CBRNE-Terrorism Newsletter Autumn-2011 1 www.cbrne-terrorism-newsletter.com CBRNE-Terrorism Newsletter Autumn-2011 2 Terror News Profile of Dr. Ayman al-Zawahiri, Osama bin Laden's Heir as Leader of Al-Qaeda1 Source: http://www.terrorism-info.org.il/malam_multimedia/English/eng_n/html/gj_e008.htm Ayman al-Zawahiri, left, sitting next to Osama bin Laden, praises those who attacked the United States on September 11, 2001 (YouTube video, April 15, 2002). Overview 3. When Sayyid Qutb was executed by Nasser 1. On June 16 Al-Qaeda announced that after in 1966 and thousands of Muslim Brotherhood a period of consultations, Dr. Ayman al- activists were imprisoned, al-Zawahiri, along Zawahiri had been appointed as Osama bin with a number of other young men, set up an Laden's heir. The announcement stressed Al- underground cell (1966-1967) with the intention Qaeda's commitment to jihad, which was the of overthrowing the Egyptian regime and "personal duty of every Muslim." The jihad establishing an Islamic government. During the would be waged against the various "infidels" – 1970s, while still at school, he joined an the United States, Israel and the Arab-Muslim extremist Islamic organization called the rulers, "until the Resurrection."2 This study Islamic Jihad, which was behind a wave of profiles Ayman al-Zawahiri, his ideology and terrorist attacks in Egypt, and became one of activities, and evaluates the possible outcome its most prominent operatives. In 1991 he of his appointment as leader of Al-Qaeda. formally became the organization's head. 2. Sheikh Dr. Ayman Mohammed Rabi'a al- 4. Following the assassination of Anwar Sadat Zawahiri (Abu Mohammed) was born in 1951 in October 1981, al-Zawahiri was arrested to a wealthy family whose members held senior along with other radical Islamic operatives. He positions in the Egyptian religious was cleared of involvement in the establishment. His piety was evident from an assassination because of lack of evidence, but early age, and at 14 he joined the Muslim convicted of membership in a terrorist Brotherhood. In his youth he was influenced by organization and having weapons and the ideology of Sayyid Qutb, a central figure in explosives in his possession. He was the Muslim Brotherhood, who developed the sentenced to a term of three years in prison, radical Islamic ideology from which the which he served from 1981 to 1984. In his book extremist faction of the Muslim Brotherhood Knights Under the Prophet's Banner he said sprang. He began studying medicine at the that assassinating Sadat was part of a University of Cairo in 1968 and graduated with comprehensive program of assassinating honors in 1974. He specialized in surgery at a senior figures in the Egyptian regime and using university in Pakistan, receiving a PhD, again the army to take over vital broadcasting graduating with honors. stations. www.cbrne-terrorism-newsletter.com CBRNE-Terrorism Newsletter Autumn-2011 3 5. After his release from prison he went from by the Russian security forces, only to be Egypt to Jeddah in Saudi Arabia to practice released "for lack of evidence." medicine and to promote the activities of the 8. At the beginning of 1998 al-Zawahiri and Egyptian Islamic Jihad beyond the borders of Osama bin Laden founded the International Egypt. There he apparently met Osama bin Islamic Front for Jihad against Jews and Laden for the first time, and from Saudi Arabia Crusaders. It was an umbrella network for Al- he went to Pakistan and Afghanistan to wage Qaeda, the Egyptian Islamic Jihad and various his jihad against the Egyptian regime. While in radical Islamic organizations operating in Peshawar, Afghanistan, he founded an countries such as Pakistan, Bangladesh, organization called Talai'i al-fath ("pioneers of Kashmir and the Philippines. Al-Zawahiri conquest"), which in effect served as the became bin Laden's deputy in the Front and operational wing of the Egyptian Islamic Jihad. second in command of Al-Qaeda. In June 2001 He established a network of bases, training al-Zawahiri announced the formal union of all camps and the organizations, whose headquarters, all official name is [Tanzim] with the support of Qaedat al-Jihad (the Osama bin Laden. formal name of Al-Qaeda 6. At the beginning to this day). of the 1990s al- 9. In February 1998 Zawahiri and bin Qaedat al-Jihad issued an Laden went to appeal calling for the Sudan, where they killing of Americans set up a network of throughout the world, bases. During the saying it was the "personal 1990s he also set duty" of every Muslim. In up a new network in practical terms, Al-Qaeda Yemen, from which initiated a campaign of he conducted a global terrorism against campaign of the United States, terrorist attacks beginning with the terrorist against Egyptian attacks of the American targets, both inside embassies in Kenya and and outside Egypt. Tanzania in August 1998, He was also and culminating with the involved in an September 11, 2001 attempt to attacks. assassinate 10. Al-Zawahiri continued Egyptian President holding key positions in Al- Hosni Mubarak and Qaeda (as far as is the murder of tourists in Luxor in 1997. He was known, he was responsible for producing apparently also involved in the attempted anthrax spores for the organization) and assassination of President Mubarak in Ethiopia became even more dominant than bin Laden in in July 1995. Because of his involvement in Al-Qaeda's global propaganda campaign. terrorist attacks, he was sentenced to death in absentia in Egypt, April 1999. 11. His worldview and ideology: 7. Al-Zawahiri's involvement in terrorism in the a) As noted, al-Zawahiri was particularly 1990s did not focus only on the Egyptian influenced by the radical Islam of Sayyid Qutb, arena. In the middle of the decade, instructed according to which the Arab-Muslim regimes by bin Laden, he constructed Al-Qaeda terrorist ("the internal enemy ") were no less dangerous networks in Britain and the United States, than external enemies. His ideology justified strengthened the radical Islamic militias in the using violence and terrorism against them, Balkans, supported radical Islamic groups in since, it claimed, they had deviated from the Somalia and Ethiopia and aided the rebels in precepts of Islam and did not govern according Chechnya. In 1996, with two other operatives, to religious Muslim law (the Shari'a). He was he tried to enter Chechnya and was arrested also influenced by Dr. Abdullah Azzam, a www.cbrne-terrorism-newsletter.com CBRNE-Terrorism Newsletter Autumn-2011 4 Palestinian from northern Samaria, who Jews beyond the borders of Israel, and Al- became Osama bin Laden's ideological Qaeda has been and will continue to be mentor. Azzam developed and institutionalized involved in attacks against Jewish targets all the concept of jihad as the "personal duty" of over the world. At the same time, he will pursue every Muslim. his activities against Christians, the United b) Based on experienced gained from decades States and Western countries, and against the of terrorist activity, al-Zawahiri formulated his Arab-Muslim regimes. worldview of radical jihadist Islam. According to 14. The uprisings taking place in the Arab his worldview, a global jihad movement was world during the first half of 2011 are an necessary, based on a territorial infrastructure ideological challenge for Al-Qaeda. That is which would serve as a "hothouse" for breeding because they are based, at least partially, on the jihadist campaign an agenda of (in a region such as freedom, which is Afghanistan, although completely opposed to al-Zawahiri would jihadist ideology. have preferred to Moreover, Al-Qaeda locate the hothouse in and the Islamists have the Arab Middle so far not played a East). Young men significant role in imbued with radical them. Al-Zawahiri Islamic ideology expressed support for would be sent from the overthrow of the hothouse to wage regimes of Mubarak in a violent campaign Egypt and Ben Ali in against Islam's Tunisia, accused them various enemies: the of corruption and "treacherous" Arab- serving the interests Muslim regimes, the of the United States, superpowers (the encouraged the United States, the Libyan "jihad fighters" main enemy, and (mujahideen) for their Russia), other actions against countries hostile to Qaddafi's regime, and Islam (especially called for the those in Western establishment of "just Europe), and the Islamic regimes" in State of Israel, as well the Arab countries, as Jews around the where religious world. Islamic law (Shari'a) 12. Al-Zawahiri's ideology expresses particular would prevail. He also expressed support for hostility and hatred for the State of Israel, the uprisings in Syria and Yemen. which he regards as the spearhead of the Christian West (the "Crusaders") in the Middle The Significance of Appointing al-Zawahiri East, and to the Jews in general (his ideology as Al-Qaeda's Leader incorporates anti-Semitic motifs directly from 15. Al-Zawahiri's appointment to the leadership The Protocols of the Elders of Zion). of Al-Qaeda was expected, although it took 13. Al-Zawahiri calls for a violent jihad against several weeks instead of occurring Israel as the only way to "liberate Palestine," immediately. He had the reputation of being the and advocates attacking Jews around the "brain" behind Al-Qaeda and its head globe. Israel was also mentioned in the Al- ideologue,3 amassed considerable operational Qaeda announcement naming al-Zawahiri as and organizational experience in terrorism and its leader. In our assessment, under al- possibly, at various times in recent years, even Zawahiri Al-Qaeda will increase its attempts to the de facto head of the organization. attack Israel.