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Global Encyclopedia of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer (LGBTQ) History

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Global Encyclopedia of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer (LGBTQ) History Global Encyclopedia of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer (LGBTQ) History VOLUME 3 P–Z EDITOR IN CHIEF Howard Chiang ASSOCIATE EDITORS Anjali Arondekar Marc Epprecht Jennifer Evans Ross G. Forman Hanadi Al-Samman Emily Skidmore Zeb Tortorici COPYRIGHT 2019 Gale, a Cengage Company WCN 02-200-210 Global Encyclopedia of Lesbian, Gay, © 2019 Gale, a Cengage Company Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer (LGBTQ) History ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, except as Howard Chiang, Editor in Chief permitted by U.S. copyright law, without the prior written permission of the Associate Publisher, Reference: copyright owner. Hélène Potter Acquisitions Editor: Jessica Bomarito For product information and technology assistance, contact us at Gale Customer Support, 1-800-877-4253. Content Strategist: Julie Carnagie For permission to use material from this text or product, Project Editor: Rebecca Parks submit all requests online at www.cengage.com/permissions. Further permissions questions can be emailed to Editorial: Jennifer Stock, Joseph Palmisano, [email protected] Elizabeth Ferguson, Scot Peacock, Alja Kooistra Cover image reproduced by permission of Ihnatovich Maryia/Shutter- Rights Acquisition and Management: Ashley stock.com. Maynard While every effort has been made to ensure the reliability of the Manufacturing: Rita Wimberley information presented in this publication, Gale, a part of Cengage Learning, does not guarantee the accuracy of the data contained herein. Gale accepts Imaging: John Watkins no payment for listing; and inclusion in the publication of any organization, agency, institution, publication, service, or individual does not imply Product Design: Kristine Julien endorsement of the editors or publisher. Errors brought to the attention of the publisher and verified to the satisfaction of the publisher will be corrected in future editions. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA Name: Chiang, Howard, 1983- editor. Title: Global encyclopedia of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) history / Howard Chiang, editor in chief ; associate editors, Anjali Arondekar [and six others]. Description: Farmington Hills, Mich. : Charles Scribner's Sons, [2019] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Contents: Volume 1. A-F -- Volume 2. G-O -- Volume 3. P-Z. Identifiers: LCCN 2018030836| ISBN 9780684325538 (set : hardcover : alk. paper) | ISBN 9780684325552 (vol. 1 : hardcover : alk. paper) | ISBN 9780684325569 (vol. 2 : hardcover : alk. paper) | ISBN 9780684325576 (vol. 3 : hardcover : alk. paper) | ISBN 9780684325545 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Sexual minorities--History--Encyclopedias. | Gays--History-- Encyclopedias. | Transgender people--History--Encyclopedias. | Bisexuals-- History--Encyclopedias. Classification: LCC HQ73 .G56 2019 | DDC 306.76003--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018030836 Gale 27500 Drake Rd. Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3535 ISBN 978-0-6843-2553-8 (set) ISBN 978-0-6843-2555-2 (vol. 1) ISBN 978-0-6843-2556-9 (vol. 2) ISBN 978-0-6843-2557-6 (vol. 3) This title is also available as an ebook. ISBN: 978-0-6843-2554-5 Contact your Gale sales representative for ordering information. Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 23 22 21 20 19 COPYRIGHT 2019 Gale, a Cengage Company WCN 02-200-210 Table of Contents Preface xxv queer and erotic themes around the end of the Introduction xxix nineteenth century. List of Contributors xxxv African Commission on Human and ’ Thematic Outline liii Peoples Rights ............................................35 The role of this human rights organization in advocating for LGBTQ individuals in Africa. A Sidebar: The Commission Condemns Violence and Discrimination against LGBTQ Persons ACT UP ......................................................1 The founding, achievements, international impact, Afropop Music.............................................38 and demise of this important AIDS activist group. A type of popular music on the African continent, Sidebar: ACT UP in Europe and the ways LGBT artists are using it both to resist social oppression and promote tolerance. Activism in Africa South of the Sahara.................8 AIDS Memorial Quilt—The NAMES Project......40 The history and current state of LGBTQI activism The development and cultural impact of this in Africa, including challenges and victories. famous memorial to those who have died from AIDS. Adoption and Surrogacy in Europe ...................16 The availability and legal rights surrounding the Al-Akharun (2006; Seba al-Herz) ......................44 issues of adoption and surrogacy for European Saudi Arabian novel narrated by a disabled Shiʿa LGBT persons. woman struggling to reconcile her religious faith with her nonnormative sexual identity. Adoption, Fostering, and Surrogacy (International) .............................................20 alQaws ......................................................48 The legal and social challenges LGBTQ adults Palestinian organization that promotes queer face to access intercountry adoption and surro- acceptance combined with advocacy against gacy, as well as challenges LGBTQ youth face Israeli pinkwashing. when rejected from their families. Amer, Ghada (1963–)....................................51 Aestheticism and Decadence, Nineteenth-Century...26 Egyptian artist whose work challenges conven- The important figures and works of these tional representations of women, particularly in interrelated cultural movements that explored its depictions of same-sex desire. v COPYRIGHT 2019 Gale, a Cengage Company WCN 02-200-210 TABLE OF CONTENTS Anā Hiya Anti (2000; Elham Mansour)..............55 including the challenges of researching this topic One of the first novels published in the Middle in this region. East to represent lesbianism in a way that is not heteronormative. Archives in North America ...........................113 The history of the development of community- Antes que Anochezca (1992; Reinaldo Arenas) ......59 and university-based LGBTQ archives in the Autobiography of Cuban exile and one of Latin United States and Canada. America’s most original voices that details the author’s life as a political and sexual dissident. Argentina’s Gender Identity Law ....................118 A groundbreaking law allowing transgender Anthropology in Africa South of the Sahara ........61 people the right to officially change their gender Historical and contemporary anthropological identity without third-party intervention. perspectives on nonnormative sexualities in Africa. – The Art of Identity in India..........................123 Sidebar: E. E. Evans-Pritchard (1902 1973) The expression of queer identity in contempo- Anti-Gender Movement in Europe....................69 rary Indian art in a society that criminalized Conservative campaigns against so-called same-sex sexual expression. “gender ideology” or “gender theory.” The Art of Queering Asian Mythology.............127 Anti-Racist Activism in Europe ........................71 An examination of LGBTQ-themed artwork The intersection between anti-racism and LGBT through the lens of Asian mythology. activism throughout the continent. Sidebar: Sunil Gupta (1953–) Anti-Semitism and Zionism ............................75 Asexuality.................................................134 The relationship between anti-Semitism and The range of definitions that can apply to this largely male homosexuality in Europe and its sexual identity from the perspective of asexual influence on Zionism and the State of Israel. communities, scientific research, and queer and feminist theory. Anti-Semitism in Europe ................................80 “ ” Jews and homosexuals as cultural others in Asia Pacific Transgender Network ..................142 Europe. Coordinating body for organizations serving Antisodomy and Buggery Trials .......................83 trans individuals in the Asia Pacific region. The legal prosecution of same-sex sexual activity, Asrar ʿAiliyyah (2013; Hany Fawzy).................148 mostly between men, throughout history. The first Egyptian film to focus primarily on Archives in Africa .........................................91 homosexuality. The challenges of archival research on nonnor- mative sexualities in Africa. Aswat ......................................................152 A Palestinian nongovernmental organization for Archives in Asia ...........................................95 women with nonnormative sexualities, with a What legal records, religious sources, scientific focus on the group’s publications Haqi an aʿeesh texts, and other archival material reveal about an akhtar an akun (2007) and Waqfet banāt nonnormative genders and sexualities in Asia. (2010). Archives in Australia and New Zealand ............102 Athletes, Trans and Intersex..........................156 Description and management of LGBTQI Examples of trans and intersex athletes through archives in Australia and New Zealand. history, and the obstacles to competition they Archives in Europe......................................103 have experienced. The history of gay and lesbian archives in western and eastern Europe. Athletes, Trans and Intersex, in Asia ...............159 The complexities of sex segregation, testing, and Archives in Latin America.............................106 verification in sports, including the cases of The major archives containing LGBT materials noteworthy Asian
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