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Ÿþm Icrosoft W REPUBLIQUE ALGERIENNE DEMOCRATIQUE ET POPULAIRE MINISTERE DE L’ENSEIGNEMENT SUPERIEUR ET DE LA RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE UNIVERSITE D’ORAN 1 AHMED BEN BELLA FACULTE DES SCIENCES DE LA NATURE ET DE LA VIE DEPARTEMENT DE BIOLOGIE THESE Présentée par Melle BENHAMOU FATIMA Pour obtenir LE DIPLOME DE DOCTORAT LMD Spécialité: Sciences de la Mer et du Littoral Intitulée: LA DIVERSITE ET LES VARIATIONS GEOGRAPHIQUES DES COMMUNAUTES PARASITAIRES DE DEUX POISSONS COMMERCIAUX: LA MANDOLE Spicara maena (LINNAEUS, 1758) ET LA BOGUE Boops boops (LINNAEUS, 1758) LE LONG DES CÔTES ALGERIENNES Soutenu le 02/07/2017 devant Mr MOUFFOK SALIM Maitre de Conférences A, Université Oran 1, Algérie (Président) Mr KERFOUF SID AHMED Professeur, Université Sidi Bel Abbes, Algérie (Examinateur) Mr MESLI LOTFI Professeur, Université de Tlemcen, Algérie (Examinateur) Mme SENOUCI KHEIRA Professeur, Université Oran1, Algérie (Examinateur) Mme DERMECHE SALIHA Maitre de Conférences A, Université Oran1, Algérie (Examinateur) Mme MARZOUG DOUNIAZED Maitre de Conférences A, Université Oran 1, Algérie (Rapporteur) Mme PÉREZ-DEL-OLMO ANA Maitre de Conférences, Université de Valencia, Espagne (Co-Rapporteur) TABLEAU DES MATIERES RÉSUMÉ i ABSTRACT ii iii ملخص LISTE DES FIGURES iv LISTE DES TABLEAUX vii REMERCIEMENTS viii DEDICACES ix CHAPITRE 1. INTRODUCTION GENERALE 1 CHAPITRE 2. BUT ET OBJECTIFS 9 CHAPITRE 3. MATERIEL ET METHODES 10 CHAPITRE 4. LA FAUNE PARASITAIRE CHEZ Spicara maena 15 CHAPITRE 5. CHECKLIST DES PARASITES CHEZ Spicara maena 48 CHAPITRE 6. LA FAUNE PARASITAIRE CHEZ Boops boops 54 CHAPITRE 7. PARASITE COMMUNITIES IN TWO SPARID FISHES FROM THE WESTERN 76 MEDITERRANEAN: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS BASED ON SAMPLES FROM THREE LOCALITIES OFF THE ALGERIAN COAST CHAPITRE 8. CONCLUSIONS 94 REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUES 97 ANNEXES 116 RESUME Ce présent travail est une étude détaillée de la faune parasitaire de deux poissons sparidés, abondant et fortement consommés par la population algérienne, la mendole Spicara maena, et la bogue Boops boops. Un total de 16 échantillons distinct comprenant 475 poissons (237 S. maena et 238 B. boops) a été collecté durant le printemps et l’automne de 2013‒2014 dans trois localités (Bouzedjar, Alger et Skikda) le long des côtes algériennes de la Méditerranée. Un total de 28 espèces parasites a été identifié chez S. maena (15 digènes, 4 monogènes, 1 larve de cestode, 5 nématodes, 1 copépode et 2 isopodes), dont, sept espèces sont monoxènes et 21 hétéroxènes (des stades larvaires de 8 espèces et des stades adultes de 13 espèces). Les descriptions morphologiques détaillées ont été réalisées pour quatre digènes et les critères de description sont indiqués pour une espèce de monogène et une espèce de digène. Spicara maena est un nouvel enregistrement d’hôte pour six espèces (Magnibursatus bartolii, Prosorhynchus crucibulum, Encotyllabe sp, Lepidauchen sp, Anisakis type II sensu Berland, 1961 et Gnathia sp.). Un checklist des parasites de S. maena et leurs distribution le long de la Mer Méditerranée et la Mer Noire, a été développé dans cette présente étude, qui comprend 57 taxa et 29 enregistrements hôte-parasite-localité. Un total de 28 espèces a été récolté de B. boops (16 digènes, 3 monogènes, 1 larve de cestode, 5 larves de nématodes, 2 copépodes et 1 isopodes), dont six espèces sont monoxènes et 22 hétéroxènes (stades larvaires de 10 espèces et stades adultes de 12 espèces). Des descriptions morphologiques détaillées de deux espèces de digènes parasite de la bogue sont fournis. Boops boops est un nouvel enregistrement d’hôte pour deux espèces, Encotyllabe sp. et Ectenurus lepidus; et pour Wardula bartolii, une espèce signalée pour la première fois en Méditerranée. Des données saisonnières sur les paramètres quantitatifs de l’infection pour toutes les espèces parasites des deux hôtes sparidés le long des côtes algériennes de la Méditerranée, ont été fournies. Aussi, cette étude représente la première analyse comparatif des communautés parasitaires de S. maena et B. boops et fournit les premières données complètes faunistiques et communautaires sur les parasites métazoaires de S. maena. La faune régionale de B. boops et S. maena le long des côtes algériennes de la Méditerranée ouest était riche en espèces (36 espèces) et dominée par les espèces hétéroxènes (27 espèces; dont 20 digenènes spp). La parenté phylogénétique entre les deux hôtes a donné lieu à un grand nombre de parasites partagés (56%, 20 espèces). Cependant, le chevauchement important dans les faunes parasitaires des deux hôtes sparidés, apparentés phylogénétiquement, leurs habitudes alimentaires et leurs alimentations similaires n'ont pas abouti à une composition et à une structure homogène de la communauté parasitaire. Mots clés: Spicara maena, Boops boops, faune parasitaire, communauté parasitaire, Bouzedjar, Alger, Skikda, Algérie, Méditerranée i ABSTRACT The present work represent a detailed study of the parasite fauna of two sparid fishes, abundant and highly consumed by the Algerian population, the blotched picarel Spicara maena, and the bogue Boops boops. A total of 16 distinct samples comprising 475 fish (237 S. maena and 238 B. boops) were collected during spring and autumn of 2013‒2014 at three localities (off Bouzedjar, Alger and Skikda) along the Mediterranean coasts of Algeria. A total of 28 parasites species was identified in S. maena (15 digeneans, 4 monogeneans, 1 larval cestode, 5 nematodes, 1 copepod and 2 isopods). Of these, seven species are monoxenous and 21 heteroxenous (larval stages of 8 species and adult stages of 13 species). Detailed morphological descriptions are provided for four digeneans and description criteria are indicated for one monogenean and one digenean species. Spicara maena is a new host record for six species (Magnibursatus bartolii, Prosorhynchus crucibulum, Encotyllabe sp., Lepidauchen sp., Anisakis type II sensu Berland, 1961 and Gnathia sp.). A checklist of the parasites of S. maena along the Mediterranean and Black Sea distribution has been developed during the present study, which comprises 57 taxa and 129 host-parasite-locality records. A total of 28 species was recovered from B. boops (16 digeneans, 3 monogeneans, 1 larval cestode, 5 larval nematodes, 2 copepods and 1 isopod). Of these, six species are monoxenous and 22 heteroxenous (larval stages of 10 species and adult stages of 12 species). Detailed morphological descriptions of two digenean species parasitic in the bogue are provided. Boops boops is a new host record for two species, Encotyllabe sp. and Ectenurus lepidus and one species, Wardula bartolii, was recorded for the first time in the Mediterranean. Seasonal data on the quantitative parameters of infection with all parasite species of the two sparid hosts along the Algerian coasts of the Mediterranean are provided. Also, this study represents the first comparative analysis of the parasite communities of S. maena and B. boops and also provides the first comprehensive faunistic and community data for metazoan parasites in S. maena. The regional fauna of parasites of B. boops and S. maena along the Algerian coasts of the Western Mediterranean was species-rich (36 species) and dominated by heteroxenous species (27 spp; of these 20 digenean spp.). The phylogenetic relatedness between the two hosts resulted in a large number of shared parasites (56%, 20 spp.). However, the significant overlap in the parasite faunas of the two phylogenetically related sparid hosts and their similar feeding habits and diet did not result in homogeneous parasite community composition and structure. Keywords: Spicara maena, Boops boops, parasite fauna, parasite communities, Bouzedjar, Alger, Skikda, Algeria, western Mediterranean. ii ملخص تمحور موضوع هذا البحث حول دراسة مفصلة للثروة الطفيلية لنوعين من اﻷسماك من فصيلة اﻻسبور )سباريديا(،هذان النوعان معروفين بوفرتهما و كثرة استهلكهما من طرف المجتمع الجزائري ونخص بذلك النوع ماندوﻻ Spicara maena و البوقة Boops boops . قدر عدد العينات ب 16 عينة منفصلة تم أخدها على مدى خريف و ربيع سنتي 2013-2014، تضم باﻹجمال 475 سمكة منها 237 من النوع Spicara maena و238 من النوع Boops boops. لقد جمعت هذه العينات من ثﻻثة مواقع تنتمي الى الساحل الجزائري أﻻ وهي بوزدجار و الجزائر و سكيكدة. بعد فحص ودراسة العينات تم رصد و تسجيل 28 نوع من الطفيليات في Spicara maena منها (15 نوع ديجينيا، 4 مونوجينيا، يرقة شريطية واحدة، 5 ديدان خيطية ،واحدة مجدافية اﻷرجل و 2 من متشابهات اﻷقدام (. من المجموع الكلي لهذه الطفيليات نميز 7 أنواع أحادية المضائف و 21 نوع متعدد المضائف ) 8 أنواع منها في المرحلة اليرقية و 13 نوع في مرحلة البلوغ( لقد تم إجراء وصف شكلي دقيق ل 4 طفيليات من نوع ديجينيا، و قد اقتصر شرح معايير الوصف فقط بالنسبة لنوع واحد من المونوجينيا و نوع واحد من الديجينيا. لقد سجل وجود 6 أنواع طفيﻻت جديدة للسمكة ,Spicara maena (Magnibursatus bartolii Prosorhynchus crucibulum, Encotyllabe sp., Lepidauchen sp., Anisakis type II sensu Berland, 1961, Gnathia sp.). قائمة فحص لكل الطفيﻻت المستضافة من طرف هذه اﻷخيرة وتوزيعها على مستوى مياه البحر اﻷبيض المتوسط و البحر اﻷسود قد تم إنشاءها، و التي شملت 57 صنف و 129 تسجيل للحيوان المضيف- الطفيلي- الموقع. بالنسبة لسمكة البوقة Boops boopsفقد تم رصد ما مجموعه 28 نوع من الفطريات منها (16 ديجينيا، ثﻻثة مونوجينيا، يرقة شريطية واحدة، 5 يرقات خيطية ، مجدفيتا اﻷرجل، وواحدة متشابهة اﻷرجل(. قدر عدد أحادية المضائف ب 6 أنواع أما متعددة المضائف فقدر ب 22 نوع )10 نوع في المرحلة اليرقية و 12 نوع في مرحلة البلوغ(. لقد قدم وصف مورفولوجي دقيق لنوعين من طفيﻻت الديجينيا ل Boops boops. وقد سجلت هذه اﻷخيرة كسمكة مضيفة جديدة للنوعين .Encotyllabe sp وEctenurus lepidus و قد سجل وجود النوع Wardula bartolii ﻷول مرة في البحر اﻷبيض المتوسط. من جهة أخرى فقد أنجزت معطيات موسمية مفصلة عن العوامل الكمية لﻻلتهاب لكل انواع الطفيﻻت التي وجدت عند السمكتين المضيفتين من فصيلة اﻻسبور على طول الساحل الجزائري لمياه البحر اﻻبيض المتوسط. باﻹضافة إلى هذا فقد مثلث هذه الدراسة أول تحليل مقارن للمجتمعات الطفيلية للسمكتين S. maena وB. boops و قد سجلت أول معطيات شاملة حيوانية و مجتمعية بخصوص الطفيليات متعددة الخﻻيا للسمكة S. maena و قد تميزت السمكتان بثروتهما الطفيلية اﻹقليمية الوفيرة من حيث اﻷنواع الموجودة )36 نوعا( على طول الساحل الجزائري من غرب البحر اﻷبيض المتوسط حيث سجلت هيمنة متعددة المضائف )27 نوعا منها digenènes spp.20(.
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