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La Nuova “Antica” Filosofia Del Museum Für Naturkunde Di Berlino the New “Old” Philosophy of Berlin’S Museum Für Naturkunde

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La Nuova “Antica” Filosofia Del Museum Für Naturkunde Di Berlino the New “Old” Philosophy of Berlin’S Museum Für Naturkunde PAG 166-175_Pinna_MARCHIS VITTORIO CAPITOLO 04/02/14 11.46 Pagina 166 MUSEOLOGIA SCIENTIFICA nuova serie • 7(1-2): 166-175 • 2013 ISSN 1123-265X Educazione - Esperienze e testimonianze La nuova “antica” filosofia del Museum für Naturkunde di Berlino The new “old” philosophy of Berlin’s Museum für Naturkunde Giovanni Pinna Già direttore del Museo di Storia Naturale di Milano. E-mail: [email protected] Premessa: nel 2005 il Museum für Naturkunde di Foreword: In 2005, Berlin’s Museum für Berlino ha iniziato il rinnovamento totale delle espo- Naturkunde began a complete renovation of its sizioni. Nel 2012 circa un terzo di questo lavoro è exhibits. By 2012, about one-third of this work had stato compiuto (Damaschun & Bartsch, 2012). Molte been completed (Damaschun & Bartsch, 2012). sale che avevo visitato in precedenti sopralluoghi Many rooms I had visited previously are currently sono attualmente chiuse al pubblico e in corso di closed to the public and in the course of construction. allestimento. L’articolo che segue si riferisce ai set- The following article refers to the renovated tori espositivi rinnovati. exhibition sectors. Nel breve saggio che pubblicai nel 1997 sul signifi- In the short book I published in 1997 on the cato e sulle prospettive dei musei naturalistici scrive- significance and prospects for natural history vo che perché un museo abbia un valore per la socie - museums, I wrote that, for a museum to have value for tà nella quale è nato, è indispensabile che esso the society in which it was born, it is imperative that sviluppi una propria individualità, un proprio sapere it develop its own individuality, its own scientific scientifico e una propria cultura, che lo mettano in knowledge and its own culture. This will allow it to grado di comunicare una original e interpretazione communicate an original interpretation of the world, del mondo, del passato e, per i musei naturalistici, of the past and, for naturalistic museums, of nature della natura e delle sue leggi. Solo così, aggiungevo, and its laws. Only in this way, I added, is it possible è possibile dare un significato a ciascun museo, to give a meaning to each museum, preventing these impedendo che queste istituzioni si replichino se - institutions from replicating each other according to condo un modello universale. Ciò è particolarmente a universal model. This is particularly important for importante per i musei di storia naturale, nei quali la natural history museums in which most of the maggior parte delle collezioni, e quindi delle espo- collections, and thus the exhibits, tend to develop a sizioni, tende a sviluppare un’uniformità di temi e di uniformity of topics and languages. Only in large linguaggi, che solo nelle grandi istituzioni con una institutions with a long scientific history behind them lunga storia scientifica alle spalle, e nei musei nati and in mus eums established around natural sites or attorno a siti naturali o a singoli giacimenti fossili, single fossil deposits is such uniformity mitigated by viene mitigata da collezioni irripetibili per qualità, collections that are unique in terms of quality, quantità o unicità, o dal valore universale di qualche quantity, rarity or the universal value of certain oggetto, la cui presenza tuttavia non sempre con- objects, the presence of which however does not tribuisce a garantire al museo che lo possiede un always ensure that the museum will have a distinctive carat tere distintivo. Naturalmente non tutti i musei character. Naturally not all scientific museums scientifici operano in questo modo; alcuni si limitano operate in this way; some merely offer the public the a proporre al pubblico la visione universalmente universal ly accepted view of the natural world, accettata del mondo naturale, comunicano teorie e communicate theories and interpretations developed by others in other places, and thus separate the interpretazioni elaborate da altri in altri luoghi, e knowledge produced within their walls from the separano perciò il sapere prodotto entro le sue mura knowledge offered to the public in their exhibition dal sapere che viene proposto al pubblico nelle sale halls. Often these museums, located in different espositive. Spesso questi musei, siti in paesi diversi, countries, differ from each other only in the language si differenziano l’uno dall’altro solo per la lingua con of the explanatory panels and captions cui sono scritti i pannelli didattici e le didascalie accompanying the objects. Other museums degli oggetti. Ancora altri musei non comunicano al communicate to the public neither universally pubblico, né teorie universalmente accettate, né accepted theories nor even scientific theories but only teorie scientifiche, ma solo visioni ideologiche; ideological visions. This is the case of the anti- come nel caso dei musei anti evoluzionisti nati negli evolution museums in the United States, whose Stati Uniti, il cui fine non è la ricerca di possibili purpose is not the search for possible explanations spiegazioni sul mondo naturale, ma l’indottrinamen- about the natural world but rather the missionary 166 GIOVANNI PINNA PAG 166-175_Pinna_MARCHIS VITTORIO CAPITOLO 04/02/14 11.46 Pagina 167 to missionario del popolo. Così, se è nostro dovere indoctrination of the public. Hence, although it is our rigettare con forza la prospettiva museologica duty to firmly reject the creationist museological creazionista, dobbiamo invece accettare l’idea che i perspective, we must accept the idea that museums can musei possano illustrare al loro pubblico interpre- present to their public different interpretations of the tazioni diverse del meccanismo evolutivo, anche se evolutionary process, even if we do not always agree non siamo sempre d’accordo con quella proposta. with that proposal. In controtendenza rispetto a molti musei, il Museum In contrast to many museums, Berlin’s Museum für für Naturkunde di Berlino ha fatto la scelta che au - Naturkunde made the choice that I hoped for in spicavo nel 1997. Nella ristrutturazione delle espo- 1997. The refurbishing of the exhibits was based on sizioni si è partiti dall’assunto che, secondo l’antica the assumption that, according to the old philosophy, filosofia, il museo dovesse essere un “hub” di comu- the museum had to be a “hub” of communication nicazione fra le scienze e il pubblico, e per far ciò ha between science and the public, and to do so it stabilito il principio che i contenuti delle esposizioni established the principle that the contents of the dovessero essere sviluppati dai suoi scienziati. Esso exhibits should be developed by its scientists . In other ha cioè affidato la scelta dei temi e la stesura dei con- words, it charged the scientific staff of the museum tenuti allo staff scientifico del museo (alla pianifi- with the choice of topics and the writing of the cazione delle esposizioni hanno lavorato 40 studiosi contents (40 researchers worked for several years on per diversi anni), ed ha lasciato allo staff educativo e the planning of the exhibits), and left the educational a quello museografico il compito di rendere intelle - and museographic staff with the task of making the gibili tali contenuti. contents understandable. Il fatto che il museo comunichi al pubblico le proprie The fact that the museum communicates its scientific convinzioni scientifiche mi è risultato evidente beliefs to the public seemed evident to me, especially soprattutto visitando il tema che tratta del- regarding the topic of the extinction of the dinosaurs. l’estinzione dei dinosauri, inglobat o nel più ampio It is included in the large exhibition sector illustrating settore espositivo che illustra la struttura e la dina - the structure and dynamics of the planet and relating mica del globo e mette in relazione la tettonica a plate tectonics and associated phenomena (earthquakes, placche e i fenomeni ad essa connessi (vulcani, ter- volcanoes, origin of mountains, climatic and remoti, origine delle montagne, cambiamenti cli- environmental changes) to evolution of the biosphere. matici e ambientali) con l’evoluzione della biosfera. Knowing that several museum researchers are Sapendo infatti che alcuni studiosi del museo sono studying the presumed impact crater Chicxul ub as implicati nello studio del presunto cratere di impatto part of the research project “Impakte, Meteoriten und di Chicxulub, nell’am bito del progetto di ricerca Geoprozesse”, I was not surprised that the museum “Impakte, Meteoriten und Geoprozesse”, non mi has embraced the idea that the biological crisis at the sono meravigliato che il museo abbia abbracciato la end of the Cretaceous period that caused the dinosaur tesi che la crisi biologica della fine del Cretacico che extinction was the result of a meteorite 10 km in causò l’estinzione dei dinosauri, sia stata opera di un diameter that fell to the Earth 95 million years ago meteorite di 10 km di diametro caduto sulla Terra 95 near the present-day town of Chicxulub in Yucatan. milioni di anni fa, non lontano dall’attuale città di This theory was first proposed in 1980 by a group Chicxulub nello Yucatan; una teoria che fu proposta headed by Walter Alvarez, although I have always nel 1980 da un gruppo capeggiato da Walter disagreed with it, proposing instead a more “natural” Alvarez, e da cui ho sempre dissentito proponendo and non-catastrophic hypothesis (Arduini & Pinna, in sua vece un’ipotesi più “naturale” e non catastrofi- 1977; Pinna, 1988, 2000). In the exhibit, this ca (Arduini & Pinna 1977; Pinna 1988, 2000). meteorite theory is
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