Transformation of Santa Cruz Atizapán, Estado De México 1940 – 2011
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-2, Issue-12, 2016 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in Transformation Of Santa Cruz Atizapán, Estado De México 1940 – 2011 Jesús Sales Colín1, Ma. Luisa Quintero Soto2, Tomas Martínez 2 3 Saldaña & Tomas Hes 1Unidad Profesional Nezahualcóyotl de la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México; 2Colegio de Posgraduados, Campus Montecillo Texcoco, México. 3Czech University of Life Science Prague Abstract : The process of economic, socio-cultural the Nevado de Toluca, Tenango and the mountains change and its impact on the environment in Santa of Ajusco and Las Cruces; forming a plain fed by Cruz Atizapan, State of Mexico from 1940 to 2011 numerous tributaries that originate the three lakes is examined in this paper. The transition from a of Lerma, Chiconahuapan or Almoloya (596 Ha), peasant and fishermen community, based on the Chimaliapan or Lerma (2081 Ha) and use of lagoon resources is examined as it changed Chignahuapan or Atarasquillo River (346 ha) to an industrial cluster linked to the global network (RAMSAR and CONANP 2003: 14); where the of the apparel industry, generated an industrial exorreica hydrological basin Lerma-Chapala- community with characteristics of a craftsman’s Santiago is born. A hydrological system formed by guild, including the formation of family workshops. the Lerma River (705-708 km), Lake Chapala and The population keeps the festivities as well as their Santiago (562 km) river to reaches the Pacific religious beliefs and characteristics of family based Ocean. social organization however has adapted to the larger society changing its food, clothing and The Federal State of Mexico is divided consumption habits. into high, medium and low Lerma, approximately 5,146 km2 (SMA 2010), or hydrographically Keywords: Santa Cruz Atizapan, Lerma´s upper speaking into 4 of the 19 sub-basins, Antonio river basin, apparel assembly, sociocultural Alzate, Ignacio Ramirez, Tepetitlán and Tuxtepec, change, environmental impact. 5575.4925 km2 (Sotelo et. To . 2005: 10) with a channel length of 177.8 km, 2,570 m of elevation REGION AND FOCUS OF THE STUDY above sea level at its source and 2,360 meters above sea level at the output of State (National Lerma river basin is region demarcated by the Water Commission 2010: 38, 201; IWRM 2009 slopes of the Central Volcanic Belt; arc formed by SMA 2010). FIGURE 1. Geography of Santa Cruz Atizapán. Source: Author Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Page 168 Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-2, Issue-12, 2016 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in INTRODUCTION TABLA 1 : Specialization of 13 municipalities close to Chignahuapan lagoon. The community of Santa Cruz Atizapán and the municipality to which it belongs, is a pre-Hispanic MUNICIPIO ACTIVIDAD ECONÓMICA matlalzinca community, located in the center of the PREDOMINANTE State of Mexico, in northern latitude of 19°09'42 Santa Cruz Clothes polygon '' to 19°11'13 'west longitude and 99 ° Atizapán 28'29' '99°31'10' '; between 2575 to 2610 meters of altitude with an area of 8.4236 km2 in Upper Almoloya del Clothes Lerma or sub Antonio Alzate, on the northeast río: bank of the lagoon Chignahuapan, one of the three San Antonio la Flowers wetlands that feed the Lerma River. Santa Cruz Isla Atizapán is one of the 125 municipalities in the San Mateo Shoes State of Mexico and one of the 13 coastal Atenco: municipalities of Lerma wetlands. For the year San Pedro Commerce 2010 INEGI (2013) reported a population of Tlaltizapán: 10,299 inhabitants, 4967 men and 5332 women. In San Pedro Wooden tables. the year 2005 they had a low degree of Tultepec: marginalization, generated a Gross Domestic Ocoyoacac: Tamales and atole. Product (GDP) of $ 53.23 million pesos. In a 2000 Xalatlaco: Tamales and atole. census population of 8,172 inhabitants, 310 were Capulhuac: Barbacoa employed in the primary sector, 1,383 in industry San Miguel Bijou y underwear. and 353 people in the services sector. The Almaya: municipality had registered for the year 193 Chapultepec Food: mushrooms and chorizos. production units or engaged in manufacturing clothing (Sales 2011). Guadalupe Sweaters, covers and sarapes. There is a regional phenomenon Yancuictlalpan highlighted by Sales (2011: 162) of the 13 Santiago Commercial center for the municipalities bordering the lake on the top of Tianguistenco surrounding communities. Chignahuapan Lerma, Santa Cruz Atizapán, Source: Sales 2011. Almoloya River, San Antonio la Isla, San Mateo, San Pedro Tlaltizapán San Pedro Tultepec, The environmental impacts generated as Ocoyoacac, Xalatlaco, Capulhuac, San Miguel part of the cultural changes of the community, were Almaya, Chapultepec, Guadalupe Yancuictlalpan influenced by national development built to world (Santiago Tianguistenco colony) and Santiago markets, can be understood in three periods Tianguistenco, having specialized in activities according to Sales (2011 and 2013). The first one, financed by local capital. In Table 1, the being a self-supply economy and drying of Lake specialization of the municipality is shown. Chignahuapan between 1940 to 1960. The second The transition of the community of Santa one, being the adaptation after drying of Cruz Atizapán of peasants and fishermen was Chignahuapan lagoon and adaptation process of supported by the use of lagoon resources towards economic modernization between 1960 to 1980. the formation of an industrial cluster linked to the The third, responding to change the model of local global network of the apparel industry, generated economic development of Santa Cruz Atizapan, an industrial community with features of a peasant joining the national economic model of craftman’s guild structure, including the formation industrialization adapted to local needs and of family workshops focused on clothing in a community between1980 to 2011. period between 1940 to 2011. The population kept the festivities as well as their religious beliefs and The reason for drying and exploitation of characteristics of social organization in the family wetlands of Alto Lerma was and remains the and community, and has adapted to the cultural pressure of urban housing activities, due to the high influence of the larger society changing its food, concentration of population and development of clothing and fuel consumption of new goods, industrial production (consumptive and industrial production for the local, regional and national water use)of the Metropolitan Area of Mexico market. City, in addition to provision of to other regional agribusinesses, manufacturing and services production. Such process of change and adaptation strategies have generated impacts on the environment and society, which ultimately affect Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Page 169 Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-2, Issue-12, 2016 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in the region and remote regions of Alto Lerma. The as ducks, plus plant species collected, their number, modification of the material basis of support of the weight (kg), was to provide the minimum daily community, affected the vision of people, requirement for food. If we estimate that an adult reorienting some aspects of cultural life, such as individual of a median size of 1.65 m to 1.70 m and intake of some newly industrialized food types, an average weight of 70 kg, was able to eat a day a clothing, housing and the insertion of new daily food ration of 70 to 80 grams of protein, 50- economic activities. Likewise, there were other 70 grams of fat and 300 to 500 grams carbohydrate, practices such as keeping the festivities, food based we reach the sum of about 0.650 kg of food per on corn production, social organization of families, day. Carbohydrates which represent the largest with the ultimate goal is the survival of their proportion of energy source, were supplied by corn community. farming. With regard to coastal communities and the Santa Cruz Atizapan, the system ensured a steady balance of nutrition, so there was no reason AUTONOMOUS ECONOMY AND DRYING for a change. The forces of transformation as in OF THE CHIGNAHUAPAN LAGOON IN 1940 many other cases came from abroad. - 1952. CONDITIONS OF CHANGE Until the year 1952 the predominant economic activity in the upper Lerma was the use of In 1930, Mexico entered a period of a relative wetlands, agriculture, fishing, hunting and "craft" internal social stability, which allowed to manufacture of woven baskets and mats (mats) consolidate the institutions of the Mexican state, Tule (Taxodium mucronatum Ten .) which allowed shifted to modernization and economic existence of autonomous local economy, development in search of progress and national commercializing local products in Santiago development based on two axes. First one was the Tianguistenco, Toluca and Tacuba in Mexico City. concentration and control bodies of water for The system as a whole had an approximate area of distribution to more profitable economic activities, 10,569 ha according to Mr. De Garay map for the in particular the capital intensive agricultural first years of the twentieth century (Lara 1980, production in the center and north of the country cited in Camacho 2007: 26-7).. The and the generation of electricity. The second axis, geomorphology of the Lerma River, allowed was encouragement of manufacturing by providing indigenous groups to settle in one of the most it with the resources and infrastructure for their densely populated