes, seconds) 06394600 1978-80 Hell Canyon near Jewel Cave, near Custer -- 434256 1035005 06394605 1978-80 Hell Canyon near Custer -- 433700 1035327 06400870 1982-83 Horsehead Creek near Oelrichs 108 430657 1031342 06402430 1991-93 Beaver Creek near Pringle 45.8 433453 1032834 06402470 1991-93 Beaver Creek above Buffalo Gap 111 433120 1032123 06402990 1991-92 French Creek below Custer 53.4 434614 1033304 06402995 1991-93 French Creek above Stockade Lake, near Custer 68.7 434610 1033210 06403000 1945-47 French Creek near Custer 98.0 434250 1032820 06403500 1945-47 French Creek near Fairburn 129 434050 1031610 06404500 1945-47 Battle Creek near Hermosa 108 434950 1031340 06405400 1978-80 Grace Coolidge Creek near Fairburn -- 434613 1032028 06406920 1991-93 Spring Creek above Sheridan Lake, near Keystone 127 435739 1032918 06407000 1938-40 Spring Creek near Hill City 142 435900 1032600 06408000 11903-06, Spring Creek near Rapid City 171 435920 1031555 1945-47 06412510 1991 Rapid Creek above Rapid City 371 440310 1031841 06412810 1993 Cleghorn Springs at Rapid City -- 440332 1031749 06413200 1988-90 Rapid Creek below Park Drive, at Rapid City 384 440333 1031702 06413300 1988-90 Leedy Ditch at headgate below Canyon Lake Dam, at NA 440327 1031712 Rapid City 06413550 1988-90 Leedy Ditch at mouth, at Rapid City NA 440349 1031618 06413570 1988-90 Rapid Creek above Jackson Boulevard, at Rapid City 391 440355 1031621 06413660 1988-90 Storybook Ditch at headgate, at Rapid City NA 440404 1031615 06413670 1988-90 Storybook Ditch at mouth, at Rapid City NA 440429 1031544 06414700 1980-82 Rapid Creek at East Main Street, at Rapid City 416 440445 1031212 06415500 11946-53, Hawthorne Ditch at Rapid City NA 440429 1031130 1981-82 06416000 11946-54, Rapid Creek below Hawthorne Ditch, at Rapid City 418 440400 1031025 1980-82 06416300 1980 Meade Street Drain at Rapid City 3.15 440351 1031132 06422398 1978-80 Boxelder Creek at Nemo -- 441148 1033014 06422600 1978-80 Boxelder Creek at Camp Columbus, near Nemo -- 440730 1032530 06422650 1978-80 Boxelder Creek at Doty School, near Blackhawk -- 440703 1032154 06423000 11903-06, Boxelder Creek at Blackhawk 128 440750 1031910 1945-47 06424500 1945-47 Elk Creek above Piedmont 49 441605 1032430 06430540 1991-93 Cox Lake outlet near Beulah, WY 0.07 443356 1035937

1Only monthly values available for early period.

Summary of Streamflow Gaging in the Black Hills 19 103º20' 17'30" 15' 104º 45' 30' Deadwoo Ave Li 79 Crow Indian me Cr Horse Creek Omaha Belle Fourche Draind 44º45' 44º5' Main St St Creek Reservoir Newell C Owl re BELLE Creek ek Creek RAPID CITY 0641367006413670 ve F Fruitdale Dri Water O ke Treatment BELLE FOURCHE U La d RC RIVER Blv Plant H n E o y 0641366006n413660Rapid Storybook Hay Creek a R Ditch Vale Cleghorn Springs C E BUTTE CO V Fish Hatchery 0641357006413570 R I son E R MEADE CO ck T d WA LAWRENCE CO Ja RED Cleghorn Springs 064135500641a 3550

a R r Cox 0641281006412810 k Lake 0643054006430540 Creek 0641320006413200

D Leedy Lane Canyon r Ditch Bear k 0641330006413300 e 0641251006412510 C re Lake e Spearfish k

30' Chapel a L Whitewood 44 n Creek a id R r apid e h Gulch Creek S 16 Whitewood 2'30" STURGIS Iron Creek Butte Lake DEADWOOD 15' 103º Cr Galena Lead h s i f r

a e Bear p S Elk 0642450006424500 Roubaix Creek Spearfish Piedmont 15' N Little F Boxelder o r k

R 0642239806422398 a S. Fork Rapid Cr p i d Nemo Blackhawk Creek

C r 0642300006423000 rk Box Elder Fo Rochford s 0642260006422600 ad 0641470006414700 o N Fork Rapid h Cas Silver City 0642265006422650 RAPID CITY R tle 0641550006415500 Cr Big Bend 064160000Rapid6416000 e Cre Pactola Creek stl ek 0641630006416300 a Reservoir C Creek Deerfield V Deerfield icto Creek0640800006408000 S. Fork Reservoir ria r 0640700006407000

44º Limestone Plateau C Sheridan pring e Lake S Castl 0640692006406920 Hill City Creek

Keystone

KOTA Hayward

PENNINGTON CO Battle Hermosa CUSTER CO 0640450006404500 Grace Bear Creek

WYOMING C Gulch Creek Stockade o CUSTER o French 064029950Lake6402995lid ge

SOUTH DA SOUTH Jewel Cave 0640299006402990 0640540006405400 National Monument 45' CUSTER 0640300006403000 0639460006394600 STATE Fairburn 064035000640Creek3500 PARK

Canyon Beaver 0639460506394605 Pringle Wind Cave National Park Hell 0640243006402430 Creek Dewey Creek0640247006402470

k o RIVER Cottonwood ro 30' Pass Buffalo Gap Springs B d Cottonwo l o Reservoir o Cold Brook

d S p C FALL RIVER CO ring s Cr Reservoir Burdock HOT SPRINGS Fall R Oral

CHEYENNE Cascade EXPLANATION Springs STREAMFLOW-GAGING STATION-- 06402470 Number indicates station number Edgemont Horsehead Angostura 43º15' Reservoir Creek

Creek

01020MILES Hat Base from U.S. Geological Survey digital data, 1:100,000; 01020KILOMETERS Quadrangle maps 1:24,000; and City Engineers map, 1991

Figure 7. Location of gaging stations within study area with less than 5 years of daily record.

20 Streamflow Characteristics for the Black Hills of South Dakota, through Water Year 1993 Table 4. Site information for gaging stations with 5 to 9 years of daily record [NA, drainage area not applicable; --, drainage area undetermined]

Period of Area Latitude Longitude Station record Station name (square number (water years) miles) (degrees, minutes, seconds) 06394500 1905-07, Beaver Creek near Burdock 1,540 432655 1040055 1929-32 06404800 1989-93 Grace Coolidge Creek near Hayward 7.48 434807 1032603 06405500 1945-47, Grace Coolidge Creek near Hermosa 27.5 434629 1031942 1978-80 06405800 1989-93 Bear Gulch near Hayward 4.23 434731 1032049 06406500 1951-53, Battle Creek below Hermosa 285 434330 1025415 1989-93 06408860 1989-93 Rapid Creek near Rochford 101 440617 1033835 06412200 1988-93 Rapid Creek above Victoria Creek, near Rapid City 355 440248 1032106 06412600 1988-92 Cleghorn Springs main channel at Fish Hatchery, at Rapid -- 440332 1031754 City 06412700 1988-92 Cleghorn Springs south channel at Fish Hatchery, at -- 440331 1031756 Rapid City 06412800 1988-92 Cleghorn Springs north channel at Fish Hatchery, at -- 440332 1031750 Rapid City 06412900 1988-93 Rapid Creek below Cleghorn Springs, at Rapid City 378 440333 1031749 06413650 1981-82, Lime Creek at mouth, at Rapid City 10.0 440430 1031600 1988-93 06413700 1980-82, Rapid Creek above Water Treatment Plant, at Rapid City 404 440429 1031534 1988-90 06413800 1981-82, Deadwood Avenue Drain at mouth, at Rapid City 2.18 440458 1031522 1987-90 06422000 1929-32, Rapid Creek at Creston 710 435447 1024222 1990 06424000 1945-47, Elk Creek near Roubaix 21.5 441741 1033547 1992-93 06429997 1987-93 Murray Ditch above headgate at Wyoming-South Dakota NA 443435 1040320 State line 06430770 1989-93 Spearfish Creek near Lead 63.5 441756 1035202 06430800 1989-93 Annie Creek near Lead 3.55 441937 1035338 06430850 1989-93 Little Spearfish Creek near Lead 25.8 442058 1035608 06430898 1989-93 Squaw Creek near Spearfish 6.95 442404 1035335 06430900 1989-93 Spearfish Creek above Spearfish 139 442406 1035340 06432020 1989-93 Spearfish Creek below Spearfish 204 443448 1035337 06436156 1989-93 Whitetail Creek at Lead 6.15 442036 1034557 06436500 1962-69 Horse Creek near Newell 67.0 444753 1033228 06437020 1989-93 Bear Butte Creek near Deadwood 16.6 442008 1033806 06437200 1965-69 Bear Butte Creek near Galena 47.6 442332 1033511

Summary of Streamflow Gaging in the Black Hills 21 103º20' 17'30" 15' 104º 45' 30' Deadwoo 79 Ave Lim Crow Indian e Cr Horse Creek Omaha Draind 44º45' Belle Fourche 44º5' 064138000Main64 1St3800 St Reservoir Creek Newell C r Owl ee BELLE Creek RAPID k Creek CITY0641365006413650 0641370006413700 0641260006412600 rive Water F Fruitdale D O ke Treatment BELLE FOURCHE U 0641270006412700 La d R Blv Plant C RIVER n HE o 0641280006412800 y Storybook Hay Creek Rapid

R Ditch Vale Can E BUTTE CO V Cleghorn Springs son R R I ck E d AT MEADE CO Fish Hatchery Ja 06429997064R2E9D9W97 LAWRENCE CO a

P 0643202006432020 Cleghorn Springs 0641290006412a 900 R r Cox 3 k Lake Creek D Leedy Lane Canyon r k Ditch Bear e C re Lake e Spearfish k Chapel a

30' L Whitewood 44 n Creek a id R r apid e h

S Gulch Creek0643089806430898 2'30" 16 2 Whitewood 0643090006430900 STURGIS Iron Creek DEADWOOD Butte Lake 0643720006437200 15' 103º 0643085006430850Cr 0643615606436156 Galena Lead 0643702006437020 h s i f 06430800064r 30800 a 0642400006424000 e Bear p

S 0643077006430770 Elk

Roubaix Creek Spearfish Piedmont 15' N Little F Boxelder o r k

R a S. Fork p i d Nemo Blackhawk Creek

Rapid Cr C

rk Box Elder Fo Rochford s ad 0640886006408860 o N Fork Rapid h Cas Silver City RAPID CITY R tle Cr Big Bend 0641220006412200 Rapid e Cre Pactola Creek stl ek a Reservoir C Creek Deerfield V Deerfield icto Creek

S. Fork Reservoir ria r

44º Limestone Plateau C Sheridan pring e Lake S Castl Hill City Creek

Keystone

KOTA Hayward

PENNINGTON CO Battle Hermosa CUSTER CO Grace Bear 0640580006405800 Creek WYOMING 0640480006404800 C Gulch Creek Stockade o CUSTER o French Lake lid ge 0640550006405500 SOUTH DA SOUTH Jewel Cave National Monument 45' CUSTER

STATE Fairburn Creek PARK

Canyon Beaver Pringle Wind Cave National Park Hell Creek Dewey Creek

k o RIVER Cottonwood ro 30' Pass Buffalo Gap Springs B d Cottonwo l o Reservoir o Cold Brook d S

FALL RIVER CO pr C 0639450006394500 ing s Cr Reservoir Burdock HOT SPRINGS Fall R Oral

CHEYENNE Cascade Springs EXPLANATION 2 STREAMFLOW-GAGING STATION-- 06412200 Edgemont Horsehead Number indicates station number. Angostura Single-digit number indicates number 43º15' Reservoir Creek of stations at location.

Creek

Hat 01020MILES Base from U.S. Geological Survey digital data, 1:100,000; 01020KILOMETERS Quadrangle maps 1:24,000; and City Engineers map, 1991

Figure 8. Location of gaging stations within study area with 5 to 9 years of daily record.

22 Streamflow Characteristics for the Black Hills of South Dakota, through Water Year 1993 Table 5. Site information for gaging stations with 10 or more years of daily record [NA, drainage area not applicable; --, drainage area undetermined]

Latitude Longitude Period of Period of Area statistics Station record Station name (square record number (water miles) (degrees, minutes, seconds) (water years) years) 06395000 1903-07, Cheyenne River at Edgemont 7,143 431820 1034914 1947-93 1928-33, 1947-93 06400000 1905-06, Hat Creek near Edgemont 1,044 431424 1033516 1951-93 1951-93 06400497 1976-93 Cascade Springs near Hot Springs 0.47 432010 1033307 1977-93 06400500 1915-20, Cheyenne River near Hot Springs 8,710 431819 1033343 11944-72 1943-72 06400875 1983-93 Horsehead Creek at Oelrichs 187 431117 1031334 1984-93 06401500 1946-93 Cheyenne River below Angostura Dam 9,100 432308 1032420 1953-78 06402000 1938-93 Fall River at Hot Springs 137 432550 1032833 11939-93 06402500 1938-93 Beaver Creek near Buffalo Gap 130 432800 1031820 11939-93 06402600 1969-80 Cheyenne River near Buffalo Gap 9,810 433005 1030423 1969-80 06403300 1982-93 French Creek above Fairburn 105 434302 1032203 11983-93 06404000 1945-47, Battle Creek near Keystone 66.0 435221 1032010 1962-93 1962-93 06404998 1977-93 Grace Coolidge Creek near Game Lodge, near 25.2 434540 1032149 1977-93 Custer 06405000 1945-47, Grace Coolidge Creek near Custer 25.3 434540 1032142 1968-76 1967-76 06406000 21903, Battle Creek at Hermosa 178 434941 1031144 1950-93 1949-93 06407500 1945-47, Spring Creek near Keystone 163 435845 1032025 1987-93 1987-93 06408500 1949-93 Spring Creek near Hermosa 199 435631 1030932 1950-93 06408700 1982-93 Rhoads Fork near Rochford 7.95 440812 1035129 11983-93 06409000 1948-93 Castle Creek above Deerfield Reservoir, near Hill 79.2 440049 1034948 1949-93 City 06410000 1946-93 Castle Creek below Deerfield Dam 96.0 440145 1034653 1948-83 06410500 1954-93 Rapid Creek above Pactola Reservoir, at Silver City 292 440505 1033448 1954-93 06411500 1929-32, Rapid Creek below Pactola Dam 320 440436 1032854 1964-93 1946-93 06412000 1915-17, Rapid Creek at Big Bend 332 440400 1032400 1933-42 1932-43 06412500 1946-93 Rapid Creek above Canyon Lake, near Rapid City 371 440310 1031841 1964-93 06414000 1903-07, Rapid Creek at Rapid City 410 440509 1031431 1964-93 1942-93 06418900 1982-93 Rapid Creek below Sewage Plant, near Rapid City 452 440124 1030543 1982-93 06421500 1946-89, Rapid Creek near Farmingdale 602 435631 1025112 1964-93 1991-93 06422500 1945-47, Boxelder Creek near Nemo 96.0 440838 1032716 1967-93 1966-93

Summary of Streamflow Gaging in the Black Hills 23 Table 5. Site information for gaging stations with 10 or more years of daily record—Continued [NA, drainage area not applicable; --, drainage area undetermined]

Latitude Longitude Period of Period of Area statistics Station record Station name (square record number (water miles) (degrees, minutes, seconds) (water years) years) 06423010 1978-93 Boxelder Creek near Rapid City 128 440754 1031754 1979-93 06423500 1914-15, Cheyenne River near Wasta 12,800 440452 1022403 1957-93 1928-32, 1934-93 06425100 1979-93 Elk Creek near Rapid City 190 441425 1030903 11980-93 06425500 1949-93 Elk Creek near Elm Springs 540 441454 1023010 1950-93 06428500 1947-93 Belle Fourche River at Wyoming-South Dakota 3,280 444459 1040249 1953-93 State line 06430000 1954-87 Murray Ditch at Wyoming-South Dakota State line NA 443435 1040258 1961-86 06430500 1929-31, Redwater Creek at Wyoming-South Dakota State 471 443426 1040254 1955-93 1936-37, line 1954-93 06431500 1947-93 Spearfish Creek at Spearfish 168 442857 1035140 1947-93 06433000 1946-93 Redwater River above Belle Fourche 920 444002 1035020 1947-93 06433500 1954-93 Hay Creek at Belle Fourche 121 444001 1035046 1954-93 06434500 1946-93 Inlet Canal near Belle Fourche NA 444214 1034923 1946-93 06435500 1906-07, Belle Fourche River near Belle Fourche 4,310 444130 1034930 1913-45 31912-45 06436000 1946-93 Belle Fourche River near Fruitdale 4,540 444127 1034414 11947-93 06436170 1982-93 Whitewood Creek at Deadwood 40.6 442248 1034325 1982-93 06436180 1983-93 Whitewood Creek above Whitewood 56.3 442632 1033744 11984-93 06436190 1982-93 Whitewood Creek near Whitewood 77.4 443230 1033416 1982-93 06436198 1983-93 Whitewood Creek above Vale 102 443704 1032852 11984-93 06436700 1961-81 Indian Creek near Arpan 315 444851 1034122 1962-81 06436760 1981-93 Horse Creek above Vale 464 443908 1032159 1981-93 06436800 1962-80 Horse Creek near Vale 530 443930 1032017 11963-80 06437000 1946-93 Belle Fourche River near Sturgis 5,870 443047 1030811 11947-93 06437500 1946-72 Bear Butte Creek near Sturgis 192 442835 1031550 1946-72 06438000 1928-32, Belle Fourche River near Elm Springs 7,210 442211 1023356 11935-93 1934-93 06438500 1951-81 Cheyenne River near Plainview 21,600 443116 1015934 1951-81 06439300 1960-93 Cheyenne River at Cherry Creek 23,900 443559 1012951 1961-93

1Low-flow statistics include previous year. 2Indicates only gage-height records available for 1903. 3Additional records for water years 1946-50, which were computed by combing records for stations 06434500 and 06436000, were published in Water Supply Paper 1309 (U.S. Geological Survey, 1959).

24 Streamflow Characteristics for the Black Hills of South Dakota, through Water Year 1993 104º 45' 30' Crow Indian Cr Horse 44º45' 0642850006428500 Belle Fourche Creek Reservoir Newell Owl BELLE 0643450006434500 Creek EXPLANATION Creek 2 0643550006435500 0643600006436000 STREAMFLOW-GAGING STATION-- F Fruitdale 0643680006436800 BELLE FOURCHE O 06430000 UR 0643676006436760 Number indicates station number. 0643350006433500 0643300006433000 CHE RIVER Hay Creek 0643619806436198 Single-digit number indicates number R Vale E BUTTE CO of stations at location. R I V ATE R LAWRENCE CO MEADE CO 2 REDW Cox0643000006430000 0643619006436190 Creek Lake0643050006430500 Bear 30' Spearfish 0643150006431500 Whitewood Creek 0643618006436180

Gulch Creek

Whitewood STURGIS Iron Creek Butte Lake DEADWOOD 0643617006436170 15' 103º Cr Galena Lead h s i f r

a e Bear p

S Elk

Roubaix 064251000642Creek5100 Spearfish Piedmont 15' N Little F Boxelder o r k

R a S. Fork Rapid Cr p i d Nemo Blackhawk Creek

r 0640870006408700 0642250006422500 0642301006423010 rk Box Elder Fo Rochford s ad o N Fork Rapid 0641400006414000 h Cas Silver City RAPID CITY R tle 0641050006410500 0641150006411500 Cr Big Bend Rapid e Cre Pactola Creek stl ek 0641000006410000 a Reservoir0641200006412000 C 0641250006412500 Creek Deerfield V Deerfield icto Creek

06409000064S. 0Fork9000 Reservoir ria 0641890006418900 r

44º Limestone Plateau C Sheridan Spring l e Lake Cast 0640850006408500 Hill City 0640750006407500 Creek

Keystone KOTA 0640400006404000 Hayward PENNINGTON CO Battle Hermosa CUSTER CO Grace Bear Creek

WYOMING C Gulch Creek 0640600006406000 Stockade o CUSTER o French Lake lid ge

SOUTH DA SOUTH Jewel Cave 0640499806404998 National Monument 0640500006405000 45' CUSTER 0640330006403300 STATE Fairburn Creek PARK

Canyon Beaver Pringle Wind Cave National Park Hell Creek Dewey Creek 0640260006402600 k o RIVER Cottonwood ro 30' Pass Buffalo Gap Springs B d Cottonwo l o Reservoir o Cold Brook d S

p C 0640250006402500 FALL RIVER CO ring s Cr Reservoir Burdock 0640200006402000 HOT SPRINGS Fall 0640150006401500R Oral CHEYE Cascade Springs NNE 0640049706400497 0639500006395000 0640050006400500 Edgemont Horsehead Angostura 43º15' 0640000006400000 Reservoir Creek

Creek

Hat 01020MILES Base from U.S. Geological Survey digital data, 1:100,000; Quadrangle maps 1:24,000; and City Engineers map, 1991 01020KILOMETERS

Figure 9. Location of gaging stations within study area with 10 or more years of daily record.

Summary of Streamflow Gaging in the Black Hills 25 For some stations, large periods of record have Stations for which changes in reservoir opera- been excluded from statistical computations because tions were a major consideration in selecting periods of streamflow characteristics have been altered by reser- record for statistical computations are listed in table 7. voir operations. Table 6 presents storage information The rationale for selection of hydrologically consistent periods of record for statistical computations also is for reservoirs that have changed streamflow character- described in table 7. Statistics generally are computed istics within periods of record for gaging stations with for periods subsequent to filling of reservoirs, except as 10 or more years of record (table 5). These reservoirs discussed in the following paragraphs. were described in a previous section titled "Reservoirs Construction of Cold Brook and Cottonwood and water use." Records of monthend contents for Springs Reservoirs (table 6) altered the high-flow char- these reservoirs (if available) are summarized in acteristics for station 06402000, Fall River at Hot Section A of the Supplemental Information section. Springs (table 7). The effects on other streamflow Monthend contents are those that have been reported by characteristics are unknown. The annual flow of the the USGS in various data reports (relative to the same Fall River has declined somewhat, through the period of record (table E7.1, fig. F7A). Peterlin (1990) capacities reported in table 6). Storage capacities have hypothesized that construction of the two reservoirs been subject to occasional changes, based on updated could be responsible for the decline; however, effects reservoir capacity allocations by the Bureau of Recla- of storage within the reservoirs are minimal. Thus, mation. Changes in storage capacity generally result with the exception of high-flow statistics, the entire from sedimentation or structural modifications. period of record is used for statistical computations.

Table 6. Summary of storage information for selected large reservoirs in Black Hills area [Storage information obtained from various U.S. Geological Survey reports and Bureau of Reclamation reservoir capacity allocations. --, undetermined or not applicable]

Dates (in month and year) of first Reported capacities2, Station 1 Station or reservoir name storage and effective filling in acre-feet, above given number First storage First filled invert elevation, in feet 06401000 Angostura Reservoir near Hot Springs 10/49 106/52 A 3136,300 B 3122,100 C 3,139.75 06409500 Deerfield Reservoir near Hill City 12/45 105/47 A 15,153 B 15,504 C 5839.0 06411000 Pactola Reservoir near Silver City 08/56 06/63 A 55,700 B 54,955 C 4,456.1 06427000 Keyhole Reservoir near Moorcroft, WY 02/52 03/72 A 3199,900 B 3193,027 C 4,036.0 06435000 Belle Fourche Reservoir near Belle Fourche 05/10 04/19 A 185,200 B 185,277 C 2,927.0 -- Cold Brook Reservoir 05/52 -- A 47,200 B-- C-- -- Cottonwood Springs Reservoir 06/69 -- A 48,385 B-- C--

1Not completely filled; however, filled to level at which typical releases were initiated. 2Capacities which unless otherwise noted consist of active conservation capacity at: (A) Original construction; and (B) as of water year 1993; relative to (C) invert elevation. 3Capacity consists of active conservation capacity and inactive capacity. 4Total capacity.

26 Streamflow Characteristics for the Black Hills of South Dakota, through Water Year 1993 Table 7. Rationale for selection of statistics period for selected gaging stations

Period of Period of Station Rationale for selection Station name record statistics record number of statistics period (water years) (water years) 06401500 Cheyenne River below Angostura Dam 1946-93 1953-78 First complete water year after filling of Angostura Reservoir. 06402000 Fall River at Hot Springs 1938-93 11939-93 High-flow statistics are run only for water 21970-93 years subsequent to completion of Cottonwood Springs Reservoir. 06410000 Castle Creek below Deerfield Dam 1946-93 1948-93 First complete water year after filling of Deerfield Reservoir. 06411500 Rapid Creek below Pactola Dam 1929-32 1964-93 First complete water year after filling of 1946-93 Pactola Reservoir. 06412500 Rapid Creek above Canyon Lake 1946-93 1964-93 First complete water year after filling of Pactola Reservoir. 06414000 Rapid Creek at Rapid City 1903-07 1964-93 First complete water year after filling of 1942-93 Pactola Reservoir. 06421500 Rapid Creek near Farmingdale 1946-89 1964-93 First complete water year after filling of 1991-93 Pactola Reservoir. 06423500 Cheyenne River near Wasta 1914-15 1957-93 First complete water year after first storage 1928-32 in Pactola Reservoir. 1934-93 06428500 Belle Fourche River at WY-SD State line 1947-93 1953-93 First complete water year after first storage in Keyhole Reservoir. 06435500 Belle Fourche River near Belle Fourche 1906-07 1913-45 First complete water year of record. 31912-45

1Period of record for majority of statistics; low-flow statistics include previous year. 2Period of record for high-flow statistics. 3Additional records for water years 1946-50, which were computed by combing records for stations 06434500 and 06436000, were published in Water Supply Paper 1309 (U.S. Geological Survey, 1959).

Statistics for most stations downstream from Belle Fourche Reservoir has affected streamflow Deerfield and Pactola Reservoirs are computed for of the Belle Fourche River since storage began in May periods subsequent to filling of the reservoirs (table 7). 1910 (table 6). The reservoir did not fill until April The statistics period selected for station 06423500, 1919; however, storage during 1913 was larger than in Cheyenne River near Wasta, begins with WY 1957, many subsequent years (table A5). Thus, WY 1913 is which is the first year of storage in Pactola Reservoir. used as the beginning of the statistics period for station Operations of Pactola Reservoir do affect streamflow 06435500, Belle Fourche River near Belle Fourche. of the Cheyenne River; however, effects of initially Six tables are presented in Section E of the filling storage in Pactola Reservoir are small, relative to Supplemental Information section for each station having a sufficient period of record. The first table of annual flow of the Cheyenne River. each series for each station contains monthly and Keyhole Reservoir has affected streamflow of annual mean values for the entire period of available the Belle Fourche River since storage began in Febru- record. The following five tables of each series are for ary 1952; however, Keyhole Reservoir has been full a selected, hydrologically consistent period of record. only during March 1972 (table 6) and during 1978 The second table in each series presents statistics (table A4). Because normal operating levels are much for monthly and annual mean flow for the selected less than capacity, the first complete year of storage statistics period. This table includes the total number (WY 1953) is used for the beginning of the statistics of months used in the analysis; the maximum; 75th, period for station 06428500, Belle Fourche River at 50th, and 25th percentiles; minimum; mean; standard Wyoming-South Dakota State line. deviation; skewness; and coefficient of variation for

Summary of Streamflow Gaging in the Black Hills 27 each column; and the percent of annual flow contrib- 50 percent of the time, and flow exceeds 0.01 ft3/s uted by each month. This table also presents a serial about 63 percent of the time. Graph D shows duration correlation for annual flows, which is a correlation hydrographs of daily mean flow for five exceedance coefficient for a series comparing annual flow from one percentiles. For the example station, 20 percent of the year to the next. The correlation coefficient is a time flow exceeds about 1.20 ft3/s for the first day of measure of the strength of the linear relationship November, and flow of less than 0.01 ft3/s has been between the dependent and independent variable (Ott, recorded for all days of the year. 1988). Coefficients approaching zero represent a very weak correlation and correlations approaching +1 or -1 represent a strong positive or negative correlation. STREAMFLOW CHARACTERISTICS FOR The third table presents a serial correlation SELECTED BASINS matrix for monthly flows lagged by 1 year. The fourth table of each series presents a correlation matrix for Streamflow within the study area is affected by monthly mean flow. This matrix contains a correlation both topography and geology. The base flow of most coefficient for each month, relative to monthly flow for Black Hills streams originates in the higher elevations, other months. where relatively large precipitation and small evapo- The fifth table of each series presents the lowest transpiration result in more water being available for springflow and streamflow. Numerous streams have mean flow and ranking, by year, for 1, 3, 7, 14, 30, 60, significant headwater springs originating from large 90, 120, and 183 consecutive-day periods. A low-flow outcrops of Paleozoic rocks (fig. 3) on the western side water year from April 1 to March 31 is used for the of the study area (fig. 4), which is known locally as the low-flow table. Thus, low-flow water year 1992 “Limestone Plateau” (fig. 2). Several streams, most (April 1, 1992-March 31, 1993) is the last year notably Rapid Creek and Spearfish Creek, derive con- reported in the low-flow tables. In addition, the low- sistent base flow from large headwater springs on the flow statistics period for some stations includes a par- eastern fringe of the Limestone Plateau. By compari- tial first year of record, which is excluded from other son, stream reaches originating within the central statistical computations. Such cases are footnoted in Precambrian core of the Hills are more responsive to table 5. Station 0640200, Fall River at Hot Springs, is precipitation, with high flows during wet periods and an example (tables E7.1-7.6). The final table of each low flows during dry periods (Addison, 1991). Most series presents a high-flow table, which uses the stan- Black Hills streams generally lose all or part of their dard water year (October 1-September 30). flow as they cross the outcrop of the Madison Section F of the Supplemental Information sec- Limestone (Driscoll, 1994; Rahn and Gries, 1973). tion presents graphical representations of variations in Karst features of the Madison Limestone, including annual, monthly, and daily mean flow for each station. sinkholes, collapse features, solution cavities, and Each figure contains four graphs labeled A, B, C, and caves are responsible for the Madison’s capacity to accept recharge from streamflow. Large streamflow D. Graphs for station 06400000, Hat Creek near losses also occur within the outcrop of the Minnelusa Edgemont (table 5), are described as an example Formation in many locations. A number of large (fig. F2). Graph A shows annual mean flow values for artesian springs exist downgradient from streamflow- the entire period of record, with the occasional excep- loss zones, most commonly within outcrops of the tion of stations such as this, with short periods of record Spearfish Formation, near the contact with the that are highly separated from the statistics period. Minnekahta Limestone. Artesian springs with dis- Graph B shows the distribution of monthly mean flows charges ranging from about 1 to 30 ft3/s are common, in the form of boxplots. For October, the maximum providing an important source of base flow in many 3 monthly flow of record is 13.0 ft /s. Ninety percent of streams beyond the periphery of the Black Hills (Rahn the October means are less than 4.12 ft3/s, 75 percent and Gries, 1973). 3 are less than 1.00 ft /s, and 50 percent are less than The following sections present summaries of 3 0.077 ft /s. The 25th percentile, 10th percentile, and streamflow characteristics for streams grouped accord- the minimum are not shown because values of 0.00 ing to various hydrogeologic settings. Various cannot be plotted on a logarithmic scale. Graph C analyses are presented to demonstrate the effects of shows the duration curve of daily mean flow. For the hydrogeologic setting and climate on streamflow example station, daily flow exceeds 0.25 ft3/s characteristics.

28 Streamflow Characteristics for the Black Hills of South Dakota, through Water Year 1993 Methods for Categorizing Basins located within a loss zone, and was subsequently replaced by station 06404998, Grace Coolidge Creek A system for categorizing the hydrogeologic near Game Lodge, which is located just upstream of the setting and degree of regulation of streams draining the original station. Thus, this station is categorized as Black Hills area is presented in table 8. Table 8 upstream of a loss zone, but is not used in subsequent includes all gaging stations in the Black Hills area with analyses. Station 06431500, Spearfish Creek at 10 or more years of record, as well as several stations Spearfish, is located downstream of a loss zone, but with less than 10 years of record, which are included flow is diverted around the loss zone. Thus, this station because they provide important information in critical is categorized as upstream of the loss zone and is areas. The hydrogeologic settings for three categories included in subsequent analyses. With these excep- are determined on the basis of geologic conditions tions, all other interior basins are categorized as either within the drainage basins upstream of the gaging upstream or downstream of a loss zone. Several stations; however, a fourth category is based on loca- stations categorized as downstream of loss zones are tions of gaging stations, as described in a subsequent located beyond the outer extent of the outcrop of the discussion. Stations that are categorized as having Inyan Kara Group, but have only small percentages of multiple hydrogeologic settings generally are excluded their drainage areas within the exterior area. from subsequent analyses. Stations that are classified Interior basins upstream of loss zones are further as highly regulated, in any of three categories, also are categorized as either sedimentary or crystalline, based excluded from analyses. Locations of selected stations, on the predominant outcrops within each basin. The relative to selected outcrops, are shown in figure 10. interior sedimentary basins are dominated by outcrops Methods for categorizing the hydrogeologic of Paleozoic units (fig. 3), and are located within head- setting for each station (table 8) are somewhat subjec- water areas of the Limestone Plateau (fig. 10). The tive. The drainage basin for each gaging station is first interior crystalline basins are dominated by outcrops of categorized as either interior or exterior. Interior basins metamorphic or igneous rocks, most of which are crys- are located predominantly within the uplifted Black talline, and are located within the central core of the Hills area, which is defined for this purpose as within Black Hills. This category also can include Tertiary the generalized, outermost extent of the outcrop of the intrusive rocks. Some subjectivity is involved because Inyan Kara Group (fig. 10). Exterior basins are those few basins are located entirely within outcrops of sedi- for which the majority of the drainage area lies beyond mentary or crystalline rocks. Basins are categorized as the outer extent of the outcrop of the Inyan Kara Group. both sedimentary and crystalline if a predominant Basins are categorized as both interior and exterior if a outcrop type is not apparent. predominant drainage area is not apparent. For example, station 06400500, Cheyenne River near Hot Stations also are categorized relative to the Springs (fig. 9), is categorized as both interior and degree of regulation (high, medium, low, or negligible) exterior, and thus, is excluded from subsequent analy- from reservoir operations, irrigation diversions, and ses. In comparison, station 06395000, Cheyenne River municipal and industrial diversions within each basin at Edgemont (fig. 10), also has tributaries draining both (table 8). Highly regulated basins are excluded from interior and exterior areas; however, influence from the subsequent analyses of streamflow characteristics, interior area is relatively minor and the station is cate- because streamflow may no longer be representative of gorized as exterior. Station 06437500, Bear Butte geologic conditions. Methods for categorizing the Creek near Sturgis, is the only station categorized as degree of regulation are somewhat subjective, but are both interior and exterior that is included in subsequent based on the degree to which streamflow characteris- analyses. tics for each stream are affected by regulation. General Interior basins are further categorized as either criteria for categorizing the degree of regulation are upstream or downstream of loss zones. This category presented in table 9. is less subjective, and is based strictly on whether a Streamflow characteristics for numerous stations gaging station is located upstream, or downstream, of along Rapid Creek and the Belle Fourche and streamflow-loss zones that typically occur within out- Cheyenne Rivers are highly affected (table 8) by oper- crops of the Madison Limestone (fig. 10) and other ations of several major reservoirs that are described in overlying sedimentary units. Station 06405000, Grace previous sections. Station 06402000, Fall River at Hot Coolidge Creek near Custer, was determined to be Springs, is categorized as having medium regulation

Streamflow Characteristics for Selected Basins 29 N X X X X X X X X X X X X X X L X X X X X X X X X X M industrial diversions diversions Municipal and of regulation: H, high; of regulation: H X

N X X X X X X X X X X X X X X record) L X X X X X X X X M Irrigation diversion H X X X Degree of regulation ominantly crystalline. Degrees N X X X X X X X L X X X X X X X X X X M operation Reservoir H X X X X X X X X antly sedimentary; cry, pred sedimentary; cry, antly X X X X X X Exterior - X X X X X X X X X X X Down stream of loss zone term gaging stations (generallyor more years of those with 10 X X X X X X X X Interior 2 Cry Hydrogeologic setting X X X X X X loss zone Sed Upstream of Black Hills; exterior, majority of drainage area outside Black Hills; sed, predomin Black Hills; exterior, Station name Cheyenne River at Edgemont River Cheyenne Edgemont near Hat Creek Hot Springs near Springs Cascade near Hot Springs River Cheyenne Horsehead CreekOelrichs at Angostura Dam below River Cheyenne at Hot Springs River Fall Gap Creek near Buffalo Beaver Gap near Buffalo River Cheyenne Fairburn above Creek French Battle Creek near Keystone Custer near Lodge, Game near Creek Grace Coolidge Custer near Creek Grace Coolidge Battle Creek at Hermosa Keystone near Spring Creek Hermosa near Spring Creek Rochford near Fork Rhoads City Hill near Reservoir, Deerfield above Creek Castle Dam Deerfield below Creek Castle City at Silver Reservoir, Pactola above Creek Rapid Dam Pactola Rapid Creek below Rapid Creek at Big Bend near Rapid City Lake, Canyon Rapid Creek above Rapid Creek at Rapid City near Rapid City Plant, Sewage Rapid Creek below Hydrogeologicdegree setting andof regulation for selectedlong- 1

. 8 Station number 06395000 06400000 06400497 06400500 06400875 06401500 06402000 06402500 06402600 06403300 06404000 06404998 06405000 06406000 06407500 06408500 06408700 06409000 06410000 06410500 06411500 06412000 06412500 06414000 06418900 Table Table majority of drainage area within [Interior, M, medium; L, low; N, negligible or none] or N, negligible M, medium; L, low;

30 Streamflow Characteristics for the Black Hills of South Dakota, through Water Year 1993 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X industrial diversions diversions Municipal and X X X X X X X X X X X X X X of record)—Continued X X X X X X lline. Degrees of regulation: H, high; of regulation: lline. Degrees X X X Irrigation diversion X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X operation Reservoir X X X X X X antly sedimentary; cry, predominantly crysta antly sedimentary; cry, X X X X X X X X Exterior X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Down- stream of loss zone erm gaging stations (generally those with 10 or more years X X X X X Interior tside Black Hills; sed, predomin Hydrogeologic setting Degree of regulation X X X X loss zone 4 SedCry HMLNHMLNHMLN Upstream of or, majority of drainage area ou or, -S. Dak. State line Station name Rapid Creek near Farmingdale Creek near Rapid Nemo near Creek Boxelder City Rapid near Creek Boxelder near Wasta River Cheyenne City Rapid near Elk Creek Springs Elm near Elk Creek line State Dak. at Wyo.-S. River Belle Fourche at Wyo. Ditch Murray line State Dak. at Wyo.-S. Creek Redwater Lead near Creek Spearfish Lead near Annie Creek Lead Creek near Spearfish Little Creek near Spearfish Squaw Spearfish Creek at Spearfish Fourche Belle above River Redwater Hay Creek at Belle Fourche Inlet Canal near Belle Fourche near Belle Fourche BelleRiver Fourche Fruitdalenear River Belle Fourche at Lead Creek Whitetail Creek at Deadwood Whitewood Whitewood Creek above Whitewood Creek near Whitewood Whitewood Vale Creek above Whitewood Arpan Creek near Indian 1 . Hydrogeologic setting and degree of regulation for selected long-t 8 Station number 06421500 06422500 06423010 06423500 06425100 06425500 06428500 06430000 06430500 06430770 06430800 06430850 06430898 06431500 06433000 06433500 06434500 06435500 06436000 06436156 06436170 06436180 06436190 06436198 06436700 3 3 3 3 3 Table majority of drainage area within Black[Interior, Hills; exteri M, medium; L, low; N, negligible or or none] N, negligible low; L, medium; M,

Streamflow Characteristics for Selected Basins 31 X X X X X X X X industrial diversions diversions Municipal and of regulation: H, high; of regulation: X of record)—Continued X Irrigation diversion X X X X X X ominantly crystalline. Degrees X X operation Reservoir eing upstream ofloss zone. 06404998 during October 1976. October during 06404998 X X X X X X antly sedimentary; cry, pred sedimentary; cry, antly X X X X X X X Exterior X X X X X Down- loss zone; replaced with station stream of loss zone X Interior Hydrogeologic setting Degree of regulation ong-term gaging stations (generallyor more years those with 10 loss zone SedCry HMLNHMLNHMLN Upstream of tion actually was located withintion actually was ; however, baseflow is diverted around the loss zone. station is treated as b Thus, zone. the loss around is diverted baseflow ; however, Black Hills; exterior, majority of drainage area outside Black Hills; sed, predomin Black Hills; exterior, Station name Horse Creek above Vale above Horse Creek Horse Creek near Vale Sturgis near River Fourche Belle Bear Butte Creek near Deadwood Bear Butte Creek near Sturgis near Elm Springs River Belle Fourche near Plainview River Cheyenne at Cherry Creek River Cheyenne 1 . Hydrogeologicdegree setting andof regulation for selectedl 8 Stations that are used for analyses are shaded. sta although loss zone, of as upstream Station is categorized Station with less than ten years of record. of the loss zone Station located downstream 1 2 3 4 Station number 06436760 06436800 06437000 06437020 06437500 06438000 06438500 06439300 3 Table Table majority of drainage area within [Interior, M, medium; L, low; N, negligible or none] or N, negligible M, medium; L, low;

32 Streamflow Characteristics for the Black Hills of South Dakota, through Water Year 1993 104º 45' 0643670006436700 30' EXPLANATION Crow Indian Cr Horse 44º45' Belle Fourche APPROXIMATE EXTENT OF BLACK Creek Reservoir Newell Owl HILLS AREA, REPRESENTED BY BELLE Creek Creek GENERALIZED OUTER EXTENT OF OUTCROP OF INYAN KARA 0643350006433500 F Fruitdale BELLE FOURCHE 0643300006433O000 UR GROUP CHE RIVER Hay Creek R Vale E BUTTE CO GENERALIZED OUTCROP OF V ER R I MEADE CO REDWAT LAWRENCE CO MADISON LIMESTONE Cox Lake0643050006430500 Creek STREAMFLOW-GAGING STATION-- 06433000 Bear Number indicates station number 30' Spearfish 0643750006437500 0643150006431500 Whitewood Creek

Gulch Creek

Whitewood 0643089806430898 STURGIS Iron Creek Butte Lake DEADWOOD 0643615606436156 15' 103º 0643085006430850Cr Galena Lead 0643702006437020 h s i f r

06430800064a 30800 e Bear p 064307700S 6430770 Elk 0642550006425500 Roubaix Creek Spearfish Piedmont 15' N Little F Boxelder o r 0642510006425100 k

R a S. Fork Rapid Cr p i d Nemo Blackhawk Creek

r 0640870006408700 0642250006422500 0642301006423010 rk Box Elder Fo Rochford s ad o N Fork Rapid h Cas Silver City RAPID CITY R tle Cr Big Bend Rapid e Cre Pactola Creek stl ek a Reservoir C Creek Deerfield 0640900006409000 V Deerfield icto Creek

S. Fork Reservoir ria r

44º Limestone Plateau C Sheridan0640750006407500 pring e Lake S Castl 0640850006408500 Hill City Creek

Keystone KOTA 0640400006404000 Hayward PENNINGTON CO Battle Hermosa CUSTER CO Grace Bear Creek

WYOMING C Gulch Creek 0640600006406000 Stockade o CUSTER o French Lake lid ge

SOUTH DA SOUTH Jewel Cave National Monument 0640499806404998 45' CUSTER 0640330006403300 STATE Fairburn Creek PARK

Canyon Beaver Pringle Wind Cave National Park Hell Creek Dewey Creek

k o RIVER Cottonwood ro 30' Pass Buffalo Gap Springs B d Cottonwo l o Reservoir o Cold Brook

d S 0640250006402500 p C FALL RIVER CO ring s Cr Reservoir Burdock HOT SPRINGS 0640200006402000 Fall R Oral

CHEYENNE Cascade 0640049706400497 Springs 0639500006395000

Edgemont Horsehead Angostura Reservoir Creek 43º15' 0640000006400000

Creek 0640087506400875

Hat 01020MILES Base from U.S. Geological Survey digital data, 1:100,000; Quadrangle maps 1:24,000; and City Engineers map, 1991 01020KILOMETERS

Figure 10. Location of selected gaging stations relative to selected geologic outcrops.

Streamflow Characteristics for Selected Basins 33 Table 9. Criteria for categorizing degree of regulation for the City of Rapid City can be large, relative to the flow Black Hills streams of Rapid Creek. Diversions by Homestake Mining Category Criteria for assigning category Company from Rapid Creek, Elk Creek, and Spearfish High Streamflow measurably affected by regulation Creek are categorized as low to medium; however, majority of time and most streamflow charac- return flows to Whitewood Creek, subsequent to teristics highly affected majority of time municipal and industrial usage, are categorized as high, Medium Streamflow is measurably affected by regulation; relative to the natural flow of Whitewood Creek. Other however, many streamflow characteristics are not highly affected basins are categorized as having negligible to medium regulation, depending on sizes of communities and rel- Low Streamflow is seldom measurably affected by regulation or most streamflow characteristics ative effects of community water and wastewater sys- seldom affected tems on streamflow. Negligible Effects of regulation are nonexistent, or nearly nonexistent Comparison of Streamflow because of two flood-storage reservoirs in the basin Characteristics for Selected (Cold Brook and Cottonwood Springs Reservoirs), Hydrogeologic Settings which primarily affect high-flow statistics. Stations 06403300, French Creek above Fairburn, 06407500, Comparison statistics are presented in table 10 Spring Creek near Keystone, and 06408500, Spring for selected stations in four categories of hydrogeo- Creek near Hermosa, also are categorized as having logic settings, including interior sedimentary basins, medium regulation because of occasional releases from interior crystalline basins, interior basins downstream upstream reservoirs, with potential to affect monthly of loss zones, and exterior basins. Stations for which streamflow values. Releases from Stockade Lake on comparison statistics are presented were selected from French Creek, and Sheridan Lake on Spring Creek are table 8 by generally excluding basins that have multi- increased for short periods (generally less than ple hydrogeologic settings and highly regulated basins 1 month) during some years, in an effort to provide for which natural streamflow characteristics cannot be flow through downstream loss zones. Basins with determined. Comparison statistics include: the coeffi- small, pass-through reservoirs and large numbers of cient of variation for annual flows; the ratio of mini- small stock dams generally are categorized as having mum to maximum annual flow; the ratio of minimum low regulation because effects on most streamflow to maximum mean monthly flow; the ratio of minimum characteristics generally are small. Basins with few to maximum monthly flow; and the annual yield, small dams or reservoirs are categorized as having neg- expressed in inches (per unit area). Most of the data for ligible regulation. calculation of comparison statistics were taken from Most stations that are highly regulated by reser- Section E of the Supplemental Information section, voir operations also are highly affected by irrigation which presents summary statistics for stations with 10 diversions. In addition, two stations along Horse Creek or more years of record. Data for stations with less than (stations 06436760 and 06436800) are highly affected 10 years of record were obtained from Section D of the by irrigation return flows originating from diversions Supplemental Information section. Readers are cau- from the Belle Fourche Reservoir. Several stations are tioned that comparison statistics presented in table 10 categorized as having medium regulation because are based on various periods of record, which are not streamflow characteristics can be utilized for compari- consistent from station to station. sons, in spite of sizeable irrigation withdrawals. The comparison statistics presented in table 10 Numerous stations are categorized as having low regu- provide numerous insights regarding the variability of lation from irrigation diversions. In most of these streamflow in different hydrogeologic settings. The cases, irrigation methods are limited to spreader first statistic considered is the coefficient of variation systems that are operational only during high flows or for annual flows, which is a measure of the variability to small pumps. in annual mean flows over the period of record. A Most effects from municipal or industrial diver- small value for this coefficient indicates low variability sions are small, relative to flow of affected streams. from one year to the next and a large value indicates During low-flow conditions, municipal diversions by high variability.

34 Streamflow Characteristics for the Black Hills of South Dakota, through Water Year 1993 .84 .73 .70 8.51 1.83 3.34 6.90 4.13 4.94 4.13 1.70 1.94 1.12 2.17 3.10 4.07 5.59 3.77 2.70 2.17 2.39 (inches) 567 Annual yieldAnnual .079 .383 .643 .045 .314 .383 .003 .000 .000 .000 .002 .000 .025 .036 .006 .008 .002 .589 .369 .009 .270 .001 ratio 2 0.420 Monthly maximum maximum minimum/ .507 .622 .843 .407 .658 .622 .070 .028 .082 .041 .077 .023 .041 .081 .046 .062 .070 .955 .947 .363 .920 .086 ratio 2 0.912 maximum maximum minimum/ Mean monthly .304 .785 .893 .321 .567 .531 .074 .033 .067 .035 .069 .309 .315 .493 .301 .188 .074 .762 .661 .341 .037 ratio 0.531 Annual maximum maximum minimum/ .25 .10 .04 .25 .17 .22 .62 .70 .70 .96 .73 .38 .37 .25 .55 .58 .62 .07 .13 .21 .79 0.22 annual flow variation for for variation Coefficient of

record 1983-93 1949-93 1989-93 1989-93 1947-93 1983-93 1962-93 1977-93 1987-93 1967-93 1989-93 1989-93 1989-93 1989-93 1977-93 1939-93 1939-93 1950-93 Period of of Period (water years) Mean Median Mean Median Interior crystalline basins Interior crystalline Interior sedimentary basins .47 7.95 3.55 6.95 6.15 79.2 63.5 25.8 66.0 25.2 96.0 16.6 168 105 163 137 130 178 Area Interior basins downstream of loss zones Interior basins downstream miles) (square Reservoir, near Hill Hill City near Reservoir, 1 Game Lodge, Custer near Lodge, Game Station name Rhoads Fork near Rochford near Fork Rhoads Deerfield above Castle Creek Creek near Lead Spearfish Creek near Lead Little Spearfish Creek at Spearfish Spearfish Fairburn above Creek French Battle Creek near Keystone near Grace Coolidge Creek Keystone near Spring Creek Creek near Nemo Boxelder Annie Creek near Lead Spearfish near Creek Squaw Whitetail Creek at Lead Bear Butte Creek near Deadwood Springs Hot near Springs Cascade at Hot Springs River Fall Gap Creek near Buffalo Beaver Battle Creek at Hermosa Comparison statisticsselected for stations with various hydrogeologic settings

. Station number 06408700 06409000 06430770 06430850 06431500 06403300 06404000 06404998 06407500 06422500 06430800 06430898 06436156 06437020 06400497 06402000 06402500 06406000 Table 10 [--,computed] not

Streamflow Characteristics for Selected Basins 35 .10 .34 .94 .99 .16 .22 .58 .53 .16 .86 .99 .50 .53 0.33 1.91 -- -- (inches) Annual yield Annual .000 .000 .048 .351 .002 .256 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 ratio 2 2 0.000 -- -- Monthly maximum maximum minimum/ .000 .034 .421 .935 .174 .854 .030 .024 .013 .000 .010 .017 .001 .030 .011 .012 ratio 2 2 5 0.027 -- -- maximum maximum minimum/ Mean monthly .000 .000 .320 .262 .000 .028 .001 .000 .000 .002 .003 .000 .006 .002 ratio 0.000 -- -- Annual maximum maximum minimum/ y” basins. ive of “exterior” basins. of “exterior” ive .28 .31 .94 1.45 1.75 1.06 1.06 1.20 1.41 1.05 1.00 1.07 1.06 1.10 1.06 -- -- annual flow annual variation for for variation Coefficient of record 1950-93 1979-93 1980-93 1955-93 1947-93 1946-72 1947-93 1951-93 1984-93 1950-93 1954-93 1962-81 1946-72 Period of Period (water years) Exterior basins Mean Median Mean Median 199 128 190 471 920 192 187 540 121 315 192 7,143 1,044 Area miles) (square Interior basins downstream of zones—Continued loss Interior basins downstream characteristics are most representative of “interior sedimentar characteristics are most representative Hills; however, streamflow characteristics are streamflow most representat Hills; however, with various hydrogeologic settings—Continued of both “loss-zone” and “exterior” basins. “exterior” and both “loss-zone” of 3 3 4 4 riod from December through March. Station name Spring Creek near Spring Hermosa City Rapid near Creek Boxelder Elk Creek near Rapid City State line Dakota Creek at Wyoming-South Redwater Fourche Belle above River Redwater Sturgis near Creek Bear Butte at Edgemont River Cheyenne Hat Creek near Edgemont Horsehead Creek at Oelrichs Creek near Elm Springs Elk Hay Creek at Belle Fourche Arpan near Indian Creek Sturgis near Creek Bear Butte . Comparison statistics for selected stations Station is located downstream of loss zone; however, streamflow of loss zone; Station is located downstream however, Ratio calculated using only the pe characteristics are representative Streamflow Small percentage of drainage area is within “interior” of Black is 0.0003. Actual value 1 2 3 4 5 Station number 06408500 06423010 06425100 06430500 06433000 06437500 06395000 06400000 06400875 06425500 06433500 06436700 06437500 Table 10 Table not computed] [--,

36 Streamflow Characteristics for the Black Hills of South Dakota, through Water Year 1993 Coefficients of variation for annual flow, by of the factors that influence variability in the three other hydrogeologic setting, are presented in graph A of hydrogeologic settings, in addition to variability intro- figure 11. The interior sedimentary basins, which are duced by streamflow losses. Basins with large, consis- dominated by springflow from headwater areas of the tent, perennial springs, and minor influence from loss Limestone Plateau (fig. 10), have the smallest variabil- zones or from tributary inflow downstream of loss ity in annual flow, as a group. The coefficient of varia- zones, are likely to have the least variability in annual tion is less than or equal to 0.25 for all interior flow. Cascade Springs is an example. Basins with sedimentary basins (table 10). The exterior basins, as small, inconsistent, ephemeral springs, and large influ- a group, have the largest variability in annual flow, with ence from loss zones or from tributary inflow down- all coefficients of variation for this group approaching stream of loss zones, are likely to have the largest or exceeding 1.0. Coefficients of variation for the variability in annual flow. Battle, Spring, Boxelder, interior crystalline basins generally fall midway Elk, and Bear Butte Creeks are examples. Bear Butte between the interior sedimentary and exterior basins, Creek (station 06437500) is treated as both a loss-zone with slight overlap at each end of the range. In compar- and exterior basin. ison, the interior basins downstream of loss zones Mean and median values are calculated for the (loss-zone basins) span the widest range of variability coefficient of variation, for each category of hydrogeo- in annual flow. At the lower end of the range, variabil- logic setting, with the exception of the loss-zone basins ity in annual flow for loss-zone basins is comparable to (table 10). Means and medians are not calculated for variability for the interior sedimentary basins that are any of the comparison statistics for loss-zone basins, dominated by springflow. At the higher end of the because this category includes at least three distinctly range, variability in annual flow for loss-zone basins is different populations: (1) Those which are dominated comparable to variability for the exterior basins. by loss-zone characteristics; (2) those which are domi- The wide range of variability in flow characteris- nated by springflow characteristics; and (3) those tics for loss-zone basins justifies further discussion of which are dominated by a blend of these characteris- factors influencing the variability. The stations repre- tics. sentative of loss-zone basins generally have two com- monalities. First, stream channels at some point The second statistic presented in table 10 is the upstream of the gaging stations generally are dry ratio of the minimum annual flow to the maximum during low-flow periods, or experience substantial annual flow for each station. The "annual minimum/ losses during high-flow periods, in crossing outcrops of maximum ratio" is shown by hydrogeologic setting in the Madison Limestone and other sedimentary units. graph B of figure 11. This ratio provides information The only exception is station 06400497, Cascade that is similar to the coefficient of variation; however, Springs near Hot Springs, which is downgradient from the two statistics generally are inversely proportional. the Madison outcrop, but has no loss zone in its small The annual ratios tend to increase with decreasing vari- (0.47 mi2) drainage basin. Several streams have ability, so springflow-dominated streams with rela- multiple tributaries that experience losses. The second tively constant discharge tend to have relatively large commonality is that all of the loss-zone basins have ratios. Thus, the interior sedimentary basins and those perennial or ephemeral springs between the loss zones loss-zone basins that are dominated by consistent and gaging stations. Station 06423010, Boxelder springflow tend to have the largest ratios. The annual Creek near Rapid City, is somewhat of an exception. minimum/maximum ratios are more sensitive than the Several springs occur within the loss zone of Boxelder coefficients of variation, to the extremities of the range Creek (Rahn and Gries, 1973); however, springflow of annual values for each station. As an example, two seldom occurs between the loss zone and the gaging of the interior crystalline basins (stations 06403300, station. Several streams have multiple tributaries with French Creek above Fairburn, and 06437020, Bear springs. Butte Creek near Deadwood) have very similar coeffi- Additional factors that influence streamflow cients of variation of 0.62 and 0.55, respectively; how- variability in loss-zone basins are the sizes of drainage ever, the annual ratio for French Creek (0.074) is much basins and the range of hydrogeologic conditions smaller than for Bear Butte Creek (0.301). In addition, existing upstream and downstream of the loss zones. stations at which zero-flow has been recorded for an In some cases, loss-zone basins can be subjected to all entire water year are readily identified by a ratio of 0.0.

Streamflow Characteristics for Selected Basins 37 7 6 basins basins Exterior Exterior 4 5 ). Loss Loss zone zone basins basins 3 2 2 4 basins basins Interior Interior crystalline crystalline B - ANNUAL MINIMUM/MAXIMUM RATIO D - MONTHLY MINIMUM/MAXIMUM RATIO basins basins Interior Interior sedimentary sedimentary 0 0

1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1

RATIO RATIO 2 2 2 basins basins Exterior Exterior Loss Loss zone zone basins basins 2 2 2 2 basins basins Interior Interior crystalline crystalline 2 basins basins Interior Interior C - MEAN MONTHLY MIMIMUM/MAXIMUM RATIO sedimentary sedimentary Number indicates number of values (applies to all graphs) A - COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION FOR ANNUAL FLOW 2 Distribution of streamflow variability for selected gaging stations in hydrogeologic settings (see table 10 data 0 0

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1

COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION OF COEFFICIENT RATIO Figure 11.

38 Streamflow Characteristics for the Black Hills of South Dakota, through Water Year 1993 Two different ratios involving monthly values larger than indicated for stations 06430770, Spearfish are presented in table 10. These ratios also are shown, Creek near Lead, and 06431500, Spearfish Creek at by hydrogeologic setting, in graphs C and D of Spearfish. Irrigation diversions reduce the calculated figure 11. The “mean monthly minimum/maximum annual yields for many of the loss-zone basins and ratio” is obtained by comparing only the 12 mean exterior basins. monthly values for each station, and calculating the Annual yields for all stations except loss-zone ratio of the smallest mean to the largest mean. The stations, which may not be representative of annual “monthly minimum/maximum ratio” is obtained by yield for the drainage areas, are shown in figure 12. comparing all monthly values for the period of record Annual yields generally increase from south to north, for each station, and calculating the ratio of the small- with the largest yields generally occurring in streams est month to the largest month. Thus, the monthly draining the higher elevations of the northern Black minimum/maximum ratio for a station will be 0.0 if a Hills. This is consistent with precipitation patterns for zero-flow month has ever been recorded; however, the the Black Hills area. mean monthly minimum/maximum ratio will be 0.0 Two effects of geologic conditions on annual only if flow has never been recorded during a given yield are readily identifiable for several of the loss-zone month. Station 06423010, Boxelder Creek near Rapid basins. One effect is the reduction in yield that results City, which is a loss-zone station, is the only station from streamflow losses. For example, annual yield is which fits this category. Flow has never been recorded reduced from 2.17 in. at station 06422500, Boxelder at this station for the months of October through Creek near Nemo, to 0.10 in. at station 06423010, Box- March, for the entire period of record. elder Creek near Rapid City (table 10). Another effect Several of the loss-zone basins included in can be identified for loss-zone basins that are domi- table 10 are subject to considerable variability as a nated by springflow, which can produce flow originat- result of moderate to large irrigation withdrawals. The ing from outside the surface drainage area, as natural variability for stations 06402500, Beaver Creek evidenced by annual yields for two stations. The near Buffalo Gap, 06430500, Redwater Creek at annual yield of 567 in. for station 06400497, Cascade Wyoming-South Dakota State line, and 06433000, Springs near Hot Springs, is at least two orders of mag- Redwater River above Belle Fourche, is much less than nitude larger than what would be expected for drain- indicated by the coefficient of variation and the annual ages in the southern Black Hills. The annual yield of minimum/maximum ratio. It is not possible to alter 2.4 in. for station 06402000, Fall River at Hot Springs, also is somewhat larger than for other interior or these statistics to better reflect the natural variability of exterior basins in the southern Black Hills. these streams; however, comparison statistics for the monthly ratios for these stations have been modified to Contributing subsurface areas for the spring- reduce effects caused by irrigation diversions. For flow-dominated interior sedimentary basins also may be different than the surface drainages. Stations these stations, the monthly ratios also are calculated 06408700, Rhoads Fork near Rochford, and 06409000, using only the months of December through March Castle Creek above Deerfield Reservoir, are located (table 10), which provides a much better indication of relatively close together, with many hydrogeologic and the small, natural variability in monthly streamflow for climatic similarities. The differences in annual yields these springflow-dominated streams. The monthly for these two stations (8.5 and 1.8 in., respectively) are ratios shown in figure 11, for these stations, are the much larger than would be expected as a result of modified ratios. climatic differences. It is likely that the contributing The annual yield for each station, which is calcu- subsurface and surface drainage areas do not coincide, lated by dividing mean annual flow by drainage area for one or both of these basins. and converting to inches, also is shown in table 10. The effects of geologic conditions on annual

Annual yields are calculated using the periods of yield in other hydrogeologic settings are more difficult record shown in table 10; thus, annual yields are not to assess, because it is difficult to separate effects of representative of any consistent period of record. geologic conditions from effects of climatic conditions. Annual yields for several stations actually are some- Annual yields for the two categories of interior basins what larger than shown in table 10. Relatively large (sedimentary and crystalline) generally are larger than flows are diverted from upper Spearfish Creek to for exterior basins (table 10, fig. 12); however, wetter Whitewood Creek. Thus, actual annual yields are climatic conditions within the interior Black Hills area

Streamflow Characteristics for Selected Basins 39 104º 45' 0.860.86 30' Crow Indian EXPLANATION Cr Horse 44º45' Belle Fourche STREAMFLOW-GAGING STATION-- Creek Reservoir Newell Owl Number indicates annual yield, in BELLE Creek Creek inches. Symbol type indicates 0.160.16 F Fruitdale hydrogeologic setting. BELLE FOURCHE O UR CHE RIVER Hay Creek

R 8.51 Vale Interior sedimentary basin E BUTTE CO V ER R I MEADE CO REDWAT LAWRENCE CO 0.84 Interior crystalline basin Cox Lake Creek 0.16 Exterior basin

Bear 30' Spearfish 0.990.99 4.134.13 Whitewood Creek

Gulch Creek 4.074.07 Whitewood STURGIS Iron Creek Butte Lake DEADWOOD 15' 103º Cr 6.906.90 5.595.59 Galena Lead 3.773.77 h s i 3.103.10 f r

a e Bear p 3.343.34

S Elk 0.530.53

Roubaix Creek Spearfish Piedmont 15' N Little F Boxelder o r k

R a S. Fork Rapid Cr p i d Nemo Blackhawk Creek

C r 2.172.17 8.518.51 rk Box Elder Fo Rochford s ad o N Fork Rapid h Cas Silver City RAPID CITY R tle Cr Big Bend Rapid e Cre Pactola Creek stl ek a Reservoir Creek 1.831.83 C Deerfield V Deerfield icto Creek

S. Fork Reservoir ria r

44º Limestone Plateau C Sheridan pring e Lake S Castl 1.121.12 Hill City Creek

Keystone

KOTA Hayward 1.701.70 PENNINGTON CO Battle Hermosa CUSTER CO Grace Bear Creek

WYOMING C Gulch Creek Stockade o CUSTER o French Lake lid ge

SOUTH DA SOUTH Jewel Cave 1.941.94 National Monument 45' CUSTER 0.840.84 STATE Fairburn Creek PARK

Canyon Beaver Pringle Wind Cave National Park Hell Creek Dewey Creek

k o RIVER Cottonwood ro 30' Pass Buffalo Gap Springs B d Cottonwo l o Reservoir o Cold Brook

d S p C FALL RIVER CO ring s Cr Reservoir Burdock HOT SPRINGS Fall R Oral

CHEYENNE Cascade Springs 0.160.16 Edgemont Horsehead Angostura 43º15' 0.220.22 Reservoir Creek

Creek 0.580.58

Hat 01020MILES Base from U.S. Geological Survey digital data, 1:100,000; Quadrangle maps 1:24,000; and City Engineers map, 1991 01020KILOMETERS

Figure 12. Distribution of annual yield for gaging stations representative of selected hydrogeologic settings.

40 Streamflow Characteristics for the Black Hills of South Dakota, through Water Year 1993 probably are at least partially responsible for the larger capacity than exterior basins, because of geologic fac- yields. Annual yields for the interior sedimentary tors such as fracturing. basins are larger, as a group, than for the interior crys- Streams that are dominated by consistent spring- talline basins; however, annual yields for interior crys- flow are shown to be relatively unresponsive to short- talline basins located in the northern Black Hills are term variations in climatic conditions. As a group, the comparable with yields for the interior sedimentary interior sedimentary basins exhibit the smallest vari- basins, all of which are located in the northern Black ability in streamflow because of geologic constraints Hills (fig. 12). Thus, it cannot necessarily be con- on both low and high flows. These basins derive large cluded that the interior sedimentary basins produce and consistent base flow from headwater areas of the higher yields than crystalline basins. Limestone Plateau, in the northwestern Black Hills, where most of the outcrops consist of the Madison Limestone and Minnelusa Formation. Direct surface Factors Affecting Streamflow Variability runoff from these highly permeable outcrops is uncommon. As an example, the maximum daily flow for A number of factors have been identified that station 06408700, Rhoads Fork near Rochford, is affect variability of streamflow in the Black Hills area. 8.50 ft3/s (table E17.6, fig. F17), which is less than Variations in climatic conditions have the potential to twice the average flow of 4.98 ft3/s (table E17.2), and affect the timing and amount of streamflow in any less than three times the minimum daily flow of given location. Annual yield is shown to generally 3.10 ft3/s (table E17.5). increase from south to north and also is shown to be Loss-zone basins that are dominated by large larger for interior sedimentary basins and interior crys- artesian springflow also have small variability in flow. talline basins, than for exterior basins. These variations An example is station 06400497, Cascade Springs near in annual yield are consistent with climatic patterns for Hot Springs, where the maximum daily flow of 25 ft3/s the Black Hills area, including: (1) Increasing precipi- (table E3.6) is less than twice the minimum daily flow tation from south to north; (2) increasing precipitation of 14 ft3/s (table E3.5). Other springflow-dominated with increasing elevation; and (3) decreasing evapo- streams such as the Fall River, Beaver Creek, and the transpiration rates with increasing elevation. Thus, in Redwater River also have small variability in spring- many cases, potential effects of geologic conditions on flow; however, the variability of measured streamflow annual yield are difficult to separate from effects of cli- is increased by effects of surface runoff and withdraw- matic patterns. als. The source for many of the larger, more consistent Geologic conditions are shown to have a large artesian springs generally is discharge from the effect on the annual and monthly variability of stream- Madison and/or Minnelusa aquifers (Klemp, 1995; flow. Interior crystalline basins and exterior basins are Whalen, 1994). shown to have large variations in annual and monthly Several of the other streams that have been flows. All of the exterior basins are prone to extended classified as loss-zone basins (Battle, Spring, Elk, and periods of zero flow, as indicated by the monthly mini- Bear Butte Creeks) have relatively small springs with mum/maximum ratios, which are 0.0 for all exterior large variability in flow characteristics. These streams basins, and by the annual minimum/maximum ratios, are prone to low- or zero-flow conditions during which approach 0.0 for all exterior basins (table 10). extended dry periods, which indicates that these Although interior crystalline basins exhibit large vari- smaller springs are more responsive to short-term ability in annual and monthly flows, these basins are climatic and recharge conditions than some of the somewhat less prone to extended periods of zero flow. larger, more consistent springs. Additional variability Zero-flow months have been recorded for about one- in streamflow at these stations is caused by occasional half of the crystalline basins, but zero-flow years have large flows through the loss zones and by tributary not been recorded for any of the crystalline basins listed inflow from intervening drainage areas between the in table 10. Larger precipitation and smaller evapo- loss zones and gaging locations. transpiration rates over the interior of the Black Hills Station 06423010, Boxelder Creek near Rapid probably are factors that decrease zero-flow periods, City, has less influence from springflow than the other relative to exterior basins. In addition, it is possible that loss-zone stations. Several springs occur within the interior crystalline basins have larger shallow storage loss zone of Boxelder Creek (Rahn and Gries, 1973);

Streamflow Characteristics for Selected Basins 41 however, measurable flow at the gaging station gener- Streamflow records through WY 1993 are sum- ally occurs only when flow is sufficient to pass through marized for 129 continuous-record gaging stations. the loss zone. The drainage area between the next Collection of streamflow records in the Black Hills area station upstream (06422500, Boxelder Creek near began during WY 1903, with the operation of eight Nemo) and this station increases by 32 mi2. Much of USGS gaging stations. The longest continuous records this area consists of relatively large expanses of the in the Black Hills area are for stations 06423500, Chey- Madison Limestone, Minnelusa Formation, and other enne River near Wasta, and 06438000, Belle Fourche sedimentary units. Examination of streamflow records River near Elm Springs, which span WY 1934-93. for these stations (tables E27.1 and E28.1) indicates Monthly and annual means are tabulated for all avail- that monthly mean flow at the downstream station able years of record for all 129 gaging stations, includ- never exceeded corresponding flow at the upstream ing 111 stations for which records of daily flow are station during WY 1978-93. The largest daily flow for available and 18 stations for which only monthly 3 this period of record at the downstream site (114 ft /s records are available. For the stations with records of on June 7, 1991) is smaller than the daily flow at the daily flow, 32 have less than 5 years of record, 27 have 3 upstream site for the same date (151 ft /s). This pro- between 5 and 9 years of record, and 52 have 10 or vides additional evidence of the infrequent occurrence more years of record. Maxima, minima, and means for of direct surface runoff from the Madison Limestone the monthly and annual values are summarized for the and Minnelusa Formation. 27 stations with 5 to 9 years of record. For the 52 Streamflow variability also can be affected, to stations with 10 or more years of record, extensive some degree, by drainage area. Streamflow variability summary information is presented in a series of six for the interior sedimentary basins can be increased by tables for each station. The first table of each series outcrops of crystalline rocks. Similarly, variability for presents monthly and annual values for the station and the crystalline basins can be decreased by outcrops of the second table presents extensive summary statistics sedimentary rocks. As a generality, larger drainages for these values. The third and fourth tables present have more opportunity for integrated effects from correlation coefficients for 1-year serial correlations for multiple hydrogeologic settings. As an example, monthly values and a correlation matrix for monthly station 06431500, Spearfish Creek at Spearfish, is mean flows. The fifth and sixth tables of each series classified as an interior sedimentary basin (table 10). present low- and high-flow values and rankings for 1, Variability for this station is larger than for two 3, 7, 14, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 183 consecutive-day peri- upstream stations that also are classified as interior ods. A series of four graphs also is presented for each sedimentary basins (stations 06430770, Spearfish station with 10 or more years of record, including Creek near Lead, and 06430850, Little Spearfish Creek graphs of annual mean flow, distribution of monthly near Lead). Part of the increased variability is a result mean flow, a duration curve of daily mean flow, and of crystalline-rock outcrops within the basin. Two duration hydrographs of daily mean flow. In addition stations within the Spearfish Creek drainage to streamflow summaries, records of monthend con- (06430800, Annie Creek near Lead, and 06430898, tents are presented for five reservoirs operated by the Squaw Creek near Spearfish) are classified as predom- Bureau of Reclamation in the Black Hills area. inantly crystalline; however, these basins have smaller Streamflow characteristics are described for four variability than some of the other crystalline basins because of sedimentary-rock outcrops within their categories of hydrogeologic settings that are identified drainages. for the Black Hills area. Stations with long-term records (generally 10 or more years) and with minimal effects from reservoir operations, irrigation diversions, and municipal and industrial diversions, are used to SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS examine the effects of the various hydrogeologic This report summarizes streamflow records for settings on streamflow variability. all USGS gaging stations that have been operated The four categories of hydrogeologic settings within, or immediately downstream from the Black that are identified are interior sedimentary basins, Hills of western South Dakota. In addition, streamflow interior crystalline basins, interior basins downstream characteristics are described for four categories of of loss zones (loss-zone basins), and exterior basins. hydrogeologic settings that are identified for the area. The interior basins are located predominantly within

42 Streamflow Characteristics for the Black Hills of South Dakota, through Water Year 1993 the outermost extent of the outcrop of the Inyan Kara Battle, Spring, Elk, and Bear Butte Creeks is much Group and the exterior basins are located predomi- more variable than in Cascade Springs, Fall River, nantly beyond this outcrop. The interior sedimentary Beaver Creek, and Redwater River. basins generally are located within headwater areas of Relations between climatic conditions and the Limestone Plateau and are dominated by outcrops streamflow are not quantified in this report; however, it of the Madison Limestone and Minnelusa Formation. is shown that the interior crystalline basins and exterior The interior crystalline basins are located within the basins are much more responsive to climatic conditions uplifted central core of the Black Hills and are domi- than the springflow-dominated basins. Zero-flow nated by Precambrian metamorphic and igneous rocks months have been recorded for all of the exterior basins or Tertiary intrusive rocks. The loss-zone basins gen- and most of the interior crystalline basins; however, erally have gaging stations located downstream of loss zero-flow months have not been recorded for any of the zones that occur where streams cross outcrops of the interior sedimentary basins. Zero-flow months have Madison Limestone and other overlying sedimentary not been recorded for the loss-zone stations with large, units. Most of the loss-zone basins have springs consistent springflow; however, zero-flow months are located upstream of the gaging stations, but down- common for loss-zone stations with smaller, less con- stream of the loss zones. sistent springs. Thus, it is concluded that the smaller, Distinct differences in variability of annual and less consistent springs are more responsive to short- monthly streamflow are identified for the four catego- term climatic and recharge conditions than the larger, ries of hydrogeologic settings. The interior sedimen- more consistent springs. tary basins, which are dominated by springflow from Direct surface runoff is demonstrated to be headwater areas of the Limestone Plateau, have the uncommon for outcrops of the Madison Limestone and smallest variability in both annual and monthly flow, as Minnelusa Formation. For station 06408700, Rhoads a group. The exterior basins, as a group, have the Fork near Rochford (drainage area equals 7.95 mi2), largest variability in both annual and monthly flow. the ratio of maximum to mean daily flow is less than Variability in annual and monthly flow for the interior 2.0 and the ratio of maximum to minimum daily flow is crystalline basins generally falls midway between the less than 3.0. The drainage area between stations interior sedimentary and exterior basins. Variability for 06422500, Boxelder Creek near Nemo, and 06423010, the interior crystalline basins generally decreases as the Boxelder Creek near Rapid, increases by 32 mi2, with areal extent of sedimentary-rock outcrops within a basin increases. Conversely, outcrops of crystalline large outcrops of the Madison Limestone and rocks within interior sedimentary basins tend to Minnelusa Formation; however, monthly and daily increase streamflow variability. Loss-zone basins flow at the downstream station (06423010) have not exhibit the widest range in streamflow variability of exceeded corresponding flow at the upstream station any of the categories. Flow at several of the loss-zone during WY 1978-93. stations is dominated by flow from large, artesian Annual streamflow generally increases from springs, with very little variability in flow. Cascade south to north, which is consistent with climatic pat- Springs, Fall River, Beaver Creek, and Redwater River terns for the area. Annual yield generally is larger for demonstrate the most consistent springflow within this all of the interior categories than for the exterior basins; category. Flow at other loss-zone stations is dominated however, this is consistent with larger precipitation and by streamflow losses or by tributary inflows between smaller evapotranspiration rates at higher elevations. the loss zones and the gaging stations. Variability in Annual yields generally are largest for the interior flow at such stations can be larger than for interior sed- sedimentary basins; however, all of these basins are imentary or exterior basins. The variability caused by located in the northern Black Hills. Interior crystalline streamflow losses or tributary inflows for such stations basins located in the northern Black Hills have annual tends to mask the natural variability in springflow at yields that are comparable with interior sedimentary such stations; however, it is shown that springflow in basins.

Summary and Conclusions 43 SELECTED REFERENCES Klemp, J.A., 1995, Source aquifers for large springs in northwestern Lawrence County, South Dakota: Rapid Addison, E.L., 1991, Rainfall/runoff relationships and City, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, modeling of changes in water yield from timber harvest unpublished M.S. thesis, 175 p. in the Black Hills of South Dakota: Rapid City, South Kyllonen, D.P., and Peter, K.D., 1987, Geohydrology and Dakota School of Mines and Technology, unpublished water quality of the Inyan Kara, Minnelusa, and M.S. thesis, 103 p. Madison aquifers of the northern Black Hills, South Bureau of Reclamation, 1997, Annual operating plans, Dakota and Wyoming, and Bear Lodge Mountains, Upper Missouri River Basin: Billings, Montana (issued Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources annually), 202 p. Investigations Report 86-4158, 61 p. Decker, E.M., 1991, Water-resources activities of the U. S. Larimer, O.J., 1970, A proposed streamflow data program Geological Survey in South Dakota--fiscal years for South Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File 1989-90: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 91- Report, 65 p. 91, 77 p. Little, J.R. and Matthews, D.K., 1985, The stream-gaging Dempster, G.R., Jr., 1990, National Water Information program in South Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey System user’s manual, Volume 2, Chapter 3, Auto- Open-File Report 85-564, 29 p. mated data processing system: U.S. Geological Survey Orr, H.K., 1959, Precipitation and streamflow in the Black Open-File Report 90-116, variously paged. Hills: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, DeWitt, Ed, Redden, J.A., Buscher, David, and Wilson, A.B., Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station 1989, Geologic map of the Black Hills area, South Paper No. 44, 25 p. Dakota and Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Map Ott, Lyman, 1988, An introduction to statistical methods and I-1910. data analysis (3d ed.): Boston, Mass., PWS-Kent Driscoll, D.G., 1992, Plan of study for the Black Hills Publishing Company, 835 p. Hydrology Study, South Dakota: U.S. Geological Peter, K.D., 1985, Availability and quality of water from the Survey Open-File Report 92-84, 10 p. bedrock aquifers in the Rapid City area, South Dakota: ———1994, Black Hills Hydrology Study, South Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investiga- U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-344, 4 p. tions Report 85-4022, 34 p. Feldman, R.M. and Heimlich, R.A., 1980, The Black Hills: Peterlin, J.D., 1990, Thermal springs and flow declines of the K/H Geology Field Guide Series: Kent, Ohio, Fall River in the southern Black Hills of South Dakota: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, Kent State Rapid City, South Dakota School of Mines and University, 190 p. Technology, unpublished M.S. thesis, 83 p. Rahn, P.H. and J.P. Gries, 1973, Large springs in the Black Goddard, K.E., 1989, Composition, distribution, and hydro- Hills, South Dakota and Wyoming: South Dakota logic effects of contaminated sediments resulting from Geological Survey Report of Investigations No. 107, the discharge of gold milling wastes to Whitewood 46 p. Creek at Lead and Deadwood, South Dakota: U.S. Rantz, S.E. and others, 1982, Measurement and computation Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations of streamflow: Volume 2. Computation of discharge: Report 87-4051, 76 p. U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2175, Goddard, K.E. and Lockner, T.K., 1989, Summary of data 631 p. pertaining to land use, rainfall, dry-fall, stream dis- U.S. Department of Commerce, 1994, Climatological data charge, and storm runoff on Rapid Creek, Rapid City for South Dakota, annual summary: Asheville, North area, South Dakota: U. S. Geological Survey Open-File Carolina (issued annually). Report 87-45, 194 p. U.S. Geological Survey, 1959, Compilation of records of Greene, E.A., 1993, Hydraulic properties of the Madison surface waters of the United States through September Aquifer System in the western Rapid City area, South 1950, Part 6-A. Missouri River Basin above Sioux City, Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Iowa: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper Investigations Report 93-4008, 56 p. 1309, 672 p. Johnson, H.N., 1933, A climatological review of the Black ———1962-66, Surface water records for North Dakota and Hills: South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, South Dakota, water years 1961-65: U.S. Geological Rapid City, South Dakota, Black Hills Engineer, v. 29, Survey Water Data Reports for North and South Dakota 35 p. (published annually in unnumbered documents).

44 Streamflow Characteristics for the Black Hills of South Dakota, through Water Year 1993 ———1964, Compilation of records of surface waters of the ———1973, Surface water supply of the United States United States, October 1950 to September 1960, 1966-70, Part 6. Missouri River Basin, Volume 2. Part 6-A. Missouri River Basin above Sioux City, Iowa: Missouri River Basin from Williston, North Dakota, to U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1729, Sioux City, Iowa: U.S. Geological Survey Water- 507 p. Supply Paper 2117, 611 p. ———1967-94, Water resources data for South Dakota, Wahl, K.L., Thomas, W.O., Jr., and Hirsch, R.M., 1995, The water years 1966-93: U.S. Geological Survey Water stream-gaging program of the U.S. Geological Survey: Data Reports SD-66-1 to SD-93-1 (published U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1123, 22 p. annually). Whalen, P.J., 1994, Source aquifers for cascade springs, Hot ———1969, Surface water supply of the United States 1961-65, Part 6. Missouri River Basin, Volume 2. Springs, and Beaver Creek Springs in the southern Missouri River Basin from Williston, North Dakota, to Black Hills of South Dakota: Rapid City, South Dakota Sioux City, Iowa: U.S. Geological Survey Water- School of Mines and Technology, unpublished M.S. Supply Paper 1917, 560 p. thesis, 299 p.

Selected References 45