Gürcistan'da Rus Idaresinin Kuruluşu (1801-1918)

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Gürcistan'da Rus Idaresinin Kuruluşu (1801-1918) T.C. İSTANBUL ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TARİH ANABİLİM DALI TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYETİ TARİHİ BİLİM DALI DOKTORA TEZİ GÜRCİSTAN’DA RUS İDARESİNİN KURULUŞU (1801-1918) NATO DVALİ 2502120465 DANIŞMAN PROF. DR. HALİL BAL İSTANBUL - 2019 ÖZ GÜRCİSTAN’DA RUS İDARESİNİN KURULUŞU (1801-1918) NATO DVALİ Bizans İmparatorluğu’nun yıkılmasından sonra, Rusya’nın “Üçüncü Roma” olma iddiası vardı. Rusya İmparatorluğu güçlendiğinde, fetih alanını genişletmeye başladı. Bu ismi kullanarak Kafkasya’daki Hıristiyanların “koruyucusu” olduğunu ileri sürüyor ve bu ülkeleri işgal etmek istiyordu. Fethedilen ülkelerde kendi idarî düzenini kurup nüfuz alanını genişletmeye çalışıyordu. 18. yüzyılın ilk çeyreğinden itibaren Gürcistan, Rusya’nın hedefi olmaya başlamıştı. Gürcistan Güney Kafkasya’nın merkezi olarak kabul ediliyordu. Eğer Rusya Gürcistan’ı işgal ederse bütün Kafkasya’yı elde etmesi kolay olurdu. Gürcistan’ı ele geçirerek hem Kafkasya’da hem de Karadeniz’deki hâkimiyetini güçlendirecekti. Rusya, İran ve Osmanlı Devleti’nin rekabet alanı olan Gürcistan’ın siyasî bakımdan zayıflamasını fırsat olarak değerlendirdi ve Gürcistan’a dindaş ülke olarak yardım etmeye söz verdi. Tabiî ki Rusya’nın hedefi hiçbir zaman Gürcistan’ın korunması olmamıştı. Amacı, etki alanlarını Kafkasya’yı da içine alacak şekilde genişletmek ve Karadeniz’in doğu kıyılarına sahip olmaktı. Rusya bunu Gürcü halkın talebi olarak yaptığını göstermek istiyordu. Rusya, Gürcistan’a resmî olarak 1801’de girmiş ve idare sistemini kurmaya başlamıştı. Gürcistan’da mevcut eski sistem kaldırıldı ve Rus askerî sistemi kuruldu. Gürcistan’da krallık ve egemenliği kaldırıldı. Önemli makamlara yönetici olarak Ruslar getirildi. Rusya, Gürcistan’daki eski idarî, adlî, malî ve dinî sistemi değiştirdi. Büyük tarihî geçmişe ve geleneklere sahip olan Gürcistan için bu yeni Rus sistemine alışmak oldukça zor olmuştur. Rusya, Gürcistan’ın yeni idarî sisteminin oluşturulması konusunda bir dizi proje hazırladı. Gürcü halkının tepkisinden çekindiği için idare sistemindeki iii değişiklikler planlı, yavaş ve parça parça gerçekleştiriliyordu. Rusya yönetimi ilk yıllarda Gürcü idarî kurumlarının bazılarını yerinde bıraktı fakat daha sonra onları da değiştirdi veya kaldırdı. Gürcü halkının büyük hoşnutsuzluğu nedeniyle sürekli reformlar yapılıyordu. Rusya’nın kanun ve kuralları Gürcü halkına tamamen yabancı idi. Ayrıca yönetim dili olan Rus dilini bilmediği için halk büyük zorluk çekiyordu. Rusya’nın hedefi asla Gürcü halkının refahı ve saadeti değildi. Rusya’nın bir parçası haline getirdiği Gürcistan’da, Ruslaştırma siyasetini uygulamak, kendi deyimleriyle “Gürcü bedeninde Rus aklını” oluşturmaktı. Yapılan reformlar da bu yoldaki politikalarına hizmet ediyordu. 1801-1918 yılları arasında Rusya tarafından Gürcistan’da gerçekleştirilen idarî, adlî, sosyal ve ekonomik düzenlemelerin ana kaynaklar ışığında değerlendirilmesini amaçladığımız tezimizde, Rusların Gürcistan üzerindeki politikalarını gerçekleştirmek yolunda hangi reformları uyguladığı konusu detaylı olarak anlatılmıştır. Anahtar kelimeler: Gürcistan, Kafkasya, Rusya, Vilayet, İdarî sistem. iv ABSTRACT ESTABLISHMENT OF RUSSIAN ADMINISTRATION IN GEORGIA (1801-1918) NATO DVALİ When the Russian Empire was strengthened, it began to expand its conquest area. After the collapse of the Byzantine Empire, Russia had a claim to be the "Third Rome". Using this name, Russia claimed being the protector of the Christians in the Caucasus and wanted to occupy their countries. Then, they tried to expand the sphere of influence by establishing their own administrative order in the occupied countries. Georgia which was considered the center of the South Caucasus was the target of Russia from the first quarter of the 18th century. If Russia had invaded Georgia, it would be easy to get the whole Caucasus. By conquering Georgia, it would strengthen its rule in both the Caucasus and the east of Black Sea. Taking benefit of the political weakness of Georgia, which was the competitive area of Russia, Iran and the Ottoman Empire, had an opportunity and promised to help Georgia as a co-religious country. However, Russia's goal has never been the protection of Georgia. Its aim was to expand its spheres of influence to the Caucasus and to get the eastern shores of the Black Sea area. Russia wanted to show it as a demand of the Georgian people. Russia officially entered Georgia in 1801 and then began to establish Russian administrative system there. The old system in Georgia was abolished and the Russian military system was established. In Georgia, kingdom and sovereignty were abolished. The Russians were put forward as administrators for the important positions. Russia changed the old administrative, judicial, financial and religious system in Georgia. For Georgia, which has a great history and tradition, it was very difficult to get used to this new Russian system. Russia has prepared a series of projects on the establishment of Georgia's new administrative system. The changes in the administration system were planned in a v slow and fragmented way because they were afraid of the reaction of the Georgian people. In the first years, the Russian administration left some of the Georgian administrative institutions in place, but later changed or removed them. Due to the great discontent of the Georgian people, there were continuous reforms. Russia's laws and rules were completely foreign to the Georgian people. People also had great difficulty because they did not know the Russian language. The goal of Russia was never the prosperity of the Georgian people. Their aim was to implement the policy of the Russification in Georgia, which had been made a part of Russia as in their words, to create the "Russian mind in the Georgian body." The reforms were also performed to serve in this way. In our thesis, which aims to evaluate the administrative, judicial, social and economic regulations in Georgia in the light of the main sources between 1801-1918, it is explained in detail what reforms the Russians have implemented in order to realize their policies on Georgia. Keywords: Georgia, Caucasus, Russia, Administrative system. vi ÖNSÖZ Rusya-Gürcistan sorunu ülkemiz için oldukça önemli bir konudur. Gürcistan, Rusya ile iki yüzyıllık büyük ve acı bir ilişki geçmişine sahiptir. Rusya uzunca bir dönem, başta kendini koruyamayan, zayıf ülkeler olmak üzere, komşu ülkeler için büyük bir tehdit unsuruydu. Bu ülkelerden biri de Gürcistan’dı. Rusya, Gürcistan’a giriş tarihinden itibaren bu ülkenin topraklarını Rus topraklarına katmanın ötesinde, çeşitli yöntemlerle Gürcüleri de Ruslaştırmaya çalışıyordu. Uyguladığı reformlar ve yeni yönetim sisteminin kurulması tamamıyla bu plan çerçevesinde gerçekleşiyordu. Rusya yönetiminin bu yoldaki tüm uygulamaları, Gürcistan’ın geleneklerinde ve kültüründe büyük ve derin izler bıraktı. Tezimizin ana hedefi, Rusya yönetiminin Gürcistan üzerinde bıraktığı bu izleri problematize ederek sistemli bir şekilde ortaya koymak ve detaylı olarak anlatmaktır. Gürcüce, Rusça, Türkçe ve İngilizce kaynakları araştırıp incelediğimiz bu çalışma, Tiflis’te Gürcistan Merkez Arşivi, Tiflis Devlet Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi, Millî Kütüphanesi, Gürcistan Parlamento Kütüphanesi, Gürcistan Merkez Tarih Arşivi, İstanbul’da Cumhurbaşkanlığı Osmanlı Arşivi, İstanbul Üniversitesi Merkez Kütüphanesi, İslam Araştırmaları Merkezi (İSAM), Beyazıt Devlet Kütüphanelerinde yapılan çalışmalar ve Rusya Arşivlerinden gönderilen belgelerin incelenmesi sonucu ortaya çıkmıştır. Gürcistan Parlamento Kütüphanesinde, Rus sistemi ve yönetimiyle ilgili eşsiz kaynaklar bulunmaktadır. Tezimizi yazarken faydalandığımız ve ana kaynak olarak görebileceğimiz en önemli belgeleri, Rus generallerin imparatorla paylaştığı aylık ve yıllık raporlar ile yazışma evrakları teşkil etmektedir. Söz konusu kaynakta Rus generaller, Gürcistan’daki mevcut sorunlar hakkında, planlarının ve reformlarının sonuçları hakkında imparatora bilgi vermektedir. Bu kaynak, tezimiz için çok yararlı ve değerli bir kaynaktır. Tiflis Devlet Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi, Milli Kütüphanesinde, Rus-Gürcü ilişkilerine dair çok sayıda Rus ve Gürcü kaynağı vardır. Bilindiği gibi Tiflis ve Gürcistan Kafkasya’nın ve Rus yönetimin Merkezi olarak kabul ediliyordu. Bu nedenle buralarda eşsiz kaynaklar bulunmaktadır. vii Rus kaynaklarına gelince, bu kaynakların bir kısmı Gürcistan Merkez Arşivi’nde korunmakta, bir kısmı ise Rusya Merkez Arşivi’ne erişim suretiyle kullanılmaktadır. Rusya-Gürcistan ilişkileri ile ilgili olarak Gürcü tarihçiler ile Rus tarihçilerin yayımladığı birçok eser bulunmaktadır. Georgievsk Sözleşmesi Rus-Gürcistan ilişkilerinin ilk resmî kaynağıdır. Bu sözleşme iki dilde; Rusça ve Gürcüce yazılmıştır. Fakat Gürcüce orijinal versiyonu mevcut değildir. Bu nüsha kaybolmuş ve Rusça orijinalinden Gürcüceye çevrilmiştir. Georgievsk Sözleşmesi ve Kral XII. Giorgi’nin “Rica maddeleri” ayrıntılı olarak incelenmiştir. Ayrıca, Rus generallerin imparatorlarla yazışmaları incelenip değerlendirilmiş, her iki ülkenin çıkarlarını ve durumunu etraflıca ve nesnel olarak görmek amacıyla, hem Rus hem de Gürcü kaynakları ayrıntılı olarak taranmaya çalışılmıştır. Birinci bölümde, Rusya’nın Gürcistan’a girmesi, işgal altına alınması, Krallığın ve Gürcistan’ın egemenliğinin kaldırması süreçlerine dair değerlendirme yapılmaya çalışılmıştır. İkinci bölümde ise geçici hükümetin kurulması, feodalizm sistemin yavaşça ortadan kaldırılması, Rus asker yönetimin kurulması, otosefalinin1 kaldırılması ve Rusya sinoduna bağlanması anlatılmaktadır. Üçüncü bölümde,
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