CHAPTER 2 CELL STRUCTURES & BIOLOGY UNIT FUNCTIONS PERAK MATRICULATION COLLEGE CHAPTER 2 CELL STRUCTURES & FUNCTIONS SUBTOPICS
2.1 Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Structures and Functions : Cell Membrane 2.2 and Organelles
2.3 Cells are Grouped Into Tissues
2.4 Cell Transport
BIOLOGY UNIT PERAK MATRICULATION COLLEGE 2.1: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells a) State the three principles of cell theory (C1) b) Explain the structures of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells (C2) c) Illustrate and compare the structures of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells (plant and animal cells)(C2) 2.1: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
a) State the three principles of cell theory (C1)
BIOLOGY UNIT PERAK MATRICULATION COLLEGE Principles of Cell Theory
All living things are 01 composed of cells
Cells are the structural & functional unit of life 02
All cells come from pre- 03 existing cells by division Cell Theory : The Timeline
Matthias Schleiden Rudolf Virchow Robert Hooke German Botanist German Physician Discovered cells in 1676 ‘All plant parts ar 1839 ‘Cell must arise from a piece of cork e made of cells.’ pre-existing cells’
Anton van Theodor Schwann 1663 Leeuwenhoek 1838 1858 German Physiologist The first to observe and describe ‘All animal tissues are magnified living things with composed of cells.’ simple microscope. 2.1: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells b) Explain the structures of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells (C2)
BIOLOGY UNIT PERAK MATRICULATION COLLEGE Eu – true, Karyon – kernel or nucleus. DNA is linear and enclosed in a nuclear envelope DNA is linear. Many membrane-bounded PROKARYOTIC CELL organelles
EUKARYOTIC CELL
Pro – before, karyon – kernel or nucleus.
& Eukaryotic Eukaryotic & Cells DNA is circular and coiled in the
nucleoid region. Structure of Prokaryotic Structure of Prokaryotic
No membrane-bounded organelles Structure of a Prokaryotic Cell Structure of a Eukaryotic Cell : Animal Cell Structure of a Eukaryotic Cell : Plant Cell 2.1: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells c) Illustrate and compare the structures of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells (plant and animal cells) (C2)
BIOLOGY UNIT PERAK MATRICULATION COLLEGE Comparison between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells FEATURE PROKARYOTIC CELL EUKARYOTIC CELL Genetic Materials • Single circular DNA • Linear DNA • Lack of histone protein • Associated with histone • Lies freely in the cytoplasm protein • Contained in the nucleus Cell Division • Binary fission • Mitosis, meiosis or both • No spindle fibers • Spindle fibers formed Cell Wall • Composed of peptidoglycan • Composed of cellulose (in plant) and chitin (in fungi) Membrane-bounded • Absent • Present Organelles • (eg: endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi body , mitochondria) Comparison between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells FEATURE PROKARYOTIC CELL EUKARYOTIC CELL Flagella • Simple flagella without • Complex flagella with 9+2 microtubules arrangement of microtubules Plasmid • Present • Absent Cellular Respiration • Occur in mesosomes • Occur in mitochondria Ribosomes • Smaller size: 70s • Larger size: 80s ; smaller size (70s) in organelles
SIMILARITIES DNA as genetic material Presence of ribosomes Presence of flagella Presence of cell wall 2.2: Structures and Functions : Cell Membrane and Organelles a) Show the detailed structures of typical plant and animal cells and state the organelles present (C1). b) Explain the structures and functions of the following organelles ; nucleus, rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi body, lysosome, ribosome, mitochondria, chloroplast and centriole (C2). c) Show the structure of plasma membrane based on Fluid Mosaic Model (C1). d) Explain the structure of the plasma membrane and the functions of each of its components (C2) 2.2: Structures and Functions : Cell Membrane and Organelles a) Show the detailed structures of typical plant and animal cells and state the organelles present (C1).
BIOLOGY UNIT PERAK MATRICULATION COLLEGE Detailed Structure of a Eukaryotic Cell : Animal Cell Detailed Structure of a Eukaryotic Cell : Plant Cell 2.2: Structures and Functions : Cell Membrane and Organelles b) Explain the structures and functions of organelles (C2)
BIOLOGY UNIT PERAK MATRICULATION COLLEGE Structures & Functions of Organelles
SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM NUCLEUS • Synthesis of lipids • Contains genetic materials • Detoxification • Controls cell’s activities • Mobilization of glucose from stored glycogen in the liver ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC • Form sarcoplasmic reticulum. RETICULUM RIBOSOMES • Site of protein synthesis • Transport of proteins • Site of protein synthesis • Modification of proteins
CENTRIOLE GOLGI BODY • Help to organize mitotic spindle during animal cell division • Modification of proteins • Sorts and package modified IN PLANT CELLS: proteins CHLOROPLAST • Transports protein via transport LYSOSOME Site of Photosynthesis MITOCHONDRIA vesicles • Intracellular digestion • Autophagy • Site of cellular respiration • Autolysis • Defense against diseases Nucleus Endoplasmic Reticulum Ribosome Golgi Apparatus Lysosome
Mitochondria Chloroplast Centrioles 2.2: Structures and Functions : Cell Membrane and Organelles c) Show the structure of plasma membrane based on Fluid Mosaic Model (C1)
BIOLOGY UNIT PERAK MATRICULATION COLLEGE Structure of Plasma Membrane ‘Fluid Mosaic Model’
Proposed by S.J Singer and G.L Nicolson in 1972
‘Fluid’ Phospholipids and proteins can move around freely (like liquid)
‘Mosaic’ Arrangement of proteins that are embedded with the surface of phospholipids bilayer
• Plasma membrane acts as BOUNDARY that separates the living cells from its surroundings. • Exhibit SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY that permits only certain substances to pass through. 2.2: Structures and Functions : Cell Membrane and Organelles d) Explain the structure of the plasma membrane and the functions of each of its components (C2)
BIOLOGY UNIT PERAK MATRICULATION COLLEGE ‘Fluid Mosaic Model’ Fluid Mosaic Model MAIN COMPONENTS
CARBOHYDRATE PHOSPHOLIPIDS PROTEINS CHOLESTEROL CHAINS
• Amphipathic 1. Integral proteins 1. Glycolipid = Make the membrane molecules. - Embedded in the Carbohydrate chain + Lipids less fluid at higher • Have both phospholipid bilayer temperature but more hydrophobic and 1. Glycoprotein = fluid at lower hydrophilic region 2. Peripheral proteins Carbohydrate chain + temperature - Loosely attach to the Protein membrane surface