Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-2, Issue-12, 2016 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in

Transformation Of Santa Cruz Atizapán, Estado De México 1940 – 2011

Jesús Sales Colín1, Ma. Luisa Quintero Soto2, Tomas Martínez Saldaña2 & Tomas Hes3 1Unidad Profesional Nezahualcóyotl de la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México; 2Colegio de Posgraduados, Campus Montecillo Texcoco, México. 3Czech University of Life Science Prague

Abstract : The process of economic, socio-cultural the Nevado de , Tenango and the mountains change and its impact on the environment in Santa of Ajusco and Las Cruces; forming a plain fed by Cruz Atizapan, State of from 1940 to 2011 numerous tributaries that originate the three lakes is examined in this paper. The transition from a of Lerma, Chiconahuapan or Almoloya (596 Ha), peasant and fishermen community, based on the Chimaliapan or Lerma (2081 Ha) and use of lagoon resources is examined as it changed Chignahuapan or Atarasquillo River (346 ha) to an industrial cluster linked to the global network (RAMSAR and CONANP 2003: 14); where the of the apparel industry, generated an industrial exorreica hydrological basin Lerma-Chapala- community with characteristics of a craftsman’s Santiago is born. A hydrological system formed by guild, including the formation of family workshops. the (705-708 km), Lake Chapala and The population keeps the festivities as well as their Santiago (562 km) river to reaches the Pacific religious beliefs and characteristics of family based Ocean. social organization however has adapted to the larger society changing its food, clothing and The Federal is divided consumption habits. into high, medium and low Lerma, approximately 5,146 km2 (SMA 2010), or hydrographically Keywords: Santa Cruz Atizapan, Lerma´s upper speaking into 4 of the 19 sub-basins, Antonio river basin, apparel assembly, sociocultural Alzate, Ignacio Ramirez, Tepetitlán and Tuxtepec, change, environmental impact. 5575.4925 km2 (Sotelo et. To . 2005: 10) with a channel length of 177.8 km, 2,570 m of elevation REGION AND FOCUS OF THE STUDY above sea level at its source and 2,360 meters above sea level at the output of State (National Lerma river basin is region demarcated by the Water Commission 2010: 38, 201; IWRM 2009 slopes of the Central Volcanic Belt; arc formed by SMA 2010). FIGURE 1. Geography of Santa Cruz Atizapán.

Source: Author

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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-2, Issue-12, 2016 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in

INTRODUCTION TABLA 1 : Specialization of 13 municipalities close to Chignahuapan lagoon. The community of Santa Cruz Atizapán and the municipality to which it belongs, is a pre-Hispanic MUNICIPIO ACTIVIDAD ECONÓMICA matlalzinca community, located in the center of the PREDOMINANTE State of Mexico, in northern latitude of 19°09'42 Santa Cruz Clothes polygon '' to 19°11'13 'west longitude and 99 ° Atizapán 28'29' '99°31'10' '; between 2575 to 2610 meters of altitude with an area of 8.4236 km2 in Upper Almoloya del Clothes Lerma or sub Antonio Alzate, on the northeast río: bank of the lagoon Chignahuapan, one of the three San Antonio la Flowers wetlands that feed the Lerma River. Santa Cruz Isla Atizapán is one of the 125 municipalities in the San Mateo Shoes State of Mexico and one of the 13 coastal Atenco: municipalities of Lerma wetlands. For the year San Pedro Commerce 2010 INEGI (2013) reported a population of Tlaltizapán: 10,299 inhabitants, 4967 men and 5332 women. In San Pedro Wooden tables. the year 2005 they had a low degree of : marginalization, generated a Gross Domestic : and atole. Product (GDP) of $ 53.23 million pesos. In a 2000 : Tamales and atole. census population of 8,172 inhabitants, 310 were : Barbacoa employed in the primary sector, 1,383 in industry San Miguel Bijou y underwear. and 353 people in the services sector. The Almaya: municipality had registered for the year 193 Chapultepec Food: mushrooms and chorizos. production units or engaged in manufacturing clothing (Sales 2011). Guadalupe Sweaters, covers and sarapes. There is a regional phenomenon Yancuictlalpan highlighted by Sales (2011: 162) of the 13 Santiago Commercial center for the municipalities bordering the lake on the top of Tianguistenco surrounding communities. Chignahuapan Lerma, Santa Cruz Atizapán, Source: Sales 2011. Almoloya River, , San Mateo, San Pedro Tlaltizapán San Pedro Tultepec, The environmental impacts generated as Ocoyoacac, Xalatlaco, Capulhuac, San Miguel part of the cultural changes of the community, were Almaya, Chapultepec, influenced by national development built to world ( colony) and Santiago markets, can be understood in three periods Tianguistenco, having specialized in activities according to Sales (2011 and 2013). The first one, financed by local capital. In Table 1, the being a self-supply economy and drying of Lake specialization of the municipality is shown. Chignahuapan between 1940 to 1960. The second The transition of the community of Santa one, being the adaptation after drying of Cruz Atizapán of peasants and fishermen was Chignahuapan lagoon and adaptation process of supported by the use of lagoon resources towards economic modernization between 1960 to 1980. the formation of an industrial cluster linked to the The third, responding to change the model of local global network of the apparel industry, generated economic development of Santa Cruz Atizapan, an industrial community with features of a peasant joining the national economic model of craftman’s guild structure, including the formation industrialization adapted to local needs and of family workshops focused on clothing in a community between1980 to 2011. period between 1940 to 2011. The population kept the festivities as well as their religious beliefs and The reason for drying and exploitation of characteristics of social organization in the family wetlands of Alto Lerma was and remains the and community, and has adapted to the cultural pressure of urban housing activities, due to the high influence of the larger society changing its food, concentration of population and development of clothing and fuel consumption of new goods, industrial production (consumptive and industrial production for the local, regional and national water use)of the Metropolitan Area of Mexico market. City, in addition to provision of to other regional agribusinesses, manufacturing and services production. Such process of change and adaptation strategies have generated impacts on the environment and society, which ultimately affect

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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-2, Issue-12, 2016 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in the region and remote regions of Alto Lerma. The as ducks, plus plant species collected, their number, modification of the material basis of support of the weight (kg), was to provide the minimum daily community, affected the vision of people, requirement for food. If we estimate that an adult reorienting some aspects of cultural life, such as individual of a median size of 1.65 m to 1.70 m and intake of some newly industrialized food types, an average weight of 70 kg, was able to eat a day a clothing, housing and the insertion of new daily food ration of 70 to 80 grams of protein, 50- economic activities. Likewise, there were other 70 grams of fat and 300 to 500 grams carbohydrate, practices such as keeping the festivities, food based we reach the sum of about 0.650 kg of food per on corn production, social organization of families, day. Carbohydrates which represent the largest with the ultimate goal is the survival of their proportion of energy source, were supplied by corn community. farming. With regard to coastal communities and the Santa Cruz Atizapan, the system ensured a steady balance of nutrition, so there was no reason AUTONOMOUS ECONOMY AND DRYING for a change. The forces of transformation as in OF THE CHIGNAHUAPAN LAGOON IN 1940 many other cases came from abroad. - 1952. CONDITIONS OF CHANGE Until the year 1952 the predominant economic activity in the upper Lerma was the use of In 1930, Mexico entered a period of a relative wetlands, agriculture, fishing, hunting and "craft" internal social stability, which allowed to manufacture of woven baskets and mats (mats) consolidate the institutions of the Mexican state, Tule (Taxodium mucronatum Ten .) which allowed shifted to modernization and economic existence of autonomous local economy, development in search of progress and national commercializing local products in Santiago development based on two axes. First one was the Tianguistenco, Toluca and Tacuba in . concentration and control bodies of water for The system as a whole had an approximate area of distribution to more profitable economic activities, 10,569 ha according to Mr. De Garay map for the in particular the capital intensive agricultural first years of the twentieth century (Lara 1980, production in the center and north of the country cited in Camacho 2007: 26-7).. The and the generation of electricity. The second axis, geomorphology of the Lerma River, allowed was encouragement of manufacturing by providing indigenous groups to settle in one of the most it with the resources and infrastructure for their densely populated strips of land during the last 500 development, such as water, soil, roads and years, with technology according to the utilization manpower and other resources (Sales, 2011, 2013). of their natural resources. Chignahuapan lagoon of Cyclical aspects of the Second World War 1900-1952, held to 13 coastal communities, for period as well as the subsequent entries of the 1950 were approximately 60,897 individuals, of United States of America to the war in the early whom 1811 were living in the town of Santa Cruz 1940s and of Mexico in 1942, the reconstruction of Atizapan, regardless of the livestock and poultry Europe from 1945 to 1960; the Vietnam war, the breeding, or export product of the lagoon to other governmental “Bracero” programs in 1940-1960; municipalities and towns in the region (see Table the Maquila Programs in 1960 close to the northern 1). border, allowed Latin America, particularly Mexico to rejoin modernization, being a supplier of raw The system was to provide food for materials and labor for the United States and the human and animal populations as well as materials allies of the Organization of the North Atlantic for housing construction, fuel for fishing, hunting, Treaty (NATO), and caused transfer of technology agriculture, forestry and carbon output, while for the new generation of electricity, control and surpluses were going on sale in the of training cuecas irrigation districts is reflected in Santiago Tianguistenco, Toluca and Tacuba in watershed management in Mexico based on the Mexico City and fuel for locomotion railways. For Tennessee Valley Autority (TVA) created in 1933 these years people from Atizapan and Almoloyén, in the United States (Sales 2004; ECLAC 1999;.. according to Molina (2009), traveled to Coatepec Basterrechea et al 1996), among others, as well as (San Nicolas Coatepec, approximately 8.5 km from the green revolution, health campaigns and plant the county seat of Santa Cruz Atizapán), in search health, and affected the population growth and of firewood, contracting services with other changed the activities in the primary sector as well surrounding communities or employing direct as activities in the secondary and tertiary sector. payments for the use of lagoon resource between communities. Regarding the amount of fish, frogs, crayfish and other species fished and hunted such

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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-2, Issue-12, 2016 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in

GRAPH 1 : Population growth in Santa Cruz Atizapán 1900-2005 10000

8000

6000

4000

2000

0 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

POBLACIÓN HOMBRES MUJERES

Source: Sales (2011:82).

These developments can be observed in denied such concessions for technical aspects. For the population growth of Santa Cruz, as well as in the year 1938 the Federal District offices take up the rest of the world. In Figure 1, one can compare the proposal to capture the waters of the lagoons of the approximate turning points in relation to the Lerma (Molina 2009: 102), adopted as "Lerma population growth of the community of Santa Cruz. Plan" in 1964 and then a second project "Origins of the Rio Lerma, Mexico. Rectification and DRYING OF THE LAKE AND ADAPTATION channeling of the Lerma river and major drains Chignahuapan 1953-1970. systems of Mexico City 1964 ". The impediments were economic and financial aspects, consensus The intention of draining the Lerma among coastal communities about the benefits of wetlands at least have a history starting with the the project, who normally denied to them; and a XIX century; when water was sought as a means of regulatory framework that would allow the communication for trade, intensive export company legal technical aspect, which empowered agriculture, power generation and water supply for the federal government's use of natural resources, the City of Mexico. The first project of drying was particularly water. raised in 1857 and 1870 by the Government of Mexico, the governor Riva Palacios under the From conception to implementation, the policy of material improvements to the country's Lerma Plan lasted ten years, the trajectory of the progress and to avoid emanations of disease aqueduct in Almoloya del Río begins and ends in elements, and to incorporate farmland under the Chapultepec Park in Mexico City, with a length of direction of the engineer Francisco de Garay 60,117 Km (Romero 1947: 60 cited in Pictures (Camacho 2007: 14, 16, 20, 88). The September 2005: 57). Located east, in ancient riverside strip of 24, 1906, the Ministry of Development and Almoloya - , it passes through the Industry submitted for consideration and for municipalities of Almoloya del Río, Santiago approval the agreement dated September 5th of that Tianguistengo, Capulhuac and Lerma, crosses year between President Porfirio Diaz and underneath the mountains that divide the valley of Gumersindo C. Enriquez, to dry lagoon Lerma, Toluca in Mexico Valley. The work was located in the District of Tenango and Mexico State inaugurated in 1952 by President Miguel Aleman (Molina 2009: 92). Later on August 12, 1920, Valdez (GDF1997: 3-5). Parallel to the draining of General Benjamin G. Hill and Mr. Miguel Gomez the lakes of Lerma Lerma-Toluca's industrial presented to the Ministry of Development and to corridor, one of its objectives was designed to the Water Directorate, Department requests attract coastal populations, mitigating granting concessions waters of the springs of environmental change and move from a Almoloya, located in the District of Tenango State subsistence-based self-supply in the primary, of Mexico (Molina 2009: 96). fishing activity and mainly agriculture to industrial activity. According to Vázquez (1998: 116 quoted in Molina 2009: 100), Mr. W. Makenzie was Between June and September 1950 proposed as the responsible for the uptake of water (Serrano 1987: 19 and Gonzalez 2002: 30 cited in from the springs of the Lerma River in 1899. On 2 Molina 2009: 234), Thursday of Corpus Christi, February 1932, engineer Andrés Villafaña, was during the month of June was the day when the

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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-2, Issue-12, 2016 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in waters of the springs that filled the Lerma became seedstocks which were agribusiness, agricultural lost. Some people who lived at the edge of the surplus, trade in breeding sheep and wool, masonry lagoon say overnight after a heavy rain they heard a originated domestic expertise of a group of families noise as if something was sucked by the earth; who migrated to Mexico City and settled, formed apparently that was the time when the engineers social networks, serving as a link for Atizapan working on the Lerma system started to run the people who worked as laborers on the ground of pumps in the place called Zero, while the next General Motors and Ford City of Mexico, shoe morning it was possible to observe the mud of the trade in the family market of Tacubaya and others. bed of the lagoon, full of aquatic fauna and began These are examples of the incipient industry the process of putrefaction, subsequently withered household sewing clothes in the first half of the lilies and bulrushes (Molina 2009: 234). 1950s.

From this event in June 1950, coastal The household sewing clothing industry communities intensified a series of sociocultural "maquila", appears as a copy of experience adaptation strategies, in particular Sales (2011, elswhere with the idea of not leaving their home, 2013) reports actions undertaken by the their home land. This strategy is to develop local Community of Santa Cruz Atizapán. First, use of industry, known regionally under the noun "Textile dried land and inter-territorial conflicts in Santa Industry", which is inserted in the field of garment Cruz Atizapán, as a defense of their lands and and clothing. This industry was born in the mid- communities surrounding municipalities as 1950s, Sales (2011: 199-210, 2013) and was Almoloya del Río, San Pedro Tlatizapán, distinguished by three processes: (1) Dissemination Texcaliacac, Techuchulco San Pedro, San Antonio by family networks from Almoloya del Río Santa La Isla, mainly. Second: proletarianization of Cruz Atizapan; (2) Santa Cruz Atizapán stitchers Atizapan inhabitants due to the construction of children. Five children learned to become tailors in water diversion works for the City of Mexico, their spare time between the first and second class where many men were hired as laborers in the of high school, so that they themselves knew to construction of the aqueduct as pions, masons and make their dresses; then leave their studies devoted foremen. to the craft of sewing, knowing that in the capital clothing production was concentrated, traveled to Third: Migration to urban centers and the the center accompanied by their mothers, receiving “bracero” program, migration to the cities of packages of 50 pants; thus beginning a process of Toluca and Mexico City which have so far weekend workshops in the capital. (3) Diffusion represented only percentages below 1% for the migration to urban centers, consistent with the population. In particular, Santa Cruz Atizapán has settings that manages the farmers according to been characterized as a relatively closed Gonzalez et. to the. (2007: 18). The existence of community, however, migration in those years was sewing workshops encouraged other families, an alternative to resource depletion, as mainly emulating the offices, some for immigrats that women worked as domestic servants, men in stayed in cities and acquired sewing machines. masonry and in different types of manufacturing sector or other trades, with their main knowledge in Funding for the acquisition of sewing the area of agriculture, with at least 50 individuals machines was provided by agriculture and revenue participating in the “bracero” program in the of migration in its early years, and stemmed from United States in the 1960 family savings, a situation that continues to this day apparently for Small and Medium Enterprises ( (4) Fourth: compensation for damages by Quintero et. al. 2015). For early 1960, the seam demands, requests and applications to the was presented as an alternative, while several Department of the Federal District as compensation sought to learn the new skill. Sales (2011: 203-5) demanded for the drying of Lake Almoloya or identifies the acquisition of sewing machines for Chignahuapan, while these agreements were the population by: (1) Loans of traders, some reflected in the construction of primary schools, families as LR1, with networks in Almoloya del utility systems and potable water Santa Cruz Río, were linked closely with industry and Atizapán in Almoloya del Río as also dwellings suppliers, who financed them by short-term credit and drains were built. facilities, under the condition of the fabric traders buy Jewish groups in Mexico City. The increase in (5) Fifth: household industry. The low demand for clothing, suitable for the (2) home loan migration to cities and to United States included a machines, on the one hand due to the lack of stage of experimentation and learning, household adequate containment of the production process in models as well as emerged embryonic industry one place, on the other, a number of women requesting work facilities at home, getting the loan

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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-2, Issue-12, 2016 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in for machines. As part of this same process, there is DEVELOPMENT OF SANTA CRUZ the case of the LR1 family, a group of farm ATIZAPÁN 1970 - 2011 workers protested against their exploitation and Since its inception the maquila clothing in Santa taking (3) sewing machines as payment for work. Cruz Atizapán and Almoloya del Río were Finally, as part of the same process, (4) the targeting Mexico City markets. Subsequently, the purchase of machines to stores (Días) and the sale formation of family workshops continued the of old machines to traditional families. maquila production and started its own production, diversifying outlets in the flea markets GRAPH 2 : Units of production in the clothing industry UNIFORMES 2 13 EMPRESA

1 2 DESILADORA 2 2 20 MAQUILA 76 2 MAQUILA DE PANTALÓN 3 2 3 MAQUILA DE ROPA 24 33 MAQUILADO

de la Indsutria del VEstido del Indsutria la de 8

Tipo de Unidades de Producción Producción de Unidades de Tipo MAQUILADOR DE ROPA 0 20 40 60 80

Source: Sales 2011: 167 of Santiago Tianguistenco, Toluca and cities of the engaged in agricultural activities, 201 (21%) were Upper Lerma, seeking new destinations like within the industrial activity, of which 193 Zitacuaro Michoacan; Chiconcuac; The City of (20.38%) were engaged in the apparel industry and Puebla; Queretaro, Guanajuato, Moroleón, San clothing; 416 were active in services (44%, of Luis Potosi, Veracruz, Oaxaca and the Yucatan which 186 (20%) provided food to the population Peninsula, mainly. A total of 947 economic units of Santa Cruz Atizapán. for the year 2010 was registered, 330 (35%) were

GRAPH 3 : Population working in economic sector betweeN 1900 a 2010 8172 2000 353 310 1383 5339 1990 52 345666 5072 1980 103 391496 POBLACIÓ 3001 N TOTAL 1970 62 211445 COMERCIO 2250 1960 52 31 596 INDUSTRIA 1811 1950 42 15 497 1559 1940 47 9 393 1519 1930 59 5 378 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000

Source: Sales 2011:167

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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-2, Issue-12, 2016 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in

The consolidation of the workshops in Santa Cruz cases, all kinds of workshops held maquila Atizapán, relates to trade liberalization in the strategy, complete package (design, pattern fashion industry in the US market, towards the end making, cutting, assembling, finishing), or own of the “bracero” program and start of the production, including distribution and market; or a industrialization of the northern border with the combination thereof. maquila programs in the year 1960 initiating a process of industrial expansion. The presence of The large workshops counted with large buildings companies like Tramex in 1970 contributed in of 200m2 to 400 m2, facilities, equipment and Santiago Tianguistenco to strengthen a strategy production machinery. Medium workshops adapted adopted by communities of Almoloya del Río and family houses of a size of 150m2 to 200m2, Santa Cruz Atizapán, besides maquila agreements likewise had facilities, equipment and machinery with companies such as Yale and Milan, among for production. The small family workshops have others, being a result of search of and relations in adapted rooms with areas between 30m2 and 75m2 the trade and fashion sector. The signing of for production. In all cases, the discipline of Mexico's entry into GATT in 1982 and the production was kept in line, in particular for the September 1985 earthquake in Mexico City latter types of workshops, sharing machines, contributed to the consolidation of the local moving in the production area with a visible way of industry of Santa Cruz Atizapán and Almoloya del production, what could be called “a modular Río, among other regions as Apizaco in Tlaxcala, system, lean or flexible production." That is, this for instance. system was created due to the lack of resources and was made without any technical prowess, with an The social structure could be visible in the types of efficiency of 75%. families found in Santa Cruz, the common denominator for all of them being the agriculture The FTA with North America in 1994, according and the production of clothing as the main to family producers from Santa Cruz Atizapán did economic activity. Highlighted were (1) peasant not contribute to an improvement of working families; (2) family of merchants; (3) families of conditions, on the opposite, it led to normalization trades; and (4) families producing families clothes. of the cost of labor which dropped from $ 20 to $ This group includes entrepreneurs and businessmen 10 per garment, causing many medium-sized with large workshops, of 200 to 400 workers, with workshops to be closed. Large workshops linked warehouses and workshops disaggregated in with major distributors, held afloat smaller domestic units, cut and dry cleaning and finishing workshops, which were sustained in combination of production in the parent factory that distributes with other medium-sized workshops. However, the or delivers the finished product. Combined with general conditions of the inhabitants have shown a family workshops of middle size of 11-50 workers plateau in terms of adquisisción of material goods and small workshops with 5-10 people. In other and services and infrastructure in the households.

TABLE 2 : Housing services 2000 Typ of service Households Exclusive WC 1372 Piped water 1425 Sewer system 1393 Electricity 1459 Drainage and piped water 1357 Drainage and electricity 1384 Piped water and electricity 1414 Piped water, drainage and electricity 1349 No piped water, drainage nor electricity 1 Housing with drainage and electricity 1384 Housing without drainage, with electricity 75 Housing with drainage, without elecriticity 9 Housing without drainage and without elecricity 3 Housing with drainage and piped water 783 Housing with drainage and public piped water 4 Housing with drainage and piped water shared with another house 4 Housing with drainage and piped water 0 Housing drainage and well water, river, lake, creek or other source 2 Source: SNIM-INEGI 2000.

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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-2, Issue-12, 2016 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in

The type of production: maquila, children of workers, or hiring the children in case packaging or own production, large workshops of death of one parent, providing a relative delivered directly to their suppliers or sold in the guarantee of a job with incomes between 2 and 3 region. The medium and small workshops meet minimum wages and to some extent inhibiting the local, regional as well as demand of other regions migration problems. in the country. The small production units sell to retail shops. The main selling point is the flea Among the three types of workshops were market of clothing market close to Toluca- circulating raw materials, production process, spare highway, where retail and wholesale parts, equipment and machinery, automobiles, commerce is present, attended by traders of employees, suppliers, customers and loan, in case Michoacan, Queretaro and Guanajuato mainly, but of necessity, forming social networks of not uncommon in other entities of the Republic. production, vertical or horizontal, based on affiliation or alliances. In short, the kind of In the first decade of the new millennium, relationship between employer and employee of a the international competition among Asian union type was based on a system of compensation, markets, reaching the North American market, a result of evolved social relations of rural culture. particularly production from China craeted suitable settings to small scale producers. In response they CLOSING REMARKS received the support of the parish of Santa Cruz Atizapán and of the town hall, opening the flea The cultural change taking place in 69 market with clothing in Santa Cruz Atizapán in years, of a peasant / fishing community supported farmland belonging to local parish, which served to by the use of lagoon resources and with a locally maintain this church. It was estimated that over autonomous economy to a trade community based 70% of the population depended on the garment upon maquila clothing, inserted it into the global industry, directly or indirectly, either as a workers economy. The community based on craftman’s or as traders or dealers. Families also were guilds principles focusing on clothing is thus a involved in agriculture, many workers maintained cultural adaptation to the changing environment land and grew corn, oat or bean. The production fostered by the state programs. was used for own consumption and surpluses were sold locally, or food was produced for sale at fairs Characteristics are maintained in domestic and for the Feast of Saints on 3rd of May, for the groups as patrilocality, patrilineality inbreeding, the day of Holy Cross. belonging to Catholic religion and marriage, especially for workers and peasants, characteristics However, the generations born after 1970, that have served as the basis for the trade have lost their skills, as women did not know how organization. Related to this, the presence of Jews to prepare the dought and how to grind corn in the in the textile and clothing industry contributed to metate dish or how to prepare handmade tortillas, cultural exchange and training of entrepreneurs, buying the inputs, so that production for the financing production through short-term loans. consumption did benefit the in daily spending, This forged a culture of work related to the design, depending on mothers for its use. For men, similar production and distribution of clothes in a form of problemas existed, as generations born after 1960 an industrial organization in a form of a craftman’s or earlier, did not plow nor made use of flooded guild. The material and cultural conditions allowed lands in order to form floating garden systems the flexibility of production in the work area, “chinampas”, did not fish and who maintained making use of machinery and space; disaggregating farmland rent or own tractors, harvested with hiring processes to other workshops, as well as the labor, and those who have more than 2 ha, living in recruitment and employment conditions; providing communities, are helped by their children, social security conditions and low wages, allowing grandchildren, nephews and their extended family. the accumulation of capital, including for workers Their main source of income is the cloth who maintained farmland. production, as salaried workers. The efficiency of the workshops is Businessmen and entrepreneurs or estimated at 75%, while the workshops were "managers", owners of large workshops, controled between 10-40 years old. The financing of capital the production of clothes and own farmland, goods has been self-managed, while in its initial providing work or renting them. Established stage making use of the surplus product of paternalistic relations between their workers, agriculture and the work of some migrants, forming family and social ties extend into the community, their own community, making use of family labor being responsible to some extent for their families, and the exploitation of the community, allowing granting leaves of absence, providing jobs for the

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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-2, Issue-12, 2016 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in the accumulation of capital in a group of families Atizapán and not very willingly the town hall, who reinvested in their workshops, while opening the flea market clothing Santa Cruz diversifying into other activities such as Atizapán in farmland parish, which served to construction of motels, gas stations for maintain this church. It is estimated that over 70% entrepreneurs, grocery stores, food and clothing of the population depends on the garment industry, among others. directly or indirectly, either as a worker in a process or as a trader or dealer. Families also have The socioeconomic system is far from a relationship with agriculture, many workers maintaining a symbiotic relationship with the maintain land and grow corn, oat or bean. The natural system. The model is based upon fossil production used for own consumption and energy sources, for which reason a linkage is surpluses are sold locally, or food for sale at fairs needed to gear up to a model of cleaner production and patron saint occur on May 3, the day of the and utilization of new energy sources, in addition Holy Cross. to training and training to maintain and to increase the productivity of the workshops. Regarding its However, the generations born after 1970, impact on the environment, it is a timely, have lost skills, women do not know how to reversible, susceptible to adopt mitigation measures prepare the masa dough grind in the metate or take to mitigate the changes and impacts to the type of the handmade tortillas on the griddle, buying these environment, however, is not feasible given the inputs, so that production for the consumption no needs, the type of technology and vision for the use benefit in daily spending, depend on the mother for and management of water resources in Mexico. its use. For men, presents similarities, the generations born after 1960, even earlier, not Families keep their relationship with cultivated plow provechan not flooded lands to agriculture as a safety net for times of low form systems chinampas, not fish, who maintain production of clothing due to seasonality of the farmland rent or own tractors, harvested hiring industry. The pressure on the industry has been labor, who have more than 2 ha, living in exacerbated by the presence of the entry of clothing communities, help your children, grandchildren, from China and second hand clothing from United nephews, their extended family. Its main source of States, which lowers the price of clothes. There is a income is the seam, as salaried workers. loss of traditional knowledge related to the use of natural resources such as of flooded areas, or Businessmen and entrepreneurs or consumption of agricultural crops, which can affect "pattern", owners of large workshops, control the the savings of family economy, modernity production of clothes and own farmland, giving embodied in consumerism, encourages generations them work or rent. Established paternalistic born after 1970, shunning physical work. relations between their workers, family and social ties extend into the community, known to all its The type of production: maquila, complete workers, being responsible to some extent for their package or own production, large workshops families, granting leaves of absence, providing jobs delivered directly to their suppliers or sold in place for the children of workers, providing homework or in the region. The medium and small workshops hiring the children in case of death of one parent, meet local, regional and other regions of the this relative guarantee of a job with incomes country demand. The boys sell retail shops or between 2 and 3 minimum wages, to some extent retail. The main selling point is the flea market of inhibited the migration problem are aware that the clothing Toluca-Atlacomulco highway, where it entrepreneur. retails and wholesale, attended by traders of Michoacan, Queretaro and Guanajuato mainly, but Among the three types of workshops they is not uncommon in other entities of the Republic can circulate raw materials, production process, Mexican. spare parts, equipment and machinery, automobiles, employees, suppliers, customers and For the first decade of the new lend money, when necessary, forming social millennium, the international competition among networks of production, vertical or horizontal, Asian markets, to reach the North American based on affiliation or alliance. In short, the kind of market, particularly China production, suitable new relationship between employer and employee union settings to producers, mainly small. In response type is based on a system of compensation, a result they got the support of the parish of Santa Cruz of evolved social relations of rural culture.

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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-2, Issue-12, 2016 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in

TABLE 3 : Ambiental factors impacted dessication F A C T O R S Phases Air Soil Water Biota

Combustion of Agricultural and 27,000 hectares of 19 orders, 31

a firewood for livestock use. wetlands, of which families and 58

domestic activities. Livign place. 10,569 ha were genera and 68 1950. 1950. 1940 Lagoon species of flora economy

Autonomous Autonomous Chignahuapan

Wood combustion, Agricultural land Dried. Disappearance of combustion gases in the region In rainy season. aquatic species. from motor. 7500 Ha. 596 Ha. Disappeared 70% of lagoon lagoon the species that

sication of 2500 Ha area made up the available. community of the coastal marshes.

2010 Des 2010 28.73 km2 12 orders, 16

Chignahuapan municipal area families, 30 genera the 1950 - (1960). and 42 species for 2005 Source: Author.

During the change from a community based upon Ciudad Nezahualcoyotl, both in the State of the use of its natural resources and exported to the Mexico, where the changes brought by the State, region of Valle de Toluca and Mexico City, the modified the environment, thereby changing community became a region importing materials economic activities and generating impacts, and energy resources, generator of a municipal without any previous study, strategy or measure to solid waste and producer of cloth for regional mitigate such impacts, or the study of a set of markets. The process of cultural change shows the alternative approaches to sustainability. The overall interdependence between the families of the environmental background, the economy as well as community and the relations of production and the environment are as always and uncertain trade. Belief in the specialization of clothing system, which to date has been able to cope with production as a reason for raised living standards of the community of Santa Cruz Atizapan, largely the population that would follow, far from a model thanks to its strength in the culture of peasant of local development in the local economy, origin, combined with entrepreneurship and diversified activities ensuring the maintenance of training of professional staff in management and the local agriculture, appeared to be wrong. A leadership levels of public and private institutions, model that seeks a balance must incorporate local which have always been under the influence of plans and strategies for the three sectors of the forces outside the community. The new sustainable economy, reducing dependence on millennium, provides threats and opportunities, that exogenous inputs, at least in the production of basic should be studied not only from the point of view grains such as corn, beans, beans, oats and alfalfa, of individual families, but from the point of view of meat and milk for food; human capital, labor and a community with the backing of science-supported entrepreneurship being key resources. The linkage universities and government. While to date the with the three levels of government, as well as abovementioned community has managed to universities, institutes and research centers, as well maintain a standard of living by which the main as labor unions and industrialists of local and needs are met, which is reflected in the level of foreign origin, seeking a sustainable local development and marginalization, no development development practices incorporating use of natural strategy that seeks sustainability criteria is in sight. resources, cleaner production and generation of The underlying question is whether this pattern of clean energy is an utopian vision of communities local development will continue taking place on the just like Santa Cruz Atizapán. However, the margins of a state-directed planning, or as a result embodied case is just one example of many others of trial and error. like Chiconcuac (Sales and Martinez 2014) and

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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-2, Issue-12, 2016 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in

Table 4 : Marginalization related data from Santa Cruz Atizapán YEARS Parameters of marginalization 1980 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Marginalization rate -17.700 -0.887 -0.882 -1.059 -1.11120 -0.90670

Degree of Marginalization Media Baja Baja Baja Bajo Bajo Place nationally 2254 1906 2051 2110 1958

Indicators %

15+ illiterate 7.81 6.42 5.44 Over 15 years without complete primary 25.75 18.57 16.53

Localities smaller population of

5,000 inhabitants 20.36 23.25 21.72

Employed population earning less than 2 minimum wages 61.80 50.87 53.38

Private housing inhabitants %

Without drain or toilet 1.67 1.27 0.72 Without power 0.86 0.16 0.50

No piped water 0.30 0.39 0.12 with overcrowding 61.47 53.33 52.14 With floor 14.03 10.42 9.89 Sources: SMIN 2015. Selected data.

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