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The Quantitative and Qualitative Significance of Fossil and Subfossil Gastropod Remains in Archaeology

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The Quantitative and Qualitative Significance of Fossil and Subfossil Gastropod Remains in Archaeology THE QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE SIGNIFICANCE OF FOSSIL AND SUBFOSSIL GASTROPOD REMAINS IN ARCHAEOLOGY Peter T. Bobrowsky B.A. (Honours) , University of Alberta, 1977 B.Sc. (General), University of Alberta, 1979 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTERS OF ARTS #inthe Department of Archaeology Peter T. Bobrowsky SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY May 1982 All rights reserved. This L,hesis may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without permission of the author. Name: Pexicer T. Eobrowsky Degree: Master2 of AX~E Title of Thesis: The Quartitative and Qualitative Sigriificance cf Fossil and Subfossil Gastropod Remains in Archa~ology . Examining Committee: Chairman: Knut R. Pladmark Jack D. Nance Senior Supervisor " - - --- - Charles Schweyer External Ex3mine r Essociat e Professor ne~artment of Anthropology University of Alberta Date Approved:--~~X 14; LL!%2---- V PARTIAL COPYRIGHT LICENSE I hereby grant to Simon Fraser University the right to lend my thesis, project or extended essay (the title of which is shown below) to users of the Simon Fraser University Library, and to make partial or single copies only for such users or in response to a request from the library of any other university, or other educational institution, on its own behalf or for one of its users. I further agree that permission for multiple copying of this work for scholarly purposes may be granted by me or the Dean of Graduate Studies. It is understood that copying or publication of this work for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Title of Thesis/Project/Extended Essay The Quantitative and Qualitative Sisnificance of Fossil and Subfossil Remains in Archaeology - (signature) Peter T. Bobrowsky Abstract This study is concerned with the interpretation of gastropod re~aixE f r cm archaeological sites in the Yukon Territory, Illinoi~and Kentucky. Emphasis is placed oc the application cf simple statistical models and analyses to the interpretatica cf prehistoric cultural atd environmental shifts. Furthermore, a collation of known modern ecological parameters of the identified species is provided and employed in the qualitative interpretation of paleoenvisonmental conditions. An historical review of molluscan zooarchaeology is presented tc shcw the gradual development of changing research objectives and nethodologies in snail analysis. Sirnila rly, a formalized outline of the mechanisms for shell introduction i~toarchaeological sites is presented ir. detail.. These mechanisms are evaluated for their sig~ificancein contrikuting to shell accumulations recovered in both natural and cultural deposits. Emphasis is also placed on the recovery techniques employed in shell retrieval and the subsequent ~resentaticnof numerical data in the published record. Variability in these two aspeczs is shown to be a significart source of bias in the interpretation cf data. iii The concegt of ecological diversity is examined and a method for its measurement is presented and applied to archaeological gastropod samples. Variations in diversit y between samples is shown to be an important element in assemblage interpretations. Similarly, the truncated lognormal distribution is applied to various archaeological samples to illustrate how the representative nature of sam~lescan be st atistically assessed. In general, tkis study illustrates the need for greater rigor in the analysis of gastropod remains from archaeological contexts. Quotation Since cultural reconstruction depends cn more than the mere inventcry cf artifacts recovered from a site, molluscan remains, where present, constitute one of the most important components of cultural debris. They preserve well, are readily identifiable, and are susceptible to quantitative analysis. They offer testimony to the source and variety of food supplies, indicate changes in dietary preference or climatic conditions through stratigraphic analysis, .. Since the quantitative investigation of shell middens is a comparatively recene technique, the methods and objectives have varied greatly ... Where analysis has beec attempted, there is a wide range in such factors as size of sample, size of screen, number of samples, excavation technique, and statistical method. Roberta S. Greenwood (196 1:417) Acknowledgements I wish to itemize in meticulous detail various groups and individuals who assisted me in completing this energy expensive treatise. First, my exteoded thanks to Dr. Achilles Gautier for introducing me tc the wonderful world of zooarchaeology. I ho~ehe considers his efforts to be well sper.+. In a similar vein, I thank Drs. R. Casteel, C, Hickey, D, Lubell, N. Rutter, C. Schweger and D.G. Steele for sup~ortingmy interdisciplinary proclivities during my undergraduate and graduate years, a~d for instilling within me an appreciation for various esoteric academic philosophies. 1 am grateful to Messrs. T. Andrews, B. Ball and T. Gatus, and Drs. N. Rutter, R. Morlan, and R. Jefferies for providing me with samples of gastropods. Their willingness to collect gastropods illustrates their sincere interest in scientific thought beyond the ccnfines of incestual monodisciplinary research. Similarly, I am grateful to Dr. B. Chatterton for permitting me tc familiarize myself with Quaterrary gastropods in his course on invertebrate paleontology; a course generally reserved for much older critters. Miss J. Anderson assisted me in field activities, while Misses H. Dumka, M. Ferreira and A. Thompson provided assistance in the laboratory. I will always praise their efforts. Structural, grammatical and editorial criticisms, comments and improvements were aptly provided by Mrs. Mary Huitson, and Messrs. G. Co~aty,C. Ellis and H. Pyszczyk. Once again, I thank each one fcr donating .+,heir time and thought towards improving the clarity of this thesis. Technical assistance in drafting by Mr. M. James, computer mani~ulat.ionsby fir. A. Cannon, and literature retrieval by the Interlibrary Loans staff at S.F. U. was extremely helpful in easing my burdens. Financial support from the Social Sciences a~dHumanities Research Council of Canada (1979-80), Natural Science a;ld Engineering Research Council of Canada (1 980- 81) , and Simon Frasez University (1981-82) kept my stomach sated and my thoughts lubricated; thank you. Mr. J. van Es, Mrs. H. Smith and Dr. L. Hubricht provided comparative specimens and/or verifications of my ideotificatiors. I thank all three for their assistance. Moral, immcral and convivial support was both readily and grudgingly provided by. my friends Misses. D. Alexander and P. Scharf. Unquestionably, my fondest memories durirg this tenure relate to their punctual and supportive alliances. Outspoken gratitude is given to my committee members Drs. J. Nance and J. Criver, and my external examiner Dr. C. Schweger. I courteously kowtow to each for providing me with their accumulated sage expertise. I especially thank my friend and advisor Jack Nance and consider him worthy cf considerably vii more than the great admiration and respect T have for his character. His assistance, guidance and friendship will remain a bonus of my graduate career. Finally and most importantly, I thank mom and dad for basically putting up with the miserable lblack-shee~l of the family. I hope they understand that their opinion of my work means a great deal to me. viii Table of Contents Page Approval Page Abstract iii Quotation Acknowledgements Table of Contents List of Tables xii List of Figures xvi Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 History and Science of Gastropods i~ Archaeology 6 History of the Study of Gastropods in Archaeology 8 Taphono my 18 i) Dietary Sources 19 ii) Natural Gastropod Populations 2 1 iii) Accidental Shell Introductions 24 iv) Nondietary Cultural Introductions 24 v) Gastropod Shell Attriticn 25 Summary 3 1 Chapter 3 Quantitative Molluscan Zooarchaeology 34 Data Presentation 35 Gastropod Recovery 42 i) Sieving 42 ii) Gastropod Sampling 52 Summary 6 9 Chapter 4 Diversity in Molluscan Zooarchaeology Diversity i) Gastropod Distributions ii) Measurement, of Diversity Summary Chapter 5 Gastropod Analysis Methodology Background Discussion Old Crow Basin i) Locality 11 ii) ~ocality12 iii) Locality 15 iv) Locality- 44 v) Summary Elack Earth Site i) Zone IIID ii) Zone IIIC iii) Zone IIIB iv) Zone IIIA v) Zone I1 vi) Zone I vii) Summary Gordon I1 Site i) Level 4 ii) Level 3 iii) Level 2 iv) Level 1 v) Summary Hall Shelter Site i) Zone IVB ii) Zone IVA iii) Zone I11 iv) Zone I1 v) Zone I vi) Summary Summary Chapter 6 Conclusion Appendix I Raw NISP and TAXA data for freshwater, terrestrial and nonmarire gastropods from various published sources. 176 Appendix I1 References from which raw data on TAXA and NISP were collected in generating equations 1 to 24. 203 Appendix I11 Summary statistics for least squares regression equations 1 to 24 describirig. TAXA on NISP for freshwater, terrestrial and mixed freshwater/terrestrial gastropod samples. 207 Appendix IV Mathematical algorithms necessary for computing the truncated lognormal distribution. The gastropod sample from Level I at the Hall Shelter is used as ari example. 212 Appendix V Synthesis of the distribution and ecological requirements of individual gastropod taxa identified in the thesis. 214 References 246 List of Tables Page Table 1. Examples of relative frequency and categorical akundance classification schemes. Table 2. Mesh sizes employed in the recovery of mollusc shells by various geologists. Table 3. Mesh
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