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Tipplers, Drunkards and Backsliders

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Tipplers, Drunkards and Backsliders Joanne Madin Vieira Paisana TIPPLERS, DRUNKARDS AND BACKSLIDERS The Temperance Movement in England 1830-72, including a case study of Lincoln. A Doctoral thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Ph.D from the Universidade do Minho Braga, 2002 i Cover picture: The Drunkard and his Family, The British and Foreign Temperance Intelligencer, vol. IV, 1840, n.p. ii Joanne Madin Vieira Paisana TIPPLERS, DRUNKARDS AND BACKSLIDERS The Temperance Movement in England 1830-72, including a case study of Lincoln. A Doctoral thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Ph.D from the Universidade do Minho Braga, 2002 iii Abstract The nineteenth-century temperance movement consisted of those who believed alcohol to be the main cause of poverty and wretchedness. They strove to spread this message nationwide and to persuade others to moderate or stop drinking altogether. The two main tactics used were moral persuasion, through education and personal example, and then legal persuasion, through the prohibition of the sale of alcohol for consumption. The movement between 1830-72 comprised three main stages: moderationist/anti-spirits, radical teetotal/total abstinence, and prohibitionist. This thesis examines the temperance movement in England from its beginnings to the time of important legislation in 1872. It analyses the protagonists themselves, their methodology, success and influence. Lincoln is taken as a case study. Temperance activity in Lincoln has not been analysed in depth before, (M. Robinson’s Two Themes of Life in Victorian Lincoln: Drink and Sewage, an unpublished course dissertation from 1978, is very superficial). The thesis begins by sketching forms of aid other than temperance available to the needy during the nineteenth century. Chapter 1.1 deals with paternalistic succour, diverse forms of organised charity, and different voluntary societies set up mainly by the working class. Self help, in the guise of friendly societies, Mechanics’ Institutes, co-operatives, and sickness and burial clubs is then discussed. Chapter 1.2 has an analysis of state help to the needy through both the old and new Poor Laws. Given the importance of establishing the legal framework within which the temperance reformers worked, chapter two begins by describing the predominant legislation concerning intoxicating drink from the first major act in 1552 to 1830. (Subsequent legislation is incorporated into the following chapters). Social conditions that iv explain the important role of drink and the drink place in England around 1830 are discussed in chapter 2.2, along with the arguments for temperance. The chapter ends (2.3) with a description of the original, American, anti-spirits societies and their subsequent early English counterparts. Chapter three analyses in depth the total abstinence societies, which were a radical extension of the anti-spirits societies. The predominance of working class activists and the move to reclaim drunkards rather than prevent drunkenness is most marked. The methods used were more aggressive, and the movement gained thousands of members but tended to lack official support. Chapter four concentrates on one famous teetotaler in particular: Joseph Livesey, the so-called ‘father of teetotalism’. This Prestonian was active in many different fields, contributing to the debates on religious, education, Corn Law, political and social reform. He was a firm believer in teetotalism as a prime means of improving working class lives. Chapter five evaluates the third, prohibitionist, phase of the temperance movement, dominant from 1852 through the actions of the United Kingdom Alliance. The involvement of parliament in ‘the drink question’, and subsequent moves to get a Permissive Bill passed, are discussed. The final chapter analyses temperance activity in Lincoln from 1830 to 1872. After describing the economic and social characteristics of the city, the different temperance societies are analysed in terms of protagonists, supporters, activities and methodology. v Resumo O movimento temperance do século XIX foi constituído por aqueles que acreditavam que o álcool era a causa principal da pobreza e da miséria. Esforçaram-se por espalhar a mensagem a nível nacional e a convencer outros a moderar ou a parar completamente de beber. As duas tácticas principais utilizadas foram a persuasão moral, através da educação e do exemplo pessoal, e a persuasão legal, através da proibição da venda de álcool para consumo. O movimento compreendeu três etapas principais entre os anos de 1830 e 1872: moderation/anti-spirits, total abstinence e prohibition. Este trabalho de investigação examina o movimento temperance em Inglaterra desde o seu início até 1872, um ano de legislação importante. Analisa os próprios protagonistas, as suas metodologias, sucesso e influência. A cidade de Lincoln constitui o estudo de caso deste trabalho. A actividade do movimento temperance em Lincoln não foi anteriormente analisada em profundidade, (a dissertação não publicada de M. Robinson intitulada Two Themes of Life in Victorian Lincoln: Drink and Sewage é um trabalho muito superficial). A tese começa com uma descrição sumária de outras formas de ajuda, para além do movimento temperance, disponíveis durante o século dezanove. Assim, o capítulo 1.1 trata do auxilio paternalista, de diferentes formas de caridade organizada, e de diferentes sociedades de voluntariado estabelecidas principalmente pela classe operária. Seguidamente, é discutida a auto ajuda na forma das associações de beneficência, Mechanics’ Institutes, cooperativas e clubes de doença e de serviços fúnebres. O capítulo 1.2 analisa a ajuda do estado aos necessitados através das antigas e novas Leis dos Pobres. Dada a importância de estabelecer um enquadramento legal no qual os reformadores temperance desenvolveram o seu trabalho, o capítulo dois começa por vi descrever a legislação dominante sobre bebidas alcoólicas desde o primeiro decreto principal em 1552 até ao ano de 1830. A legislação subsequente está incorporada nos capítulos seguintes. As condições sociais que explicam o papel importante da bebida em Inglaterra por volta de 1830 são discutidas no capitulo 2.2, assim como os argumentos a favor do movimento temperance. O capitulo termina (2.3) com uma descrição das primeiras associações temperance americanas e britânicas. O capítulo três analisa em detalhe as associações teetotal/total abstinence que constituíram uma extensão radical das associações anteriores. O predomínio de activistas da classe operária e o seu empenho em tratar alcoólicos em vez de prevenir a embriaguez é muito evidente. Os métodos utilizados eram mais agressivos, e o movimento ganhou milhares de membros embora nunca tinha tido um grande apoio oficial. O capítulo quatro concentra-se num famoso abstencionista de bebidas alcoólicas chamado Joseph Livesey, conhecido como o ‘pai’ do movimento. Livesey, originário de Preston, foi activo em muitas áreas de intervenção diferentes, contribuindo para debates sobre religião, educação, a Corn Law, e reformas políticas e sociais. Foi, também, um crente firme na ideia de que a abstinência constituía o meio principal para melhorar as vidas da classe operária. O capítulo cinco avalia a terceira fase do movimento (prohibition), que foi dominante desde o ano de 1852 através das acções da United Kingdom Alliance. São discutidos o envolvimento do parlamento na “questão da bebida” e as acções para passar a Permissive Bill. O capítulo final analisa a actividade temperance em Lincoln desde 1830 a 1872. Depois de uma descrição das características económicas e sociais da cidade, são analisadas as diferentes associações temperance em termos dos protagonistas, apoiantes, actividades e metodologia. vii For Tó, Ricky and Francis viii ix Acknowledgment I would like to express my gratitude to a number of people, without whom this thesis would not have been possible. Thank you to: - my supervisor, Doutor Hélio Osvaldo Alves, for without his guidance, support and patience this thesis would never have come to fruition, - the Universidade do Minho and the Department of English and American Studies, for granting me leave of absence, and contributing to my expenses, - Aidan Turner-Bishop, for access to the Joseph Livesey Collection at the University of Central Lancashire; to the staff at Lincoln Central Library and Lincoln Archives; to Derek Rutherford for access to the United Kingdom Temperance Alliance archives; and to William Turnbull for access to the Rechabite Archives, - my husband Tó and our two boys Ricardo and Francisco, for coping so well during my absences, - family and friends in England for their invaluable logistical support: special thanks to my father and Jean, Nadine and Brian, John and Joyce Wilmot, Beverley, Beryl Schofield, Cath and Tim. - Peggy, for help with graphics and other computer wizardry. x xi Contents Page Abstract iv Acknowledgment x Introduction 1 Chapter 1 Deserving or Undeserving? 1.1 Philanthropy and voluntary organizations 7 1.2 The Old and New Poor Laws 33 Chapter 2 The Besetting Sin. 2.1 Liquor legislation up to 1830 43 2.2 The origins of the anti-spirits movement 65 2.3 Anti-spirits societies 1828-32 87 Chapter 3 Buckle on your armour 107 Chapter 4 Give it up 223 Chapter 5 The inimical trade 307 Chapter 6 Temperance in Lincoln 1830-72 401 Conclusion 501 Appendices 517 Maps 538 Bibliography 542 xii Maps 1 Lincolnshire 538 2 Lincolnshire c. 1885, showing towns, communications and county seats 539 3 Lincolnshire’s parliamentary
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