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The Lemhi Indians of Eastern Idaho, 1860 to 1907

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The Lemhi Indians of Eastern Idaho, 1860 to 1907 Brigham Young University BYU ScholarsArchive Theses and Dissertations 1958 The Lemhi Indians of Eastern Idaho, 1860 to 1907 Dean M. Green Brigham Young University - Provo Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd Part of the Indigenous Studies Commons, and the Mormon Studies Commons BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Green, Dean M., "The Lemhi Indians of Eastern Idaho, 1860 to 1907" (1958). Theses and Dissertations. 4726. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/4726 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. THE LEMHI INDIANS OF EASTERN IDAHO 1860 TO 1907 A thesis presented to the department of history brigham young university provorovo utah in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree master of science by dean M green august 1958 acknowledgements to all who assisted in making this thesis possible the author wishes to express his sincere appreciation dr leroy R hafen chairman graduate committee dr robert jE riggs committee member dr merrill D bealbeaihead of history department of idaho state college staff of the idaho state college library manuscript section staff of the fort hall indian reservation agency carolyn provan typist extraordinary ii TABLE OF CONTENTS page listoftablesdistLIST OF TABLES v introduction 1 PART I1 LEMHI background INDIANS OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS 8 chapter 1 AN historical background OF THE LEMHI INDIANS 17 shoshones bannocks sheepeatersSheepeaters 202 THE CREATION OF THE LEMHI reservation 1871 2299 3 CHIEF TENDOY 0 0 0 38 PART II11 reservation YEARS 187118891871 1889 GENERAL STATEMENT 51 4 INDUSTRY OF THE LEMHIS 55 agricultural PpursuitsbarParmursuitssults agriculturalnonagriculturalnon pursuits 5 EDUCATION 72 6 40 3 lemhisinwarLEMHIS IN WAR 0 0 838 nez perce war bannock war iiiililittit 7 reservation miscellany 102 gambling and intemperance indian police court of indian offenses health missionary work 8 REMOVALremovalissueISSUE 6 0 0 0 04 0 6 0 0 9 0 9 0 0 6 0 4 0 0 0 0 9 0 6 0 4 6 112 PART m reservation YEARS 189019071890 1907 GENERAL STATEMENT 120 9 INDUSTRY OF THE LEMHISLENIHIS 128 agricultural pursuits agriculturalnonagriculturalnon pursuits ioeloe10109 EDUCATION 138 11 LEMHI miscellany 148 gambling and intemperance indian policepolica court of indian offenses depredations missionary work health 12 REMOVAL TO FORT HALL appendices T A THETHVLW EMHILEMHI MISSION 0 0 0 173 8 COPY orOF TREATY WITH SHOSHONE BANNOCKS AND SHEEP EATERS 1868 0 0 6 01 a 0 0 0 0 180 C AGREEMENT WITH SHOSHONESSHOSHOMES BANNOCKS AND sheeputerssheepeatersSHEEPEATERS orOF IDAHO 1889 184 SOURCES CONSULTED 186j 86 iv LIST orOF TABLES table page 1 agricultural record of the lemhislemkis187118891871 1889 0 0 0 0 0 65 2 lechtlemht agriculture 0 0 9 0 0 0 tj 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 134 v introduction the epic of the building of america has not been one of peaceful and uninterrupted transition from a foreign way of life to that condition of uniqueness which characterizes the nation today rather it has been a saga of conflicting interests in governmental religious and educa- tional philosophies in domestic and foreign relations in music art and science in peace and war in all of the areas the story has been the same one of conflict there has been no simple or easy reconciltreconcile lationtationof opposing ideas and concepts yet in this opposition lie the seeds of greatness or the roots of mediocrity the methods by which the nation has attempted to reconcile or has reconciled conflicting interests serve as a measuring stick of the greatness of the country in our history we have experimented with the good and the badrbad the moral and the unethical the question that must ultimately be answered is this which has predominated the nation must eventually stand before the bar of history for only history can answer the question fairly and honestly there is no immediate verdict available it can only be anticipated america knowing the inevitability of such a judgementjudgement must take those steps necessary and essential to cameamearn a favorable decision 2 in one particular area Ajf conflict we as a conquering people earned little credit or distinction this was in our relations with the native races of this land most thinking people will agree that here Is a story too often marred by broken promises by injustice and by the philosophy that might makes right in recent years 9 however an effort has been made to salve the national conscience we have completely reversed our attitude toward this conquered people instead of the idea that the only good indian is a dead indian the pendulum has swung its full cycle and we have adopted the noble redman concept that was first proclaimed by the early romanticists instead of being bloodthirstyblood thirsty renegadesrenegades such indians as sitting bull geronimo tecumseh and red cloud have become paragons of virtue unselfishly leading a tormented people against the ruthlesauthlesruthlesss white invader unfortunately neither concept is entirely correct in the searchsearchach for the spectacularspectacspectac ular or the colorful which too often proves to be the exception the relatively unexciting and com- monplacemonplace aspects of life are relegated to second place or completely ignored this has definitely been the case in our dealings with the red- man everyone is familiar with the accounts of custersousters last stand on the little bighorn or with the trail of tears or with the terrifying accounts of the indians attack on a frontier settlement or upon wagon trains the movies are replete with accounts of such episodes but who has heard of chief tendoy and his leahilemhi band the story of this group i 3 m while never very ssocxacular1 cularlacularfacularLa or dramatic gives a truer picture of the american indian his weaknesses and strengths than can be found in any movie TV program or dime novel tendoy who was considered by the white men to be one of the noblest indians in america proved himself to be their steadfast friend while at the same time serving as a shrewd and dynamic leader of his own people just who were the leahilemhilemhtindians who were led and dominated by this great leader in actuality there is no such thing as a lechtlemhilemhttribe the name leahilemhi is a derivation of the name limhi a nephite king in the book of mormon this was the name given by the mormons to a mis- sion they established on the lechtlemhilemhtbranch of the salmon river in june of 1855 1 after a short and stormy existence the mission was abandoned on april 1 1858 however the name continued to identify the area and within a very short time had been corrupted to its present form several small bands of indians roamed through the leahilemhi valley it was one of the areas of the snake river basin where bannock sho shonishontflathead and nezmez perce tribes were accustomed to meet in early summer each year to gamble and trade horses 2 of the small bands which roamed the valley none was large enough or important enough to attract the interest or attention of the government several of the groups I1 for an account of the creation and abandonment of this mission see appendix A of this paper abid2bidid P 17317 3 4 however did organize themselves into 6 c-onfederacyonfederacy under chief tendoy in 1863 thi neonceonfederationconfederationnoon was compose f members of the shoshone bannock and sheepeaterSheepeater tribes 3 it was an ferredberredreferredre to intn government reports as the mixed band of shoshone bannock and Sheesheepeaterpeater indiansindiana 2 the most common appellation by which ittt became known though was the leahilemhi band except for the realization that such a group existed roaming between montana and idaho through the leahilemhtlemhivalley the united states indian department knew very little about them and failed to provide for their needs for many years A treaty was negotiated at virginia city montana territory on september 24 1868 but it was never ratified by the government 4 by the terms of this treaty the mixed band was to give up all its lands except for two townships situated on the north fork of the salmon river the leahilemhi about twelve miles above the abandoned mission in return the indiansindiana were to receive thirty thousand dollars athe3thethe estimates of the size and distribution of the lechtlemht band vary greatly according to the 1875 estimate and the most reliable one yet obtainedobtainobtainedueduedothe number of indians receiving supplies at leahilemhi numbered shoshonesShoshones 500 if sheepeatersSheepeaters 340 bannocksBannocks 210 for a total of 1050 however estimates of subsequent years gradually lowered this number in 1878 there were 950 lemhislemkisin 1882 they totaled 750 persons intn 1885 the number had dwindled to 557 from that year on the estimates remained fairly constant rangingbetweenranging between 450 and 600 it was difficult to get an accurate count because of the wandering propensities of the lemhislemkisthe 1905 census showed the tribal population as being 462462009 285 shoshonesShoshones 95 Sheesheepeaterspeaters and 81 bannocksBannocks however by thisthib time there had been soao nutchxnuehnutjh intermarriage among the lemhislemkisthat it was difficult to te1teitettea the predominantpredominantanant blood 4thereothere4there was no oppositionappooppositionaition to this treaty the lack of opportunity
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