1 Papers and Lectures “Planned Economics and Defense
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The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth As a Political Space: Its Unity and Complexity*
Chapter 8 The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth as a Political Space: Its Unity and Complexity* Satoshi Koyama Introduction The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Rzeczpospolita) was one of the largest states in early modern Europe. In the second half of the sixteenth century, after the union of Lublin (1569), the Polish-Lithuanian state covered an area of 815,000 square kilometres. It attained its greatest extent (990,000 square kilometres) in the first half of the seventeenth century. On the European continent there were only two larger countries than Poland-Lithuania: the Grand Duchy of Moscow (c.5,400,000 square kilometres) and the European territories of the Ottoman Empire (840,000 square kilometres). Therefore the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was the largest country in Latin-Christian Europe in the early modern period (Wyczański 1973: 17–8). In this paper I discuss the internal diversity of the Commonwealth in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and consider how such a huge territorial complex was politically organised and integrated. * This paper is a part of the results of the research which is grant-aided by the ‘Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research’ program of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science in 2005–2007. - 137 - SATOSHI KOYAMA 1. The Internal Diversity of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Poland-Lithuania before the union of Lublin was a typical example of a composite monarchy in early modern Europe. ‘Composite state’ is the term used by H. G. Koenigsberger, who argued that most states in early modern Europe had been ‘composite states, including more than one country under the sovereignty of one ruler’ (Koenigsberger, 1978: 202). -
Language Contact in Pomerania: the Case of German, Polish, and Kashubian
P a g e | 1 Language Contact in Pomerania: The Case of German, Polish, and Kashubian Nick Znajkowski, New York University Purpose The effects of language contact and language shift are well documented. Lexical items and phonological features are very easily transferred from one language to another and once transferred, rather easily documented. Syntactic features can be less so in both respects, but shifts obviously do occur. The various qualities of these shifts, such as whether they are calques, extensions of a structure present in the modifying language, or the collapsing of some structure in favor the apparent simplicity found in analogous foreign structures, all are indicative of the intensity and the duration of the contact. Additionally, and perhaps this is the most interesting aspect of language shift, they show what is possible in the evolution of language over time, but also what individual speakers in a single generation are capable of concocting. This paper seeks to explore an extremely fascinating and long-standing language contact situation that persists to this day in Northern Poland—that of the Kashubian language with its dominating neighbors: Polish and German. The Kashubians are a Slavic minority group who have historically occupied the area in Northern Poland known today as Pomerania, bordering the Baltic Sea. Their language, Kashubian, is a member of the Slavic branch of Indo-European languages and further belongs to the Pomeranian branch of Lechitic languages, which includes Polish, Silesian, and the extinct Polabian and Slovincian. The situation to be found among the Kashubian people, a people at one point variably bi-, or as is sometimes the case among older folk, even trilingual in Kashubian, P a g e | 2 Polish, and German is a particularly exciting one because of the current vitality of the Kashubian minority culture. -
On the Threshold of the Holocaust: Anti-Jewish Riots and Pogroms In
Geschichte - Erinnerung – Politik 11 11 Geschichte - Erinnerung – Politik 11 Tomasz Szarota Tomasz Szarota Tomasz Szarota Szarota Tomasz On the Threshold of the Holocaust In the early months of the German occu- volume describes various characters On the Threshold pation during WWII, many of Europe’s and their stories, revealing some striking major cities witnessed anti-Jewish riots, similarities and telling differences, while anti-Semitic incidents, and even pogroms raising tantalising questions. of the Holocaust carried out by the local population. Who took part in these excesses, and what was their attitude towards the Germans? The Author Anti-Jewish Riots and Pogroms Were they guided or spontaneous? What Tomasz Szarota is Professor at the Insti- part did the Germans play in these events tute of History of the Polish Academy in Occupied Europe and how did they manipulate them for of Sciences and serves on the Advisory their own benefit? Delving into the source Board of the Museum of the Second Warsaw – Paris – The Hague – material for Warsaw, Paris, The Hague, World War in Gda´nsk. His special interest Amsterdam, Antwerp, and Kaunas, this comprises WWII, Nazi-occupied Poland, Amsterdam – Antwerp – Kaunas study is the first to take a comparative the resistance movement, and life in look at these questions. Looking closely Warsaw and other European cities under at events many would like to forget, the the German occupation. On the the Threshold of Holocaust ISBN 978-3-631-64048-7 GEP 11_264048_Szarota_AK_A5HC PLE edition new.indd 1 31.08.15 10:52 Geschichte - Erinnerung – Politik 11 11 Geschichte - Erinnerung – Politik 11 Tomasz Szarota Tomasz Szarota Tomasz Szarota Szarota Tomasz On the Threshold of the Holocaust In the early months of the German occu- volume describes various characters On the Threshold pation during WWII, many of Europe’s and their stories, revealing some striking major cities witnessed anti-Jewish riots, similarities and telling differences, while anti-Semitic incidents, and even pogroms raising tantalising questions. -
Szczepan Twardoch's the King of Warsaw
EBRD Literature Prize 2021 Don’t mention the war: Szczepan Twardoch’s The King of Warsaw It is 1937 in Warsaw – a city of not one but two populations, one Slav, one Jewish. Both go in for flamboyant Tarantino-type violence – whether it’s gun-toting gangsters, corrupt politicians with uniformed stooges, the outwardly respectable family men who attack girls in brothel bedrooms, or angry socialists and nationalists clashing in the streets. But no one does violence more elegantly than heavyweight boxer Jakub Szapiro. Tattooed with the Hebrew word MAVET, meaning death, and a sword, he doubles up as a gangster. He wears silk shirts, drives a sleek car and has all the ladies sighing. The first novel by author Szczepan Twardoch to be translated into English takes a subject that is strikingly unusual for an English-speaking readership. The history of the Jews of Poland dates back a millennium; Poland was the home of the biggest and most significant Jewish community in the world until the Nazis destroyed it and dealt a huge blow to its language, Yiddish. Although an English-language narrative of the Shoah has taken shape in the past generation, partly through movies like Schindler’s List, this book is unusual in looking back beyond the dreadful ending and painting a fictional picture of how Jews and Slavs might have lived together in a city which itself no longer exists in its pre-1939 shape. In some ways, then, this is the story of the 20th century. The King of Warsaw tells the story of that city, hurtling towards a new kind of violence so extreme it can’t yet even be imagined – a future Holocaust, foreshadowed only by hallucinatory glimpses of a giant sperm whale, Litani, hovering overhead and singing songs of death. -
A Short History of Poland and Lithuania
A Short History of Poland and Lithuania Chapter 1. The Origin of the Polish Nation.................................3 Chapter 2. The Piast Dynasty...................................................4 Chapter 3. Lithuania until the Union with Poland.........................7 Chapter 4. The Personal Union of Poland and Lithuania under the Jagiellon Dynasty. ..................................................8 Chapter 5. The Full Union of Poland and Lithuania. ................... 11 Chapter 6. The Decline of Poland-Lithuania.............................. 13 Chapter 7. The Partitions of Poland-Lithuania : The Napoleonic Interlude............................................................. 16 Chapter 8. Divided Poland-Lithuania in the 19th Century. .......... 18 Chapter 9. The Early 20th Century : The First World War and The Revival of Poland and Lithuania. ............................. 21 Chapter 10. Independent Poland and Lithuania between the bTwo World Wars.......................................................... 25 Chapter 11. The Second World War. ......................................... 28 Appendix. Some Population Statistics..................................... 33 Map 1: Early Times ......................................................... 35 Map 2: Poland Lithuania in the 15th Century........................ 36 Map 3: The Partitions of Poland-Lithuania ........................... 38 Map 4: Modern North-east Europe ..................................... 40 1 Foreword. Poland and Lithuania have been linked together in this history because -
Miłosz in Copenhagen
Przekładaniec. Between Miłosz and Milosz 25 (2011): 297–300 10.4467/16891864ePC.13.032.1221 NIELS HAV MIŁOSZ IN COPENHAGEN 1. I was in Warsaw on the day it was announced that Thomas Transtömer was awarded the Nobel Prize. We sat in the gentle October sunshine out- side the house of literature at Krakowskie Przedmieście, a group of poets from several countries. It was a little past one o’clock Thursday afternoon, and Tranströmer’s name fl ew joyfully from table to table. A reporter later asked the Polish Nobel recipient Wisława Szymborska, “What were your thoughts when you heard Tranströmer won the Nobel prize?.” “I was so happy,” she said, “that I jumped up and down on one leg.” Poland and Denmark are neighbors, but for political reasons people in Warsaw and Copenhagen have for long periods lived on different planets. Today a plane ticket to Warsaw does not cost much more than a train ticket to Jutland. Something is happening. But still it is a little scattered and ac- cidental what there is of Polish literature translated into Danish, and the Danish discourse on Poland is even now mixed with ignorance and roman- ticism. Periodically, it has tended towards a mild form of orientalism. 2. The centenary of Miłosz’s birth was celebrated in Copenhagen, too. There was a symposium at the Royal Library. Knowledgeable people from Po- land and Lithuania surveyed important aspects of his work. But, sympto- matically, not many Danish writers were present at the event. Przekładaniec_2.indd 297 8/29/2013 11:06:06 AM 298 NIELS HAV I can take it as given that if I asked a colleague what Czeslaw Miłosz has meant to Danish poetry, a momentary awkwardness would arise. -
Repatriation of Poles from Lithuania, 1944–1947
chapter 7 Between Poland and Lithuania: Repatriation of Poles from Lithuania, 1944–1947 Vitalija Stravinskienė Introduction “Nostalgia is an illness that is common to everyone who came from Vilnius. … Only we can understand this longing for ‘Lithuania’ our fatherland.” This is how an author described his emotions in a letter to a friend sent from Poland to Lithuania in the late 1950s.1 This chapter tries to explain who those people who longed for Vilnius were, and how and why they ended up in Poland. It deals with the massive displacement of about 160,000 Poles from Soviet Lithuania to Poland between 1944 and 1947. The migration of Poles from Soviet Lithuania to the new “Peoples Republic of Poland,” shifted several hundred kilometres to the West and firmly under the control of the ussr, had been initiated by Joseph Stalin before the end of the war. It was a highly dynamic process that involved many people. Yet it must also be seen in the broader context of other processes that took place in Lithuania at the same time: brutal Sovietisation, massive repressions, radical economic and social changes, etc. This kind of comprehensive approach is necessary to reconstruct a more objective picture of the course and conse- quences of the Stalin-led population transfer of Poles from re-occupied Lithuania to Poland. The epicentre of this transfer was Vilnius and that part of Vilnius region that was incorporated into the Republic of Lithuania in 1939. More specifically, it was the city of Vilnius and the adjacent districts of Švenčionys, Vilnius and Trakai. -
POLISH CULTURE: LESSONS in POLISH LITERATURE (In English)
POLISH CULTURE: LESSONS IN POLISH LITERATURE (in English) July 6-24, 12:30-14:00 Polish time; 30 academic hours, 2 credits/ECTS points Lecturer: Karina Jarzyńska Ph.D., karina.jarzyń[email protected] The course will be held on Microsoft Teams. All participants who marked this course on their application form will receive an invitation from the professor. Requirements for credits/ECTS points: Credits/ECTS points will be given to students who 1) attend the classes (missing no more than 1 lecture; each additional absence -5%) – 40%; 2) pass the final online exam on the last day of the course – 60%: a multiple-choice test with a few open-ended questions, 60 min. All the required material will be covered during the lectures. 3) Grading scale: 94–100% A excellent/bardzo dobry 87–93,9 B+ very good/+dobry 78–86,9 B good/dobry 69–77,9 C+ satisfactory/+dostateczny 60–68,9 C sufficient/dostateczny 0–59,9 F fail/niedostateczny Please keep in mind that if you don’t take the exam the course will not be listed on your Transcript of Studies (as if you had never taken it). SCHEDULE July 6, Monday HOW TO RECOGNIZE A PIECE OF POLISH LITERATURE, WHEN YOU SEE ONE? ON THE TIME, SPACE AND LANGUAGE(S) July 7, Tuesday “THE POLES ARE NOT GEESE, HAVE A TONGUE OF THEIR OWN”. THE FOUNDATION OF A LITERARY TRADITION July 8, Wednesday SARMATISM AND ITS AFTERLIFE July 9, Tursday ROMANTIC NATIONALISM À LA POLONAISE. ON THREE MESSIANIC PLAYS AND ONE NATIONAL EPIC July 10, Friday BETWEEN ROMANTICISM AND REALISM July 13, Monday HOW TO BECOME A SOCIETY OR “THE WEDDING” BY WYSPIAŃSKI -
Poland and the Holy See. Contribution to the Concordatory Law *
Teka Kom. Praw. – OL PAN, 2014, 44 –63 POLAND AND THE HOLY SEE. CONTRIBUTION TO THE CONCORDATORY LAW * Józef Krukowski The University of S. Wyszy ński in Warsaw Faculty of Canon law Summary. The article contains the explication of the very important questions respecting the normalization of relations between the democratic Poland and the Catholic Church using the international agreement between the Holy See and the supreme authority of Polish State, called „concordat”. This event is consi dered in the historical context of political transformations from the communist totalitarian regime to liberal democracy and at the same time from atheistic state based on the hostile separation to the secular one based on the friendly separation. In complains the following issues: 1) notion and classification of concordats, 2) axiological and formal dimension of its conclusion between the Holy See and Poland (1993 –1998), 3) compliance Concordat’s with the Constitution of Poland, 4) the stabilization function of Concordat, 5) financial clauses. Key words: Holy See, Polish State, concordat, Constitution, Church-State relations The historical events are a good opportunity for the taking this subject into account. The last year (2013) twenty anniversary have passed since the signing of the Concordat between the Holy See and the Republic of Poland and fifteen years since its ratification 1. A few days ago we experienced the canonization by the Pope Francis the two of his predecessors: John XXIII and John Paul II, who contributed to the process of the building justice and peace between the nations in modern world, especially the relations between the Church and State in Poland. -
Lemkos and Their Religious Culture in Western Areas of Poland
Folia geographica 15 Prešov 2010 LEMKOS AND THEIR RELIGIOUS CULTURE IN WESTERN AREAS OF POLAND Marek J. BATTEK1 Joanna SZCZEPANKIEWICZ-BATTEK2 Abstract: After finishing 2nd Word War in Lower Silesia territory happened the total exchange of the population. On Germans place, both Catholics and Protestants (Jews were exterminated by Nazis earlier), the Polish population, mostly catholic, flowed in, and also Jews group remaining from the Holocaust. After two years arrived numerous group Lemkos (Rusins). Traditionally Lemkos are the greek-catholic confession, however the part of them before the 2nd world war passed on Orthodox Church. Settlement of this ethnic group on the west of the Poland, where the confessor of churches orthodox and greek-catholic few so far, altered considerably religious relations in this region. Lemkos is the population living the south-east Poland and east Slovakia (in Slovakia called Rusins). After 2nd world war they together with Ukrainians were the victims of very brutal displacements (Action code name “Vistula”). This had on the aim cutting off the subsidiaries for underground army fighting about the independence of Ukraine. From among 50 thousands Lemkos the majority was estate in years 1947–1948 in west part of Poland, mostly between Legnica and Zielona Góra. This population was in majority poor and the faintly educated. After displacement many Lemkos changes confessions to orthodox church. Now in Lower Silesia live about 30 thousands Lemkos, fifty-fifty orthodox and greek-catholics. After political changes in 1989 part of Lemkos returned to the motherland, in Beskidy Mts. The largest centres of the Lemkos culture in Lower Silesia are Legnica and Przemków. -
Two à Migrã Journals: Kultura (From a Hungarian
GEORGE G�M�RI (Cambridge, England., U.K.) TWO �MIGR� JOURNALS: KULTURA (FROM A HUNGARIAN) AND IRODALMI UJS�G (FROM A POLISH) POINT OF VIEW The Polish journal Kultura was started in the West in 1947 and still ex- ists, while the Hungarian Iroda!mi ujsig (Literary gazette) was founded in different circumstances (in Communist-ruled Hungary) back in 1950. It was relaunched in the West in 1957 and existed until 1989. When comparing these two publications, one has to discuss first of all their respective cultur- al backgrounds. Though there is much that is common to Polish and Hun- garian history, from shared kings to similar social structures, they have rather different traditions of emigration. Poland ceased to exist as a sover- eign state at the end of the eighteenth century, so her emigres, struggling, writing and on more than one occasion fighting for the restoration of an in- dependent Poland played an indispensible role - indeed, a much greater role than their numbers warranted. The grouping known as the Great Emi- gration ( NVielka Emigracja), formed after the failure of the 1830-31 uprising and struggle for independence, had Paris as its nerve centre. Without writ- ers in exile like Mickiewicz, Slowacki and Norwid it would be difficult to imag- ine modern Polish literature in its present form. During the Second World War many Poles found themselves in the West, and when the majority of them decided to stay after 1945, changing their status from refugees to emigres, there was already a continuous tradition they could look back on. -
POLAND-UKRAINE RELATIONS Andrzej Szeptycki
Revista UNISCI / UNISCI Journal, Nº 40 (Enero / January 2016) POLAND-UKRAINE RELATIONS Andrzej Szeptycki 1 University of Warsaw Abstract: Poland and Ukraine are the two biggest and most populated countries of Central and Eastern Europe. Because of their size, neighbourhood and position in the region the two countries have often been compared to France and Germany. Both countries are deeply interested in their mutual cooperation. Such situation steams from five factors: direct neighbourhood, common (albeit difficult) history, attractiveness of the Polish labour market for the Ukrainians, membership of Poland in the Western structures, and last but not least, the Russian threat. Despite complimentary interests, both countries have difficulty to effectively develop their mutual relations and turn them into a real "strategic partnership". These problems are due to the internal political and economic situation in Ukraine, limits imposed by the membership of Poland in the EU, Russian policy aiming at keeping Ukraine within its zone of influence and, finally, the EU reluctance to effectively engage in Ukraine. Keywords: Poland, Ukraine, political relations, economic relations, social relations, NATO, European Union. Resumen: Polonia y Ucrania son los estados más grandes y más poblados de Europa Central y Oriental. Dado su tamaño, su vecindad y su situación en la región, los dos estados frecuentemente han sido comparados a Francia y Alemania. Ambos estados están profundamente interesados en la cooperación mutua. Esta situación deriva de cinco factores: vecindad geográfica, historia común- aunque difícil-, atracción del mercado de trabajo en Polonia para los ucranianos y la amenaza rusa. A pesar de tener intereses complementarios tienen dificultades en el desarrollo de forma efectiva de sus relaciones mutuas para llegar a conseguir una asociación estratégica real.