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Freedom Struggle Against Imperialism

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Freedom Struggle Against Imperialism Freedom Struggle against Imperialism Hazara Singh M.A., LL.B. Formerly Head Department of Journalism & Languages Punjab Agricultural University Ludhiana Dedicated to Sukhdev, born on May 15, 1907, Bhagat Singh, born on September 28, 1907 and Shiv Ram Rajguru, born on August 24, 1908 Hanged to death together on March 23, 1931 evening at Central Jail, Lahore for their determined struggle against imperialism The food on which the tender plant of liberty thrives is the blood of the martyr. (HSRA) Freedom Struggle against Imperialism 2007 Contents Preface vii © Author I Role of Revolutionaries in 1 Freedom Struggle II Dramatic Escape 10 Price : Rs. 100.00 III Martyrdom through Hunger Strike 16 IV Bhagwati Charan Vohra : 22 An Embodiment of Sacrifice V Bhagat Singh : 28 Revolution not Resolutions Published by : Hazara Singh VI Historic Martyrdom : An Appraisal 41 3-C Shaheed Udham Singh Nagar Ludhiana-141 001 VII Hari Kishan Talwar : A Meteor 49 Tel. (0161) 2302888 www.hazarasingh.com VIII Gleanings and Musings 59 IX Imperialism Collapses 73 X Tribute to Martyrs 77 Bibliography 83 About the Author 84 Printed at : Foil Printers, Gobind Nagar Ludhiana (India) Tel. (0161) 2404979, 2404093 e-mail [email protected] Preface The Government of India is celebrating the birth centenary of martyr Bhagat Singh on September 28,2007. The first such year-long celebration relating to the pioneers and martyrs of freedom struggle started on October 2,1969, when 100th birth anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi, Father of Nation, was observed on a massive scale. Later January 23, 1996, which marked the birth centenary of Netaji Subhas Chander Bose, was declared a national holiday, but for that year only. It has taken us about sixty years to acknowledge that the daring deeds of revolutionaries, patriotic uprisings in the Royal Indian Army and the noncooperation campaigns played complementary roles for achieving independence from British imperialist rule. Bhagat Singh, Subhas Chander Bose and M.K. Gandhi had been the respective architects of each of these three approaches adopted to liberate India from the subjugation extending over centuries. Lachman Singh Gill, who had been the Chief Minister of Punjab for a brief spell, declared March 23, martyrdom day of Bhagat Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev as a state holiday in 1968. Thereafter the Governments of Punjab, Haryana and Himachal Pradesh celebrated 50th anniversary of the martyrdom of Jatinder Nath Das on September 13,1979. Jatin passed away in Borstal Jail, Lahore on that day in 1929 after a historic hunger strike of 63 days in an ordeal seeking better treatment for political prisoners. The Haryana Government published in this context the book Profile of a Martyr, authored by Kiron Chander Das, younger brother of Jatin. The Punjab Government observed 50th martyrdom anniversary of Bhagat Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev on March 23,1981 and that of Hari Kishan Talwar on June 9 that year. Informative souvenirs were brought out at each occasion. My inclination towards freedom struggle started after a dramatic happening. My mother died in 1929. I was then a lad, just not seven even. Though I was not the eldest son, yet father took me and our only sister with him to Hardwar for the ash-immersion rites. We returned on June 30, which I later ascertained was observed I as Bhagat Singh – B.K. Dutt Day to express solidarity with them in the hunger strike referred to earlier. It was getting dark when we Role of Revolutionaries in rode back to our village from Nankana Sahib, the nearest railway station. Slogans of ‘Inquilab zindabad’ and ‘Bhagat Singh–B.K. Freedom Struggle Dutt zindabad’ echoed in the atmosphere. Slogan raisers were found to have gathered in front of our house, which place was chosen by them to demonstrate their protest as my father was the headman of The struggle for the liberation of India from British rule had village. These hereditary rural dignitaries comprising nambardars, been three pronged, viz. safaidposhes and zaildars were found to be more loyal to the Crown i. armed resistance to foreign rule either by arousing the than the British themselves. Though I had been thrilled by the patriotic sentiments of Indian soldiers serving under the slogans yet my father shocked me a lot, when in his commanding British or by raising an army; voice he directed them to disperse. My mind already anguished at the untimely demise of mother felt further distressed despite the ii. revolutionary activities undertaken by militant nationalists fact that I did not then understand that one’s country is called to smash the steel frame of British bureaucracy, bulwark motherland. I resolved from that day to atone for the wrong which of the Raj; and my father had done. The earliest opportunity for that came in 1942 iii. constructive programme including civil disobedience while I had been a student of Khalsa College, Amritsar. I plunged and noncooperation movements launched through into the Quit India Movement impulsively. There was no looking nonviolent means. back thereafter despite the cautioning by well-wishers that I was Each approach of this trio has its own distinct contribution spoiling my brilliant academic career. Still I earned a distinction. I towards the achievement of independence and to attribute the happened to be the only student all over India whose scholarship liberation of India to any one of them exclusively does not amount was confiscated for participation in the Quit India Movement. to a fair evaluation of the struggle for freedom. It is intended herein In due course, my association with the surviving family to assess the role of militant nationalists in the crusade against members of Bhagat Singh and Jatinder Nath Das continued to grow imperialism. nearer and dearer which enriched my understanding of various landmarks in the freedom movement. The chapter ‘Gleanings and National Resurgence Musings’ in this text bears testimony to that. The contribution of Bengal to national resurgence is distinct There has been a persistent demand that episodes from freedom as well as inspiring. The English system of education was introduced struggle be included in the textbooks to inspire the young. Each in India to produce English-knowing cheap Indian clerks for serving chapter in this text has been compiled in such a manner that it may foreign bureaucrats. The Bengali young men, who got a chance to appear to be a self-contained piece, if selected. Hence repetition of go to England for higher education, were very much impressed by allied events could not be avoided, but has been minimized. the liberal and democratic traditions of the British political system at home. They got eager to reform the native society by purging it September 5, 2007 Hazara Singh of orthodoxy, but at the same time preserving the beneficial values of its old culture. On returning home these enthusiasts found 1 themselves isolated. Their families were still steeped in the old motherland got liberated. Bhagat Singh (1907-1931) used to adore conservative way of thinking and did not relish the new awakening. Sarabha as his mentor. The English posted in India were notorious for their snobbery. In The Post-War Developments order to display their imperialistic supremacy, they were reluctant to mix with this enlightened group in spite of its having been The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre perpetrated at Amritsar by the educated on the Western pattern. The bitter memory of misbehaviour British on April 13, 1919 to teach the Indians a lesson in loyalty of English sailors towards Indian women and the depredations of and the other postwar happenings pushed India towards a political, officials of East India Company made that pinch all the more economic and social turmoil. The high hopes of liberals in the unbearable. As the number of young men who were influenced by sincerity of Raj were rudely shaken by the evasive Montagu- the Western concept of nationalism and democracy increased, they Chelmsford Reforms announced in 1919 and the repressive were no longer prepared to accept that the British should keep them provisions of Rowaltt Act introduced thereafter. Tagore renounced denying stubbornly a deserving place in the Raj. They began to his knighthood as a protest and Gandhi gave up his affection for denounce the claim that the British rule over India was legally the Raj. established and any protest against it amounted to sedition. The The large scale retrenchment of Indian soldiers at the end of Anglo-Bengali (Inga-Banga) clubs organized earlier to assimilate war added to confusion. The unrest among retrenched army the best in the oriental as well as occidental culture began to be personnel, who had caught the glimpses of free countries on the converted into centres of revolutionary activities. The militant European front, was further eroding the myth that the British rule nationalists used both pen and the bombs to arouse the masses from was a blessing for India. The tales of revolution in Russia thrilled slumber and to browbeat the bureaucrats. The Raj tried to weaken the militants and the moderates alike. In the Punjab, the Akalis the movement through reorganisation of Bengal in 1905 but was started a nonviolent agitation to liberate gurdwaras from hereditary forced to annul it in the face of insurmountable resistance. mehants. The government did its worst to suppress the movement, Ultimately the British found it safe to shift the capital of India from but all in vain. It rather further alienated the public opinion. Calcutta to Delhi in 1911. Mahatma Gandhi gave the call of swaraj and appealed to his countrymen to boycott the British rule and its institutions. England’s Difficulty India’s Opportunity Bhagat Singh, at that time, was a student of D.A.V.
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