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The H Ungarian H Istorical R Eview

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The H Ungarian H Istorical R Eview The H unga r ian H isto r Moving Borders ical in Medieval Central Europe R eview Contents Finding batu’s Hill at Muhi................................................S. Pow–J. Laszlovszky 261 8 On Two Sides of the Border: / The Hungarian–Austrian Border Treaty of 1372................R. Skorka 290 2 Debates Concerning the Regulation of Border Rivers | 2 in the Late Middle Ages.......................................................B. Péterfi 313 01 Border by the River – But Where is the River?..................... A. Vadas 336 9 Colluding with the Infidel...................................................E. O. Filipovic´ 361 Militarization of the Serbian State Moving Borders in Medieval Central Europe under Ottoman Pressure.....................................................M. Ivanovic´ 390 Human Resources of Diplomatic Exchange of King Alfonso V of Aragon in the Balkans.........................N. Zecˇevic´ 411 New Series of Acta Historica Academiæ Scientiarum Hungaricæ Moving Borders in Medieval Central Europe e r um l o v 8 numbe 2 2019 Institute of History, Research Centre for the Humanities, Hungarian Academy of Sciences HU ISSN 2063-8647 The Hungarian Historical Review New Series of Acta Historica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae Volume 8 No. 2 2019 Moving Borders in Medieval Central Europe András Vadas and János M. Bak Special Editors of the Thematic Issue Contents ARTICLES STEPHEN POW Finding Batu’s Hill at Muhi: Liminality between Rebellious AND JÓZSEF LASZLOVSZKY Territory and Submissive Territory, Earth and Heaven for a Mongol Prince on the Eve of Battle 261 RENÁTA SKORKA On Two Sides of the Border: The Hungarian–Austrian Border Treaty of 1372 290 BENCE PÉTERFI Debates Concerning the Regulation of Border Rivers in the Late Middle Ages: The Case of the Mura River 313 ANDRÁS VADAS Border by the River – But Where is the River? Hydrological Changes and Borders in Medieval Hungary 336 Emir O. FilipOvić Colluding with the Infidel: The Alliance between Ladislaus of Naples and the Turks 361 milOš ivanOvić Militarization of the Serbian State under Ottoman Pressure 390 nada ZEčEvić Notevole larghezza, notizie così gravi e gelose and un uomo che amava spacciarsi: Human Resources of Diplomatic Exchange of King Alfonso V of Aragon in the Balkans (1442–1458) 411 HHR_2019-2_KÖNYV.indb 1 10/29/2019 10:54:56 AM Contents BOOK REVIEWS A History of the Hungarian Constitution: Law, Government and Political Culture in Central Europe. Edited by Ferenc Hörcher and Thomas Lorman. Reviewed by Herbert Küpper 434 The Ottoman Threat and Crusading on the Eastern Border of Christendom during the 15th Century. By Liviu Pilat and Ovidiu Cristea. Reviewed by Cornel Bontea 437 L’économie des couvents mendiants en Europe centrale: Bohême, Hongrie, Pologne, v. 1220–v. 1550. Edited by Marie-Madeleine de Cevins and Ludovic Viallet. Reviewed by Corina Hopârtean 440 Secular Power and Sacral Authority in Medieval East-Central Europe. Edited by Kosana Jovanović and Suzana Miljan. Reviewed by Antun Nekić 443 Hit, hatalom, humanizmus: Bártfa reformációja és művelődése Leonhard Stöckel korában [Faith, power, and Humanism: The Reformation and culture in Bártfa/Bartfeld in the age of Leonhard Stöckel]. By Barnabás Guitman. Reviewed by Attila Tózsa-Rigó 446 Untertanen des Sultans oder des Kaisers: Struktur und Organisationsformen der beider Wiener griechischen Gemeinden von den Anfängen im 18. Jahrhundert bis 1918. By Anna Ransmayr. Reviewed by Vaso Seirinidou 453 Reformations in Hungary in the Age of the Ottoman Conquest. By Pál Ács. Reviewed by Gábor Almási 456 De l’exotisme à la modernité: Un siècle de voyage français en Hongrie (1818–1910). By Catherine Horel. Reviewed by Ferenc Tóth 462 HHR_2019-2_KÖNYV.indb 2 10/29/2019 10:54:56 AM Contents Transnational Patriotism in the Mediterranean, 1800–1850: Stammering the Nation. By Konstantina Zanou. Reviewed by Borut Klabjan 465 Wien 1918: Agonie der Kaiserstadt. By Edgar Haider. Reviewed by Claire Morelon 468 HHR_2019-2_KÖNYV.indb 3 10/29/2019 10:54:56 AM Hungarian Historical Review 8, no. 2 (2019): 290–312 On Two Sides of the Border: The Hungarian–Austrian Border Treaty of 1372 Renáta Skorka Research Centre for the Humanities, Hungarian Academy of Sciences [email protected] The present paper explores the history of the emergence of mixed Hungarian–Austrian commissions in the late Middle Ages. The history of the mixed commissions offers insights into the process during which royal power shifted, in the strategies it adopted in order to address everyday and manifold breaches and dissensions which were common along the border, by negotiations rather than by military intervention. As attested by the sources, this negotiation-based system of conflict resolution between the two neighboring countries appeared in the last decade of the thirteenth century. In the next century, the idea of dividing the Hungarian–Austrian border into sections and submitting the regulation of issues concerning the territories on the two sides of the border emerged, first in 1336 and, then, at the very end of Charles I’s reign in 1341. Under Charles’s son and successor, King Louis I, the first attempt to establish a mixed Hungarian–Austrian commission was made in 1345, resulting in a fairly complicated system. The first documented session of the mixed commission can be connected to the year 1372; it was the border settlement agreed on then that was renewed and adjusted to the requirements of his own age by King Sigismund of Luxemburg in 1411. Keywords: Hungarian–Austrian border, fourteenth century, mixed commissions, Angevins, Habsburg, Sigismund of Luxemburg The Western border of the Kingdom of Hungary, which ran along the eastern provinces of the Holy Roman Empire (which at the time were under Habsburg rule), is interesting from the perspective of the historian for several reasons. Not only are there numerous written sources on the history of this border, but these sources suggest that this border was often the site and subject of events which suggest that the histories of the two neighboring polities were much more connected by the border than divided. These connections included the tensions which arose in issues such as the everyday lives of the estates which stretched across the border, the leaseholders’ attempts to cultivate the vineyards and ploughlands of the neighboring countries, the nobles’ changes of allegiance to the side of neighboring rulers, the movements of thieves and rogues who were fleeing from one side of the border to the other, the long-distance traders traveling through provinces with rich stocks, the retailers with local interests, 290 http://www.hunghist.org HHR_2019-2_KÖNYV.indb 290 10/29/2019 10:54:58 AM On Two Sides of the Border: The Hungarian–Austrian Border Treaty of 1372 the landholders who shared utilities and owned ferries on the two banks of the border rivers, and taxpayers who paid their taxes in the currency of the neighboring country. These recurrent and, from the perspective of political history, seemingly insignificant conflicts could have had an impact on the relationship between the two countries. In settling disputes, royal power could waver between two possibilities; it could choose armed intervention, by which it could further worsen the diplomatic balance, or it could choose to solve a problem through negotiations. Because of the high number of infringements and the diversity of the cases, negotiations required permanent, recurrent, and, because of the special location, bilateral negotiations, investigations, and legal remedies, which rulers executed with the assistance of representatives. This led to the formation of the mixed Hungarian–Austrian commissions in charge of border disputes in the fourteenth century. The present study gives an overview of the stages of the formation of this commission and provides a detailed analysis of a so far entirely neglected document from 1372 which is the first evidence of a meeting of these commissions. However, as the source is known only in fragmented transcriptions, the starting point of the present work is the renewal of the treaty from 1411, the period during which Sigismund ruled. “Antecedents” in the Sigismund Period On October 7, 1411 in Pressburg (today Bratislava), the king of Hungary, Sigismund of Luxemburg, betrothed his two-year-old daughter Elisabeth to the eleven-year old duke of Austria, Albert V of Habsburg, who took measures actively supported by his future father-in-law to be freed from the guardianship of his older relatives, Ernest and Friedrich IV.1 Two days before this event, the king of Hungary and his young protégé issued a document in which they renewed a treaty (dieselbe ordnunge wider czu vernewen) that which was concluded by their predecessors, the late Hungarian King Louis I, and the dukes of Austria Albert III and Leopold III, but put in action by six members of the noble elites (sechs redlicher manne) from Hungary and the Habsburg provinces. The document in question, signed on October 5, 1411 in Pressburg (most probably similarly to its Angevin-period predecessor), in order to facilitate agreement and peace 1 On the betrothal, see Mályusz, Zsigmond király uralma, 123; Hönsch, Kaiser Sigismund, 142. On the state of Austrian internal policy: Niederstätter, Die Herrschaft Österreich, 198–99. 291 HHR_2019-2_KÖNYV.indb 291 10/29/2019 10:54:58 AM Hungarian Historical Review 8, no. 2 (2019): 290–312 between the two countries, concentrated solely on the border.2 At the time of the renewal of the border agreement, Sigismund
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