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Soldiers of the Nation: Military Service and Modern Puerto Rico,1868– 1952 / Harry Franqui- Rivera

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Soldiers of the Nation: Military Service and Modern Puerto Rico,1868– 1952 / Harry Franqui- Rivera SOLDIERS OF THE NATION Studies in War, Society, and the Military general editors Kara Dixon Vuic Texas Christian University Richard S. Fogarty University at Albany, State University of New York editorial board Peter Maslowski University of Nebraska– Lincoln David Graff Kansas State University Reina Pennington Norwich University SOLDIERS OF THE NATION Military Service and Modern Puerto Rico, 1868– 1952 HARRY FRANQUI- RIVERA UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA PRESS | LINCOLN AND LONDON © 2018 by the Board of Regents of the University of Nebraska Parts of chapter 3 were previously published in “A New Day Has Dawned for Porto Rico’s Śibaro: Manhood, Race, Military Service, and Self-Government during World War I,” Latino Studies 13, no. 2 (2015): 185–206. All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Title: Soldiers of the nation: military service and modern Puerto Rico,1868– 1952 / Harry Franqui- Rivera. Other titles: Military service and modern Puerto Rico, 1868– 1952 Description: Lincoln ne: University of Nebraska Press, [2018] | Series: Studies in war, society, and the military Identifiers: lccn 2017052571 isbn 9780803278677 (cloth: alk. paper) isbn 9781496205445 (epub) isbn 9781496205452 (mobi) isbn 9781496205469 (pdf) Subjects: lcsh: Puerto Rico— Military relations— United States. | United States— Military relations— Puerto Rico. | Puerto Rico— History— 1898– 1952. | Soldiers— Puerto Rico— History. | Puerto Rico— History, Military. Classification: lcc e183.8.p9 s67 2018 | ddc 355/.0310973097295— dc23 lc record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017052571 Set in Janson Text LT Pro by E. Cuddy. To all Puerto Rican soldiers and veterans, whose contribution to Puerto Rican history and the American experience has been largely ignored. CONTENTS List of Illustrations | ix Acknowledgments | xi Introduction | xiii 1. Birth of a Nation: A Labor of Thirty Years, 1868–1898 | 1 2. Puerto Rican a la Americana: A Hearts and Minds Campaign, 1898– 1914 | 35 3. A New Day Has Dawned: World War I and Mobilization of the Peasant | 63 4. War against the Yankees! Prelude to the Battle over Modern Puerto Rico | 97 5. Education, Industrialization, and Decolonization: The Battlefields of World War II | 127 6. Fighting for the “Nation”? War at Home and Abroad | 169 Conclusion | 199 Notes | 215 Bibliography | 283 Index | 295 ILLUSTRATIONS 1. “Porto Ricans” in American Colonial Army on El Morro Castle’s parade field, 1899 | 48 2. Porto Rico Provisional Regiment of Infantry parades before the Teatro Tapia in San Juan, ca. 1903 | 56 3. Soldiers of the 65th Infantry repair phone lines in Caguas, P.R. | 144 4. Club Damas de Puerto Rico supports the war effort | 147 5. Vocational training for Puerto Rican soldiers during World War II | 154 6. “Industrialization needs us.” “Puerto Rico needs electricians.” | 159 7. Puerto Rico National Guardsman and Insular Police officer during Nationalist uprising | 176 8. Chaplain blesses a Puerto Rican flag in Korea | 191 9. Flag of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico presented to the 65th Infantry Regiment, 3rd U.S. Infantry Division, in Korea | 192 10. Puerto Rican soldiers serving with the 65th Infantry in Korea hold the Puerto Rican flag, fall 1952 | 193 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The research for this book began some fifteen years ago. During that time, I earned a master’s degree in military history and a PhD in Latin American and Caribbean history. The process was not an easy one, and many times it seemed unmanageable. As a graduate student, it was difficult to find scholars who would guide my research. In my field, Latin American and Carib- bean history, there seems to be a knee- jerk reaction to all mat- ters related to the military in general and to the U.S. military in particular. So it was hard to get scholars to take a serious look at my thesis. Moreover, I found that several truisms in Puerto Rican history, which have made their way into academic discourse, were based not on facts but on what I have come to understand as a national mythology. In these skewed narratives, Puerto Ricans have been but peons in an imperial-colonial game, used as cannon fodder and dispos- able labor for the metropolis. The list goes on. As life has taught me, and my research confirmed, history is more complicated than that. So I could see former Puerto Rican peasants gaining agency through military service without having to engage in mental gym- nastics to find a colonial complex that might have explained this supposed agency. This position didn’t win me any friends, and in fact it closed many doors. When I was still a graduate stu- dent, senior scholars advised me that I would never get a posi- tion as a professor because of my topic and analysis. I was advised to change my topic and not publish my findings. I decided that it was a matter of ethics that my research should be published. One of the first scholars to read my work and understand that there wasn’t an ounce of imperial apologia in it was José A. Hernández. His support, thorough readings of my many drafts, and recommendations were invaluable. I would also like to acknowl- edge the support my dissertation committee gave me. Lowell Gudmundson, Jane Rausch, John Higginson, Guillermo Irizarry, and Agustin Lao- Montes were instrumental in shaping my work. I owe much to the support and friendship that Alice Nash, Laura Lovett, Gloria Bernabe Ramos, Jose Ornelas, Julie de Chantal, and Brian Bixby, among many others, showed me since my very first days at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst. I would like to recognize the Temple University history faculty, in particular Mary Procida, Russell F. Wrigley, Gregory Urwin, Jay Lokenhour, and Richard Immerman, who showed me how to be a historian and suffered through my many grammar mis- takes as I learned to write in English. The same goes for my Tem- ple classmates Bob Wintermute, Uta Raina, and Ginger Davis. I spent time at the Center for Puerto Rican Studies, Hunter College, CUNY, where the staff provided me with the space, time, and resources to focus on research and writing. I’m indebted to Edwin Meléndez for his unconditional support. I’m humbled by the friendship the staff and scholars provided me. Marilisa Jiménez, Consuelo Martínez- Reyes, José de Jesus, Xavier Totti, Monique Aviles, Lorena García Barroso, Carlos Vargas- Ramos— thank you! Aldo Lauria- Santiago, Ana Y. Ramos- Sayas, Teresita Levy, Rosa Carrasquillo, Arlene Torres, Milago Denis-Rosario, Lara Putnam, and the blind reviewers involved in this process, thank you for reading parts of what became my manuscript at different stages and for your precious comments and recommendations. Any shortcomings are all mine. Finally, I would like to acknowledge my family. They have given me time and space during nights and weekends and one too many family nights. To my wife, Patricia, my son, Galli, and my daughter, Olivia: you are my rock. Thank you! xii Acknowledgments INTRODUCTION During the summer of 2001 I interviewed several Korean War vet- erans in Puerto Rico. Those interviews were part of my research on the renowned 65th Infantry Regiment, also known as the Borin- queneers. I hoped the interviews would bring a more personal feeling to my project. But those veterans did more than that. They opened my eyes to larger historical processes. Many described themselves as jíbaros, as humble Puerto Rican rural folks. When I met them, they no longer lived off the land. In fact, after the war many finished high school and attended vocational schools and colleges. They set up small and medium-sized businesses, from the local colmado and barra to an engineering contracting firm and everything in between. Some became local leaders or assemblymen or joined the army of technicians and technocrats in charge of carrying out the socioeconomic restructuring of the island as envisioned by the creators of the political experiment we know as the Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico (ela), or the Commonwealth. They had been transformed by their military service. Their pro- fessions had little to do with the romanticized figure of the Puerto Rican rural folk. However, they proudly claimed that they contin- ued to be jíbaros.1 And true to form, they showed me the hospi- tality for which the rural folk are famous. I was invited into their houses and to their tables. I quickly figured I was going through a vetting process. At their tables I was offered a mix of imported goods and the fresh plantains, green bananas, tubers, avocados, mangoes, and oranges that they continue to grow in small plots of land (el patio) behind their cement houses. The generous meals they offered me were representative of two worlds. There was the modern world exemplified by the processed, imported food bought at the supermarket, Sam’s Club, or Costco. But there also was a world that had supposedly disappeared during the march toward a modern industrialized Puerto Rico. That world was rep- resented by the viandas (tubers) and other products they offered me from their gardens. As I enjoyed their hospitality and broke bread with them, I realized that these veterans had not just nego- tiated these two worlds. They had fused them. Military service had transformed them in many ways, but it had also allowed them to subsidize that jíbaro way of living. And in that sense, they had made their colonial encounter with the military a collaborative experience in which, to borrow Michael C. Hawkins’s descrip- tion of the clash between the Moros of the Southern Philippines and the U.S. military, they “established the parameters of their own modern selves.”2 These soldiers did more than negotiate and establish their own identities.
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