DOCSLIB.ORG

Ashleighprice Thesis 2016.Pdf (1.768Mb)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ashleighprice Thesis 2016.Pdf (1.768Mb) ENVIRONMENTAL RESERVOIRS & MORTALITY ASSOCIATED WITH SHRIMP BLACK GILL by ASHLEIGH RENE PRICE A thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN MARINE SCIENCES SAVANNAH STATE UNIVERSITY NOVEMBER 2016 ENVIRO IMENT L RESERVOIRS & MORTALITY AS SOCIA TED WITH SHRIMP BLACK GILL by A .HLElGH RENE PRICE Commjttee Members &~ Nov &'.1Dl(o Chair, Marin cience. Date of'!l1c 1is Defense DEDICATION I would like to dedicate this work to my mother, who never stopped believing in me. Her drive and the ideals she instilled in me pushed me to follow my dreams of becoming a marine scientist and I have finally achieved that goal. Thank you for raising me to be a strong woman who was able to accomplish one my dreams. I’d also like to dedicate this work to my unborn daughter, Astra. I can’t wait to be your mother and watch you follow your dreams. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First, I would like to thank the National Science Foundation and Georgia Sea Grant for providing funding to complete this project. Funding was provided by the NSF GK-12 fellowship program grant # DGE-0841372 & DGE-0841162 and Georgia Sea Grant. This study was supported in part by an Institutional Grant (NA14OAR4170084) to the Georgia Sea Grant College Program from the National Sea Grant Office, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce. All views, opinions, findings, conclusions, and recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the Georgia Sea Grant College Program or the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. I would also like to thank my advisor Dr. Marc E. Frischer, for his guidance and mentorship, and my committee members, Drs. M. Carla Curran and Sue C. Ebanks for their support, expertise, and guidance in writing this thesis. Finally, I would like to thank my family and friends for their support through this journey. Without them I would have not been able to complete this work. iv ABSTRACT The Georgia commercial penaeid shrimp fishery has experienced a significant decline in landings since 2000. The cause of the decline is unknown, but coincided with the emergence of a new ciliate infection that causes tissue melanization, called Black Gill (BG). Shrimp Black Gill (sBG) occurs primarily from August through November and is absent during February and March. The absence of shrimp Black Gill during the winter indicates that the sBG ciliate is likely reintroduced annually through a reservoir. The effects of sBG on the shrimp host are unknown; though it has been hypothesized that sBG causes mortality in shrimp. The first focus of this study was to investigate the hypothesis that the sBG ciliate uses a reservoir(s) or second host when sBG is not observed in shrimp. The second focus of this study was to determine if BG causes mortality in shrimp during the months when BG prevalence is generally highest. A survey of crustaceans, water, and sediment was conducted to identify potential reservoirs. Samples were analyzed using a molecular diagnostic assay, followed by phylogenetic analysis of the 18S rRNA gene to determine ciliate identities. Five species of crustaceans were identified as potential reservoirs of the sBG ciliate. Water and sediment were not found to harbor the sBG ciliate. Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine if sBG causes mortality in shrimp by measuring BG prevalence, mortality, growth rate, and molting frequency. A significant mortality event occurred when over 80% of shrimp died. This study provides the first evidence that the sBG ciliate uses multiple species of crustaceans as reservoirs and that sBG causes direct mortality in shrimp. While many questions remain, this research indicates that sBG has contributed to the decline of Georgia’s shrimp fishery and informs future management decisions about the fishery. v TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE DEDICATION……………………………………………………….……………..…….iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS……………………………………………………………..…iv ABSTRACT…………...…………………………………………………………………..v TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………………………..……..vi LIST OF TABLES………………………………………………………………..…….…x LIST OF FIGURES…………………………………………………………….………...xi CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION……………………………………..……......................1 1.1 CONCEPTUAL OVERVIEW………………..……………………….………1 1.2 PENAEID SHRIMP BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY……………..……………3 1.3 COMMERCIAL IMPORTANCE…………………………….........................5 1.4 GEORGIA SHRIMP FISHERY……….…………………….……………..…6 1.5 SHRIMP BLACK GILL………………………………………………………8 1.6 SHRIMP BLACK GILL DISTRIBUTION………………………………….11 1.7 SHRIMP BLACK GILL CILIATE IDENTITY……………………………..13 1.8 FIGURES…………………………………………………………..………...17 1.9 REFERENCES………………..……………………………………………..29 CHAPTER 2: ENVIRONMENTAL RESERVOIRS OF THE SHRIMP BLACK GILL CILIATE…………………………………………………………………..……..33 2.1 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS……………………………………………..…….34 2.2 ABSTRACT…………………………..……………………………..……….35 2.3 INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………...............36 vi 2.4 MATERIALS AND METHODS…………………..………………………...40 2.4.1 CRUSTACEAN COLLECTION…………………………................40 2.4.2 SEDIMENT AND WATER COLLECTION...…………….………...41 2.4.3 TISSUE EXTRACTION AND DNA PURIFICATION……...……....42 2.4.4 SEDIMENT AND WATER EXTRACTION AND DNA PURIFICATION…………...……………...………………………..42 2.4.5 PCR DETECTION OF SBG CILIATE DNA……….………..….….42 2.4.6 SEQUENCING OF SBG CILIATE POSITIVE CRUSTACEAN SAMPLES FOR THE 18S rRNA GENE…………………...……..…44 2.4.7 PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS………...……………………………46 2.4.8 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS…………………………………...……..47 2.5 RESULTS…………………………………………..………………..………47 2.5.1 CRUSTACEANS, GRASS SHRIMP, AND ZOOPLANKTON……..47 2.5.2 CILIATE 18S rRNA IDENTITIES FROM sBG POSITIVE CRUSTACEAN SAMPLES………………………………………...48 2.5.3 PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS OF THE CILIATE 18S RRNA SEQUENCES……………………………………………………….49 2.5.4 WATER AND SEDIMENT……………………………………...….50 2.6 DISCUSSION………………………………………………………….…....50 2.7 TABLES…………………………………………………………………..…55 2.8 FIGURES……………………………………………………..………….….59 2.9 REFERENCES……………………………………………………….……...66 vii CHAPTER 3: MORTALITY ASSOCIATED WITH SHRIMP BLACK GILL………...69 3.1 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS…………………………………………………...70 3.2 ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………..…...71 3.3 INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………..….73 3.4 MATERIALS AND METHODS………………………………………..…...76 3.4.1 SHRIMP COLLECTION………………….......................................76 3.4.2 MORTALITY STUDY…………………...………………………….77 3.4.3 MOLECULAR ASSAY FOR CILIATE DETECTION ……...............78 3.4.4 HISTOLOGICAL ANALYSIS FOR CILIATE DETECTION……….79 3.4.5 HISTORICAL WATER TEMPERATURE FROM SKIDAWAY RIVER, GA......................................................................................................80 3.4.6 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS………………………………………….80 3.5 RESULTS…………………………………………………………..…….….81 3.5.1 MORTALITY…………………………………...........................…..81 3.5.2 HISTOLOGY………………………………............................….…82 3.5.3 GROWTH…………..…………………………………………….….83 3.5.4 MOLTING FREQUENCY……………………………………….…83 3.5.5 WATER TEMPERATURE………………………………….………83 3.6 DISCUSSION……………………………………………………………......84 3.7 TABLES……………………………………………………………………...91 3.8 FIGURES…………………………………………………………………….92 3.9 REFERENCES………………………………………………………..…....102 viii CHAPTER 4: SHRIMP BLACK GILL EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITY ENTITLED BLACK-EYED GILLS………………………………………...…104 4.1 ABSTRACT…………………………………………….…………………..105 4.2 INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………….106 4.3 MATERIALS AND METHODS…………………………………………...110 4.4 PROCEDURE…………………………………………………….………...110 4.5 ASSESSMENT……………………………………………………….…….114 4.6 TABLES……………………………………………………………………116 4.7 FIGURES…………………………………………………………………...117 4.8 REFERENCES……………………………………………………………..124 4.9 BLACK-EYED GILLS WORKSHEET AND TEACHERS KEY…………………………………………………………………..…….126 CHAPTER 5: SYNTHESIS, SYNOPSIS, AND RECOMMENDED FUTURE RESEARCH………………………………………..…………………………...131 5.1 SYNTHESIS………………………..………………………………………131 5.2 SYNOPSIS………………………………………………………………….132 5.3 RECOMMENDED FUTURE RESEARCH…………..……………………134 5.4 REFERENCES……………………………………………………………..136 ix LIST OF TABLES PAGE Table 2.1 Sampling locations of water, sediment, and crustacean samples collected in Georgia……………………………………………………………………...55 Table 2.2 Detection of Georgia sBG ciliate in other crustacean species. Species, number sampled, and the percent positive for the sBG ciliate by PCR diagnostic assay are shown. Samples positive for the sBG ciliate are highlighted…………………………………….58 Table 3.1 Mortality experimental summary of the four individual cohorts and dates of experiments. Shown are the dates, % mortality, % weekly mortality, Black Gill prevalence range, the % of shrimp symptomatic for Black Gill at death, the % positive for the sBG ciliate using the PCR diagnostic assay, the range of the number of ciliates present per sq mm of gill tissue, the range of the number of nodules present per sq mm of gill tissue, and the sample size (N) for each cohort……………………………………..91 Table 4.1 Number of shrimp (beans) and bycatch (goldfish crackers and pasta shells) to add to each container by the teacher. Students should not be present so that they will not know what is in each bowl…………………………………………………….116 x LIST OF FIGURES PAGE Figure 1.1 All commercial shrimp landings (lbs) and prevalence of visible Black Gill (%) from 1957 to 2015 in Georgia…..……………………………………….17 Figure 1.2 Inferred phylogenetic relationships of apostome ciliates and the Georgia shrimp Black Gill ciliate………………………………..………………………18 Figure 1.3 Monthly distribution of Black Gill in white shrimp observed by Georgia Department of Natural Resources Ecological Monitoring Trawl Survey………………………..…………………………………………………………..19
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Final Master Document Draft EFH EIS Gulf
    Final Environmental Impact Statement for the Generic Essential Fish Habitat Amendment to the following fishery management plans of the Gulf of Mexico (GOM): SHRIMP FISHERY OF THE GULF OF MEXICO RED DRUM FISHERY OF THE GULF OF MEXICO REEF FISH FISHERY OF THE GULF OF MEXICO STONE CRAB FISHERY OF THE GULF OF MEXICO CORAL AND CORAL REEF FISHERY OF THE GULF OF MEXICO SPINY LOBSTER FISHERY OF THE GULF OF MEXICO AND SOUTH ATLANTIC COASTAL MIGRATORY PELAGIC RESOURCES OF THE GULF OF MEXICO AND SOUTH ATLANTIC VOLUME 1: TEXT March 2004 Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council The Commons at Rivergate 3018 U.S. Highway 301 North, Suite 1000 Tampa, Florida 33619-2266 Tel: 813-228-2815 (toll-free 888-833-1844), FAX: 813-225-7015 E-mail: [email protected] This is a publication of the Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council pursuant to National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Award No. NA17FC1052. COVER SHEET Environmental Impact Statement for the Generic Essential Fish Habitat Amendment to the fishery management plans of the Gulf of Mexico Draft () Final (X) Type of Action: Administrative (x) Legislative ( ) Area of Potential Impact: Areas of tidally influenced waters and substrates of the Gulf of Mexico and its estuaries in Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida extending out to the limit of the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) Agency: HQ Contact: Region Contacts: U.S. Department of Commerce Steve Kokkinakis David Dale NOAA Fisheries NOAA-Strategic Planning (N/SP) (727)570-5317 Southeast Region Building SSMC3, Rm. 15532 David Keys 9721 Executive Center Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Shrimp Fishing in Mexico
    235 Shrimp fishing in Mexico Based on the work of D. Aguilar and J. Grande-Vidal AN OVERVIEW Mexico has coastlines of 8 475 km along the Pacific and 3 294 km along the Atlantic Oceans. Shrimp fishing in Mexico takes place in the Pacific, Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean, both by artisanal and industrial fleets. A large number of small fishing vessels use many types of gear to catch shrimp. The larger offshore shrimp vessels, numbering about 2 212, trawl using either two nets (Pacific side) or four nets (Atlantic). In 2003, shrimp production in Mexico of 123 905 tonnes came from three sources: 21.26 percent from artisanal fisheries, 28.41 percent from industrial fisheries and 50.33 percent from aquaculture activities. Shrimp is the most important fishery commodity produced in Mexico in terms of value, exports and employment. Catches of Mexican Pacific shrimp appear to have reached their maximum. There is general recognition that overcapacity is a problem in the various shrimp fleets. DEVELOPMENT AND STRUCTURE Although trawling for shrimp started in the late 1920s, shrimp has been captured in inshore areas since pre-Columbian times. Magallón-Barajas (1987) describes the lagoon shrimp fishery, developed in the pre-Hispanic era by natives of the southeastern Gulf of California, which used barriers built with mangrove sticks across the channels and mouths of estuaries and lagoons. The National Fisheries Institute (INP, 2000) and Magallón-Barajas (1987) reviewed the history of shrimp fishing on the Pacific coast of Mexico. It began in 1921 at Guaymas with two United States boats.
    [Show full text]
  • Marine Stewardship Council Pre-Assessment
    10051 5th Street N., Suite 105 St. Petersburg, Florida 33702-2211 Tel: (727) 563-9070 Fax: (727) 563-0207 Em ail: MRAG.Americas@m ragam ericas.com President: Andrew A. Rosenberg, Ph.D. Pre-Assessment of the Louisiana Shrimp Fishery Prepared for Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Prepared by MRAG Americas, Inc. Robert J. Trumble January 2016 Table of Contents 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................... 2 1.1. Aims/scope of pre-assessment ............................................................................ 2 1.2 Constraints to the pre-assessment of the fishery ................................................. 3 1.3. Unit(s) of Assessment ......................................................................................... 3 1.4 Total Allowable Catch (TAC) and Catch Data ...................................................... 3 2. Description of the fishery ................................................................................................ 4 2.1. Scope of the fishery in relation to the MSC programme ....................................... 4 2.2. Overview of the fishery ........................................................................................ 4 2.3. Principle One: Target species background .......................................................... 4 2.4. Principle Two: Ecosystem background ................................................................ 5 2.5. Principle Three: Management system background
    [Show full text]
  • Special Issue Featuring: a Case Study on Black Gill in Georgia Shrimp
    Volume 29 • Number 4 • Winter 2015 Special Issue Featuring: A Case Study on Black Gill in Georgia Shrimp Volume 29 • Number 4 • Winter 2015 The Mystery of Black Gill: Shrimpers in the South Atlantic Face Off with a Cryptic Parasite BY JILL M. GAMBILL, ALLISON E. DOYLE, RICHARD F. LEE, PH.D., PATRICK J. GEER, ANNA N. WALKER, PH.D., LINDSEY G. PARKER, PH.D., AND MARC E. FRISCHER, PH.D. ABSTRACT In the Southeast United States, an unidentified parasite is infecting shrimp and presenting new challenges for an already struggling industry. Emerging research in Georgia is investigating the resulting condition, known as Black Gill, to better understand this newest threat to the state’s most valuable commercial fishery. Researchers, shrimpers, extension agents, and fishery managers are working collaboratively to gather baseline data on where, when, and how frequently Black Gill is occurring, as well as partnering to determine its epidemiology, dispersal, and possible intervention strategies. Savannah, Ga. – In 2013, after years of intense competition from lower priced imports and financial pressures stemming Figure 1. A Georgia white shrimp displays symptoms of the from the rising cost of fuel and insurance, Georgia shrimpers Black Gill condition around its gills. Courtesy of Rachael were poised for a comeback as they looked forward to a Randall and Chelsea Parrish, 2015 profitable year. Shrimp prices had tripled, as a consequence of a bacterial disease infecting the supply of farmed shrimp A LANDMARK YEAR from Asia (Loc et al. 2013). Commercial food shrimp landings in 2013 were the lowest Georgia shrimpers took to the water with high expectations, in recent history.
    [Show full text]
  • NMFS 2010 Essential Fish Habitat, TN186
    Essential Fish Habitat: A Marine Fish Habitat Conservation Mandate For Federal Agencies Gulf of Mexico Region National Marine Fisheries Service Habitat Conservation Division Southeast Regional Office 263 13th Avenue S. St. Petersburg, FL 33701 727/824-5317 REV. 09/2010 1 Executive Summary The 1996 amendments to the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act (Magnuson-Stevens Act) set forth a new mandate for NOAA’s National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), regional fishery management councils (FMC), and other federal agencies to identify and protect important marine and anadromous fish habitat. The essential fish habitat (EFH) provisions of the Magnuson-Stevens Act support one of the nation’s overall marine resource management goals - maintaining sustainable fisheries. Essential to achieving this goal is the maintenance of suitable marine fishery habitat quality and quantity. The FMCs, with assistance from NMFS, have delineated EFH for federally managed species. As new fishery management plans (FMPs) are developed, EFH for newly managed species will be defined as well. Federal action agencies which fund, permit, or carry out activities that may adversely affect EFH are required to consult with NMFS regarding the potential impacts of their actions on EFH and respond in writing to NMFS or FMC recommendations. In addition, NMFS and the FMCs may comment on and make recommendations to any state agency on their activities that may affect EFH. Measures recommended by NMFS or an FMC to protect EFH are advisory, not proscriptive. On December 19, 1997, interim final rules, which specified procedures for implementation of the EFH provisions of the Magnuson-Stevens Act, were published in the Federal Register.
    [Show full text]
  • Penaeid Shrimp in Chesapeake Bay: Population Growth and Black Gill Disease Syndrome
    W&M ScholarWorks VIMS Articles Virginia Institute of Marine Science 2021 Penaeid Shrimp in Chesapeake Bay: Population Growth and Black Gill Disease Syndrome Troy D. Tuckey Virginia Institute of Marine Science Jillian L. Swinford Mary C. Fabrizio Virginia Institute of Marine Science Hamish J. Small Virginia Institute of Marine Science Jeffrey D. Shields Virginia Institute of Marine Science Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/vimsarticles Part of the Aquaculture and Fisheries Commons, and the Marine Biology Commons Recommended Citation Tuckey, Troy D.; Swinford, Jillian L.; Fabrizio, Mary C.; Small, Hamish J.; and Shields, Jeffrey D., Penaeid Shrimp in Chesapeake Bay: Population Growth and Black Gill Disease Syndrome (2021). Marine and Coastal Fisheries, 13, 159-173. DOI: 10.1002/mcf2.10143 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Virginia Institute of Marine Science at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in VIMS Articles by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Marine and Coastal Fisheries 13:159–173, 2021 © 2021 The Authors. Marine and Coastal Fisheries published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Fisheries Society ISSN: 1942-5120 online DOI: 10.1002/mcf2.10143 ARTICLE Penaeid Shrimp in Chesapeake Bay: Population Growth and Black Gill Disease Syndrome Troy D. Tuckey* Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, 1370 Greate Road, Gloucester Point, Virginia 23062, USA Jillian L. Swinford Texas Parks and Wildlife, Coastal Fisheries Division, Perry R. Bass Marine Fisheries Research Center, 3864 Farm to Market Road 3280, Palacios, Texas 77465, USA Mary C.
    [Show full text]
  • Balanus Trigonus
    Nauplius ORIGINAL ARTICLE THE JOURNAL OF THE Settlement of the barnacle Balanus trigonus BRAZILIAN CRUSTACEAN SOCIETY Darwin, 1854, on Panulirus gracilis Streets, 1871, in western Mexico e-ISSN 2358-2936 www.scielo.br/nau 1 orcid.org/0000-0001-9187-6080 www.crustacea.org.br Michel E. Hendrickx Evlin Ramírez-Félix2 orcid.org/0000-0002-5136-5283 1 Unidad académica Mazatlán, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. A.P. 811, Mazatlán, Sinaloa, 82000, Mexico 2 Oficina de INAPESCA Mazatlán, Instituto Nacional de Pesca y Acuacultura. Sábalo- Cerritos s/n., Col. Estero El Yugo, Mazatlán, 82112, Sinaloa, Mexico. ZOOBANK http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:74B93F4F-0E5E-4D69- A7F5-5F423DA3762E ABSTRACT A large number of specimens (2765) of the acorn barnacle Balanus trigonus Darwin, 1854, were observed on the spiny lobster Panulirus gracilis Streets, 1871, in western Mexico, including recently settled cypris (1019 individuals or 37%) and encrusted specimens (1746) of different sizes: <1.99 mm, 88%; 1.99 to 2.82 mm, 8%; >2.82 mm, 4%). Cypris settled predominantly on the carapace (67%), mostly on the gastric area (40%), on the left or right orbital areas (35%), on the head appendages, and on the pereiopods 1–3. Encrusting individuals were mostly small (84%); medium-sized specimens accounted for 11% and large for 5%. On the cephalothorax, most were observed in branchial (661) and orbital areas (240). Only 40–41 individuals were found on gastric and cardiac areas. Some individuals (246), mostly small (95%), were observed on the dorsal portion of somites.
    [Show full text]
  • Presence of Pacific White Shrimp Litopenaeus Vannamei (Boone, 1931) in the Southern Gulf of Mexico
    Aquatic Invasions (2011) Volume 6, Supplement 1: S139–S142 doi: 10.3391/ai.2011.6.S1.031 Open Access © 2011 The Author(s). Journal compilation © 2011 REABIC Aquatic Invasions Records Presence of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) in the Southern Gulf of Mexico Armando T. Wakida-Kusunoki1*, Luis Enrique Amador-del Angel2, Patricia Carrillo Alejandro1 and Cecilia Quiroga Brahms1 1Instituto Nacional de Pesca, Ave. Héroes del 21 de Abril s/n. Col Playa Norte, Ciudad del Carmen Campeche, México 2Universidad Autónoma del Carmen, Centro de Investigación de Ciencias Ambientales (CICA), Ave. Laguna de Términos s/n Col. Renovación 2da Sección, C.P. 24155, Ciudad del Carmen, Campeche, México E-mail: [email protected] (ATWK), [email protected] (LEAA), [email protected] (PCA), [email protected] (CQB) *Corresponding author Received: 12 July 2011 / Accepted: 12 October 2011 / Published online: 27 October 2011 Abstract This is the first report of the presence of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei in the Southern Gulf of Mexico coast. Seven specimens were collected in the Carmen-Pajonal-Machona lagoons near La Azucena and Sanchez Magallanes in Tabasco, Mexico, during a shrimp monitoring program survey conducted in this area. Further sampling and monitoring are required to find evidence that confirms the establishment of a population of Pacific white shrimp L. vannamei in Southern Gulf of Mexico. Key words: Litopenaeus vannamei, Pacific white shrimp, invasive species, Tabasco, Mexico Introduction covering 319.6 ha (Diario Oficial de la Federacion 2011). Almost all of these farms are Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) is native to located in the Southern part of the Machona the Eastern Pacific coast from the Gulf of Lagoon.
    [Show full text]
  • Prevalent Ciliate Symbiosis on Copepods: High Genetic Diversity and Wide Distribution Detected Using Small Subunit Ribosomal RNA Gene
    Prevalent Ciliate Symbiosis on Copepods: High Genetic Diversity and Wide Distribution Detected Using Small Subunit Ribosomal RNA Gene Zhiling Guo1,2, Sheng Liu1, Simin Hu1, Tao Li1, Yousong Huang4, Guangxing Liu4, Huan Zhang2,4*, Senjie Lin2,3* 1 Key Laboratory of Marine Bio-resources Sustainable Utilization, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China, 2 Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, Connecticut, United States of America, 3 Marine Biodiversity and Global Change Laboratory, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China, 4 Department of Environmental Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China Abstract Toward understanding the genetic diversity and distribution of copepod-associated symbiotic ciliates and the evolutionary relationships with their hosts in the marine environment, we developed a small subunit ribosomal RNA gene (18S rDNA)- based molecular method and investigated the genetic diversity and genotype distribution of the symbiotic ciliates on copepods. Of the 10 copepod species representing six families collected from six locations of Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, 9 were found to harbor ciliate symbionts. Phylogenetic analysis of the 391 ciliate 18S rDNA sequences obtained revealed seven groups (ribogroups), six (containing 99% of all the sequences) belonging to subclass Apostomatida, the other clustered with peritrich ciliate Vorticella gracilis. Among the Apostomatida groups, Group III were essentially identical to Vampyrophrya pelagica, and the other five groups represented the undocumented ciliates that were close to Vampyrophrya/ Gymnodinioides/Hyalophysa. Group VI ciliates were found in all copepod species but one (Calanus sinicus), and were most abundant among all ciliate sequences obtained, indicating that they are the dominant symbiotic ciliates universally associated with copepods.
    [Show full text]
  • Handbook of Shrimp Diseases
    LOAN COPY ONLY TAMU-H-95-001 C3 Handbook of Shrimp Diseases Aquaculture S.K. Johnson Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences Texas A&M University 90-601 (rev) Introduction 2 Shrimp Species 2 Shrimp Anatomy 2 Obvious Manifestations ofShrimp Disease 3 Damaged Shells , 3 Inflammation and Melanization 3 Emaciation and Nutritional Deficiency 4 Muscle Necrosis 5 Tumors and Other Tissue Problems 5 Surface Fouling 6 Cramped Shrimp 6 Unusual Behavior 6 Developmental Problems 6 Growth Problems 7 Color Anomalies 7 Microbes 8 Viruses 8 Baceteria and Rickettsia 10 Fungus 12 Protozoa 12 Haplospora 13 Gregarina 15 Body Invaders 16 Surface Infestations 16 Worms 18 Trematodes 18 Cestodes 18 Nematodes 18 Environment 20 Publication of this handbook is a coop erative effort of the Texas A&M Univer sity Sea Grant College Program, the Texas A&M Department of Wildlife and $2.00 Fisheries Sciences and the Texas Additional copies available from: Agricultural Extension Service. Produc Sea Grant College Program tion is supported in part by Institutional 1716 Briarcrest Suite 603 Grant No. NA16RG0457-01 to Texas Bryan, Texas 77802 A&M University by the National Sea TAMU-SG-90-601(r) Grant Program, National Oceanic and 2M August 1995 Atmospheric Administration, U.S. De NA89AA-D-SG139 partment of Commerce. A/1-1 Handbook ofShrimp Diseases S.K. Johnson Extension Fish Disease Specialist This handbook is designed as an information source and tail end (abdomen). The parts listed below are apparent upon field guide for shrimp culturists, commercial fishermen, and outside examination (Fig. 1). others interested in diseases or abnormal conditions of shrimp.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogenetic Position of the Apostome Ciliates (Phylum Ciliophora, Subclass Apostomatia) Tested Using Small Subunit Rrna Gene Sequences*
    ©Biologiezentrum Linz/Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at Phylogenetic position of the apostome ciliates (Phylum Ciliophora, Subclass Apostomatia) tested using small subunit rRNA gene sequences* J o h n C . C L AM P , P h y l l i s C . B RADB UR Y , M i c h a e l a C . S TR ÜDER -K Y P KE & D e n i s H . L Y N N Abstract: The apostomes have been assigned historically to two major groups of ciliates – now called the Class Phyllopharyngea and Class Oligohymenophorea. We set about to test these competing hypotheses of relationship using sequences of the small sub- unit rRNA gene from isolates of five species of apostomes: Gymnodinioides pitelkae from Maine; Gymnodinioides sp. from North Ca- rolina; Hyalophysa chattoni from Florida and from North Carolina; H. lwoffi from North Carolina; and Vampyrophrya pelagica from North Carolina. These apostome ciliates were unambiguously related to taxa in the Class Oligohymenophorea using Bayesian in- ference, maximum parsimony, and neighbor-joining algorithms to infer phylogenetic relationship. Thus, their assignment as the Subclass Apostomatia within this class is confirmed by these genetic data. The two isolates of Hyalophysa chattoni were harvested from the same crustacean host, Palaemonetes pugio, at localities separated by slightly more than 1225 km, and yet they showed only 0.06% genetic divergence, suggesting that they represent a single population. Key words: Apostomes, crustacean, exuviotroph, Gammarus mucronatus, Marinogammarus obtusatus, Oligohymenophorea. Introduction In morphologically-based classifications, apostome ciliates have been placed with either one or the other Over the past 20 years, sequences of the small sub- of two major taxa, now considered classes (BRADBURY unit rRNA (SSrRNA) gene have been used to confirm 1989).
    [Show full text]
  • Fusiforma Themisticola N. Gen., N. Sp., a New Genus and Species Of
    Protist, Vol. 164, 793–810, November 2013 http://www.elsevier.de/protis Published online date 23 October 2013 ORIGINAL PAPER Fusiforma themisticola n. gen., n. sp., a New Genus and Species of Apostome Ciliate Infecting the Hyperiid Amphipod Themisto libellula in the Canadian Beaufort Sea (Arctic Ocean), and Establishment of the Pseudocolliniidae (Ciliophora, Apostomatia) a,1 b,c d Chitchai Chantangsi , Denis H. Lynn , Sonja Rueckert , e a f Anna J. Prokopowicz , Somsak Panha , and Brian S. Leander a Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand b Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada c Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada d School of Life, Sport and Social Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Sighthill Campus, Sighthill Court, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, Scotland, United Kingdom e Québec-Océan, Département de Biologie, Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada f Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Departments of Zoology and Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada Submitted May 30, 2013; Accepted September 16, 2013 Monitoring Editor: Genoveva F. Esteban A novel parasitic ciliate Fusiforma themisticola n. gen., n. sp. was discovered infecting 4.4% of the hyperiid amphipod Themisto libellula. Ciliates were isolated from a formaldehyde-fixed whole amphi- pod and the DNA was extracted for amplification of the small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses showed unambiguously that this ciliate is an apostome and about 2% diver- gent from the krill-infesting apostome species assigned to the genus Pseudocollinia. Protargol silver impregnation showed a highly unusual infraciliature for an apostome.
    [Show full text]