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Monks and Matrons: the Economy of Charity in the Late Antique Mediterranean

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Monks and Matrons: the Economy of Charity in the Late Antique Mediterranean Monks and Matrons: The Economy of Charity in the Late Antique Mediterranean By Elizabeth L. Platte A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Greek and Roman History) in the University of Michigan 2013 Doctoral Committee: Professor Raymond Van Dam, Chair Associate Professor Ian Moyer Assistant Professor Ellen Muehlberger Professor Paolo Squatriti Professor Terry Wilfong © Elizabeth L. Platte, 2013 For my grandparents: Marvin, Virginia, Leonard, and Jean ii Acknowledgments I would like to thank my committee members, Ray Van Dam, Ian Moyer, Ellen Muehlberger, Paolo Squatriti, and Terry Wilfong for their help and support as I worked through the process of writing this dissertation. Many, many thanks to Ray Van Dam, who has been particularly supportive of me throughout my time at the University of Michigan and of this project specifically. I am grateful to him for his guidance throughout the past six years. This project would not have been possible without his support. I would also like to thank Ian Moyer for his help with economic history and theory and his advice about subjects both academic and not over the years. Thanks to Ellen Muehlberger for her enthusiastic support of my interest in Coptic language and Egyptian monasticism and her challenging critiques. Thanks to Paolo Squatriti for this helpful comments and interesting courses throughout the years, and for providing a medieval perspective to this project. And thanks finally to Terry Wilfong for sharing his knowledge of gender theory and Late Antique Egypt and for his encouragement. I would also like to thank my program, the Interdepartmental Program in Greek and Roman History, and the affiliated staff and faculty members for making my specific program of study possible. Thanks in particular to the Director of the program, Sara Forsdyke, for her support and advice, and to Ruth Scodel, the Chair of iii the Department of Classical Studies, for her support. I would also like to thank the Department of Classical Studies, the Department of History, and Rackham Graduate School for their scholarly and financial support. I am very grateful to have had a true home in two exceptional departments at the University of Michigan. All of my wonderful friends at the University of Michigan deserve thanks. Their support was worth more to me than I can say. There are so many amazing graduate students in IPGRH, the Department of Classical Studies, and the Department of History who have been my friends and colleagues through the years—too many to list here. But I am particularly grateful to Michael Leese for being a great cohort-mate. Thanks to all my family, most of all my parents, Tom and Mary Jo, my sister, Katie, and my brother, Tommy. They have always been there for me when I needed them. Finally, and above all, thanks to Tom, for his love, support, and immense patience. I could not have done any of this without him. He will always have my deepest love and gratitude. iv Preface Table 1: Timeline of events Black text=events in the lives of Melania the Elder or Melania the Younger Blue text=events in the lives of other prominent ascetics or religious figures Red text=political events 341 Melania the Elder born 345 Rufinus born 346 Athanasius leaves Rome after exile 347 Jerome born; Paula born 354 Augustine born 356 Anthony of Egypt dies 360 Athanasius writes the Life of Anthony; Olympias born 363 Melania the Elder’s husband dies; Palladius born 367 John Chrysostom ordained Bishop of Constantinople 370 Jerome and Rufinus meet for the first time 372 Melania the Elder and Rufinus leave Rome for Egypt 373 Jerome travels to Syria; Athanasius of Alexandria dies; Evagrius of Antioch translates the Life of Anthony into Latin; Arian persecution of Egyptian monks begins 374 Melania the Elder flees to Jerusalem v 378 Jerome travels to Antioch 379 Paula widowed; Valentinian II becomes Western Emperor 380 Rufinus travels to Jerusalem 382 Jerome returns to Rome; Jerome and Paula meet 385 Melania the Younger born 386 Jerome and Paula arrive in Bethlehem 387 Augustine converts to Christianity 390 Palladius travels to Palestine as a monk 392 Valentinian II dies; Honorius becomes Western Emperor 394 Jerome and Rufinus begin to publicly fight about Origenism 395 Augustine ordained Bishop of Hippo 397 Rufinus returns to Rome 399 Melania the Younger marries Pinianus 400 Melania the Elder visits Rome; Palladius appointed Bishop of Helenopolis 404 Melania the Elder returns to Jerusalem; John Chrysostom and Olympias exiled; Paula dies 406 Vandals enter Gaul 407 Melania the Younger and Pinianus flee Rome; the Visigothic siege of Rome begins 408 Melania and Pinianus visit Rufinus in Sicily; Olympias dies; Stilicho and Serena killed; Theodosius II becomes Eastern Emperor; 409 Vandals enter Hispania 410 Melania the Elder dies; Melania the Younger and Pinianus arrive in North Africa; Rome sacked by the Visigoths 411 Rufinus dies 417 Melania the Younger and Pinianus leave North Africa for Jerusalem vi 420 Melania and Pinianus visit Egypt; Palladius writes the Lausiac History; Jerome dies 429 Vandals enter North Africa 430 Vandal siege of Hippo; Augustine dies 431 Melania and Pinianus begin construction of a monastery on the Mount of Olives; Albina dies 432 Pinianus dies 436 Melania begins construction of a monastery for men on the Mount of Olives 437 Melania travels to Constantinople 438 Melania and Eudocia travel to Jerusalem; Melania begins the construction of the Martyrion of Saint Stephen 439 Melania the Younger dies; Vandal siege of Carthage 443 Eudocia exiled to Jerusalem 450 Gerontius writes the Life of Melania the Younger vii 1:Figure The familiesof Melania the Elderand Melania the Younger. After Gorce 1962, 21 26. and viii [Type a quote from the document or the summary of an interesting point. You can positionposition the text box anywhere in the document. ). Use the Drawing Tools tab to change the formatting of the pull quote text box.] content/uploads/2012/09/rve_08_2.pdf - Mapadapted froma template made publiclyavailable bythe UniversityNorth of Carolina’s http://awmc.unc.edu/wordpress/wp Ancient World Mapping CenterAncient World ( Figure 2:Figure Melania the Elder’s travels. ix x Figure 3: Melania the Younger’s travels. Map adapted from a template made publicly available by the University of North Carolina’s Ancient World Mapping Center (http://awmc.unc.edu/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/rv).e_08_2.pd).f xi Figure 4: Melania the Younger’s property and the barbarian invasions. Blue dots indicate the location of Melania’s familial estates; red dots indicate sites of Melania’s charity, including monasteries she founded. Map adapted from a template made publicly available by the University of North Carolina’s Ancient World Mapping Center (http://awmc.unc.edu/wordpress/wp- content/uploads/2012/09/rve_08_2.pdf). Table of Contents Dedication ii Acknowledgements iii Preface v List of abbreviations xv Chapter 1: Introduction 1 Section 1: The current state of scholarship 1 Section 2: Methodology 9 Section 3: Palladius’ Lausiac History 16 Section 4: Gerontius’ Life of Melania the Younger 24 Section 5: Desert monasticism and the Roman West 30 Section 6: Synopsis of chapters 37 Chapter 2: Talking Business: Economic Language and the Rhetoric of Charity 42 Section 1: Water and Wine: Palladius and Gerontius’ aristocratic audiences 45 Section 2: The Devil in the Mirror: Wealth as temptation 52 Section 3: Yours is the Kingdom: The problem of poverty in Late Antique Christianity 62 Section 4: A Profitable Life: Variations on asceticism 69 Section 5: Coins in a Salt Basket: Melania the Younger’s struggle with wealth 78 Section 6: Conclusions 86 xii Chapter 3: A Death in the Family: Ascetic Identities and Female Agency 90 Section 1: Living in a Material World: Familial expectations in the Life of Melania the Younger 94 Section 2: Only Let My Body Be Free: Marriage and virginity in Late Antique Christianity 102 Section 3: Take Away the Fruit of My Sin: Family as temptation for female ascetics 112 Section 4: A Second Life: Matrons as ascetics 121 Section 5: A Very Affectionate Mother: The transformation of the Roman family 128 Section 6: Conclusions 137 Chapter 4: The Society of the Desert: Christian Charity and Ascetic Social Networks 140 Section 1: Carved in Stone: Euergetism and charity as Investment in social capital 143 Section 2: Buying Friends: Melania the Elder and Pambo 156 Section 3: One of the Boys: Melania the Elder in Egypt 163 Section 4: Remembering Melania: Saints and their biographers 173 Section 5: All My Friends are Dead: Melania the Younger, the relics of martyrs, and the women of the court 179 Section 6: Forgetting Melania: Gerontius’ selective memory 186 Section 7: Conclusions 189 xiii Chapter 5: These Corruptible Goods: Melania the Younger’s monastic investments 192 Section 1: The economy and society of aristocratic monasticism 195 Section 2: Same as It Ever Was: The monastic economy 200 Section 3: Monasticism as investment: A means of controlling wealth 212 Section 4: The Wealth of the East: Melania the Younger in Egypt and the Holy Land 226 Section 5: The Mouth of the Lion: Barbarians invade Western Europe 235 Section 6: Conclusions 241 Chapter 6: Conclusion 244 Section 1: The benefits of asceticism 244 Section 2: Key concepts of this project 250 Section 3: Future directions 253 Bibliography 259 xiv List of Abbreviations Ep.= Epistulae. HL= Palladius. Historia Lausiaca. IE= Itinerarium Egeriae. PLRE= Jones, A.H.M., J.R. Martindale, and J. Morris. 1980. Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire. VA= Athanasius. Vita Antonii. VM= Gerontius. Vita Melaniae Iunioris. VMac= Gregory of Nyssa. Vita Macrinae. VO= Vita Olympiadis. VP= Jerome.
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