Non-Binary And/Or Gender Diverse) in Australia
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A CHOICE NO CHOICE; The lived experience of people who identify as transgender (non-binary and/or gender diverse) in Australia Anne Munro Bachelor Social Work (Charles Sturt University) Master of Child and Adolescent Welfare (Charles Sturt University) Thesis submitted to Charles Sturt University for the Doctor of Social Work. April 2020 Table of Contents CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 13 1.2 WHAT THERE’S A PROBLEM? ......................................................................................................................... 15 1.2.1 The Social Construction of Biological Sex ......................................................................................... 15 1.2.2 Language– she, him, he, her, they, them, Ze? .................................................................................. 18 1.3 RATIONALE FOR THIS STUDY AND PROFESSIONAL ISSUES ...................................................................................... 21 1.4 SOCIAL WORK AND FEMINISM........................................................................................................................ 23 1.5 POSITIONALITY, WHERE I SIT? ........................................................................................................................ 26 1.6 RESEARCH GAPS AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY ............................................................................................ 27 1.7 GENDER .................................................................................................................................................... 29 1.8 THESIS STRUCTURE AND CHAPTER SUMMARIES .................................................................................................. 31 1.9 CHAPTER SUMMARY .................................................................................................................................... 34 CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................................................................... 35 2.1 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................................... 35 2.2 GLOBAL RESEARCH ...................................................................................................................................... 35 2.3 AUSTRALIAN RESEARCH ................................................................................................................................ 40 2.4 INTRODUCTION TO A BRIEF HISTORY OF PEOPLE WHO IDENTIFY AS TRANSGENDER (NON-BINARY AND/OR GENDER DIVERSE) ......................................................................................................................................................... 43 2.4.1 Non-western history ........................................................................................................................ 44 2.4.2 First Nations people ......................................................................................................................... 44 2.4.3 Colonial Australia’s Non-Indigenous history ..................................................................................... 46 2.5 CHAPTER SUMMARY .................................................................................................................................... 50 CHAPTER 3 - THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKS AND CURRENT DEBATES............................................................... 51 3.1 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................................... 51 3.2 STRENGTHS FRAMEWORK ............................................................................................................................. 51 3.3 RESILIENCE ................................................................................................................................................ 54 3.4 FEMINISM ................................................................................................................................................. 55 3.5 INTERSECTIONALITY ..................................................................................................................................... 57 3.6 TRANSGENDER THEORY ................................................................................................................................ 58 3.7 HETERONORMATIVITY AND TRANSPHOBIA ....................................................................................................... 59 3.8 IDENTITY ................................................................................................................................................... 61 3.9 INTERPRETATIVE PHENOMENOLOGICAL ANALYSIS .............................................................................................. 62 3.10 CHAPTER SUMMARY .................................................................................................................................. 64 CHAPTER 4. METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH, POSITION AND ETHICS .............................................................. 65 4.1 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................................... 65 Page | 2 4.2 NATURE OF THE STUDY ................................................................................................................................ 65 4.3 RESEARCHER POSITIONALITY ......................................................................................................................... 65 Table 1. My different positions ................................................................................................................ 66 Diagram 2. My values my beliefs .............................................................................................................. 68 4.4 EPISTEMOLOGY AND ONTOLOGY .................................................................................................................... 68 4.5 METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK ................................................................................................................... 71 4.6 PHENOMENOLOGICAL RESEARCH .................................................................................................................... 73 4.7 INTERPRETATIVE PHENOMENOLOGICAL ANALYSIS .............................................................................................. 73 4.8 ETHICS ...................................................................................................................................................... 75 4.8.1 Ethical Considerations ..................................................................................................................... 75 4.9 CHAPTER SUMMARY .................................................................................................................................... 76 CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH METHODS AND DATA GATHERING TOOLS .................................................................. 77 5.1 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................................... 77 5.2 RESEARCH DESIGN AND QUESTIONS ................................................................................................................ 77 5.3 SURVEY DEVELOPMENT ................................................................................................................................ 79 5.4 INTERVIEW DEVELOPMENT ............................................................................................................................ 80 5.5 DATA GATHERING AND RECRUITMENT ............................................................................................................. 82 5.6 CHAPTER SUMMARY .................................................................................................................................... 83 CHAPTER 6: INTERPRETATIVE PHENOMENOLOGICAL ANALYSIS ...................................................................... 84 6.1 INTERPRETATIVE PHENOMENOLOGICAL ANALYSIS DATA ANALYSIS ........................................................................ 84 Diagram 3. Researcher personal reflexivity diagram ................................................................................ 85 6.2 INITIAL ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................................................ 86 6.2.1 Initial Process – Immersion .............................................................................................................. 87 6.2.2 Reading Cycle – Meaning and Initial themes .................................................................................... 88 Diagram 4: Reading Cycle ........................................................................................................................ 88 6.2.3 Linguistic Coding ............................................................................................................................. 89 6.2.4 QSR NVivo coding (linguistic) ........................................................................................................... 89 Diagram 5 - NVIVO Interview Word cloud of 1000 most frequent words with synonyms. ......................... 90 6.2.5 Conceptual Coding..........................................................................................................................