C O NTENTS

O F

THE NAUTILUS XLl . ,

Aca nthochites matthewsi Acmaea alveus Conrad Acmaea fer gu s oni Wheat Acmaea testu dinal i s Mii ll er

Alvania almo and A . Winsl owa e Ampullaria orbata Perry Ancul osa carinata B rug A nc l od or i s D y baicalensis yb . s iber i cu s Ancylus Gerst . Anodonta or egonens i s Lea

B i l i— D a ca a flori yb . B s h l l i a set u a Pils n . n . i i B ene ct a . D b d baicalensis Gerst and B . fragilis y Boston Malacological Club Brazilian Snails B l im l c al f i n i u u us (S ut u s ) el ppo e von Iher . n . sp

B ulinus , teeth of m l m C a p e o a , sinistral er a t i c C od s u s , n otes on the genus Conus aurora Lamarck Correspondence

Dall , William Healey ( obituary )

Dall , W . H . Memorial R esolution D i a pha na Guppy D i scostr obil ops Pils Donax fossor Say Donax variabilis S ay E ll i ptio ha r i cotti Frierson El liptio saj ens i s Frierson

E uha dr a k ubs . sandai o a noi Pils Ckll . n . s p B D ulota asiatica yb . iv THE NAUTILUS

K r oftohel i x fi scin B ulota ( a ) a Fulton , Saghalien s u b en E u s tr eptosyl a Baker n . g t ha te l la chr s ocha sm a m endoz n E u r oc a a . y Pils n . subs p . n i n F x l s bur u a u s . s . a u u u p Pils . n p Fitz i a Guppy l n l l Florida , a d she s of

Genotypes , on the designation of P G eor i s sa stirata s e . at Rarotonga , Cooks Isl l h al inia bu r r in toni G yp y g Pil s , n . sp . Gly ptel a sm a I redale Hull Goniobasis a ur i com a Lea Goniobasis ebenum Lea Goniobasis germana Lea h e i Goniobasis yd Con . Goniobasis infor mi s Goniobasis l a w r enci Lea i r i l sb . Goniobasis p y Goodrich , n . n Goniobasis pl icifer a Lea Goniobasis silicula Gould n r An h Goniobasis sordida i cu ta t . Goniobasis stewa r d s oni ana Lea G ony odi s cu s m accl intocki Baker Haliotis cr a cher odi i imperforata Dall Helices in California ’ Helicinidae , Guppy s groups of H m 11 el i s o a campanulata michiganensis Baker . var Helix aspersa in New O rleans

Helix nemoralis in Massachusetts , further notes on . Helix pisana in California Helix ver m icul ata in New O rleans

H el minthogl y pta sequoia Pils . n . s p . H el minth ogl ypta tr a ski phlyctaena Bartsch H elmi nthogl y pta t r a ski proles Bartsch

H i N . el minth ogl ypta tr a sk ewcomb , at Fort Tej on Calif i n i H elminth ogl yp ta umbil ca ta cay u cose s s Pils . H l ir l i o osp a cock er el , note on a double mouthed H m l i . u bo dtia na fe r r i s a na Pils . n . s p I llinois Pleistocene mollusks Io rota Reeve I schnochiton I solti a Guppy

Lampsilis r a finesq u ea na Frierson L am p s fl i s str eck er i Fr i erson Lam ps1 l l s w r i ghti a nus Fr l er son THE NAUTILUS

Lauria fa s ciol ata Mor el et Limax flavus in Alab ama Litha s ia ful iginosa Lea L itha si a nucl ea Lea Lithas i a ovata Say Litha s i a showa lter i Lea Litha s ia verrucosa Raf . 59 Lymnaea ( Galba ) hedl eyi Baker 2 3 sta nal i s Lymnaea g appressa Say , the fertilization of . 1 03 Lymnaea sta gna l i s occidentalis Baker 7 6

Lymnaea , teeth of 1 39 Ma r ga r ita na ma r ga r itifer a form falcata Gould 88 M a r r itif r M r i ga e a vs . a ga r ta na 9 1 of e Marine Mollusks Cape May County , N w Jersey , a quantitative study of the a Anth Melania abbreviat . Melania aequalis Hald Melania a l exa nd r ens i s Lea ita nia m Melania b e ta C o r . Melania brevis Lea Anth Melania compacta . Anth Melania densa . Melania d epygi s Say Melania g ibbosa Lea Anth Melania grisea . Melania hal ei a na Lea i n A h Melania l at ta s nt . Melania livida Reeve Melania ni ckl ini ana Lea a Anth Melani opaca . l anos i r a Anth Melania p p . r oci a Anth Melania p s s . Melania showalter i Lea Melania strigosa Lea An Melania tabulata th .

Melania torta Lea . V n conul a B Microcystis i osa and M . se . at Rarotonga , ’ Cook s I sl . i hel M g s , Jesse Wedgwood

Mollusca , some South Dakota .

Mollusca of South Dakota , additional records Mollusca of Lake Baikal

Mollusks of Volusia County , Florida , non marine . Mona d enia fld el i s Gray Mona d enia mor m onum l oweana vi T HE NAUTILUS

ca l ifor ni anus Mytilus , the growth of the mussel 99 fi Nadean Lake , Fort Fa i r el d , Maine 84 N N 32 otes and ews , 7 0 , 1 06 ’ m hal otr o i s a P s e Ra t ton O . o a I p p vari bilis at g , Cook s s . . 32 ’ o ar a r m Ffr ea s u . Op p at Rarotonga , Cook s Is 32 r eohelix l O strigosa depressa Ck l . 88 O l strea ca ifornica Marcou , note s on 45 O yster drill 1 40

O ysters , the noisy 7 1 P a ch mel a ni a y aurita Mull . 57 P i r bith n . . a a y a Pils n n . 1 08 P a r a ner ita Annandale 1 08 P a ti no ecten Pecten ( p ) lohri Hertlein n . n . 93 P er m ochiton a u str a l i a nus 1 05 Petrarc a 1 08 Pila orbata Perry 64 P l anogy r a asteriscus Morse 1 2 2 Planorbis binney i Tryon 7 6

Planorbis cristata Linn . 85 Pl eur obem a a l d r i chi Frierson 1 39 P l eu r obem a fictu m Frierson 1 39 P l e u r obem a m a r s ha l l i Frierson 1 39 2 Pleurocera acuta Raf . 61 , 6 l e id P u r ocer s , some misplaced 57

. 32 Polita lucida Drap in Philadelphia , Pa . ol r P ygy a auriculata Say , a synonym of 7 0 P ol y gy r a m ul til ineata wanl e s s i Baker 1 32 i 4 P olygy r a towns end a na brunnea Va n. 7

Polynesian snails , records of 32

Pomacea Perry , on 63 Pomacea maculata Perry 64 Pr o e a a va ni cum 2 sop s j Reeve , at Apia , Samoa Is . 3 4 2 Publications received 3 , 7 1 , 1 0 Pupillidae 1 08

R umina decollata L . 1 39 3 1 Sars , Georg O ssian ( obituary ) S chr amm i a Guppy 2 2 1 08 S e nil a ur ia Pi ls . n . n . for Petrarca 1 1 8 Soap Lake , Washington s 2 4 S om a togy r u s tr y oni Pils . Baker n . p 55 m . s . S phaerium nota tu Sterki , n p S tr ophochei l us fel i pponei von Iher i ng 95 l of 2 1 Str eptos ty a Shuttleworth , the type Succinea retusa ful tonens i s Baker 1 36 32 S ubul ina octona at Apia , Samoa Is . THE NAUTILUS vii

Symbiosis in a undescribed Bermudian nudibranch Thais flor idana Conr

fi r i a a bs . Thais o dana h y s e Clench , s u p . n Thais lamellosa Gmel i i a T hy a s r a b s ecta Con . and di sj u ncta G bb T r y pa nostom a lyonii Lea T r y pa nostom a tenne sseense Lea Turritella sar gea nti Anderson and Hanna Turritella socor di a Hanna d ombe n l Unio y a a Va . Ur i chi a Guppy n z m e do ana . . s Urocoptis Pil s , n p

m n l m . o e a s u s . . Urocoptis Pils , n s p v i na l en i s P fr Urocoptis g s . Valvata lewisii C urrier Valvata l ewisii precursor Baker Vermont shells

Venus mercenaria var . notata Say

Verrill A . E . ( portrait ) Vertigo goul dii l oes s ens i s Baker V olvulus Oken , type V . bidens ' V col ortex O ken , type V . ca r a us Montf .

Weller , Professor Stuart

INDEX T O AUT HO R S 2 2 4 Baker , Frank C . 3 , , 49 , 1 08 , 1 32 2 2 1 2 4 Baker , H . B urrington 1 , 2 , 2 , 1 2 4 Bartsch , Paul 1 1

Cawston , F . G . 1 41

Clench , William J . 6 , 7 0 , 1 2 0 40 64 Cockerell , T . D . A . , 39 Frierson , L . S . 1 3 1 n . Gay , Cleme tine M 1

Goodrich , Calvin 57 1 06 Hand , E . E . 32 45 Hanna , G . Dallas , 1 1 8 1 41 1 43 Henderson , Junius 1 9 , 7 3 , 85 , 9 1 , , , 45 93 Hertlein , Leo G . , e in o 95 Ih r g , H . v n 1 1 0 3 1 40 5 . 7 9 1 7 Johnson , C . W . 47 , 6 , , , 37 Langford , Daniel B . 94 Lindholm , W . A . 7 9 Lowe , Herbert N . T HE NAUT ILUS

Meyer , Emmett

Nylander , O lof O .

O ver , W . H . 2 62 64 0 7 2 l . . 3 7 7 9 81 1 3 P i s br y , H A , , , , , , , 0 , 1 05 ,

R ichards , O scar W .

Smith , Maxwell

S pence , Geo . C .

Sterki V . N Tegland , ellie May

Tomlin J . R . Le B .

r . Vi osca , J , Percy

Vanatta , E . G .

Walker , Bryant

White , C . E .

Willard , Theodora

Winslow , Mina L .

Wood , Albert E lmer 2 d Wood , n , Horace Elmer

T H E AUT ILU N S .

L I UL Y 1 9 2 7 . N O 1 V ol . X J , .

WI LL I AM HEAL EY D A LL

2 2 By the death of Dr . Dall on March 7 , 1 9 7 , American conchology has lost its most eminent representative . l 2 1 8 W . H . Da l was born in Boston , Mass , August , 1 45 . His father was a missionary of the Unitarian Church to of India . E ducated in the public schools Boston , Dall afterward studied under Louis Agassiz at Harvard . “ Dall, in common with most naturalists , developed an interest in natural history when so young that he was un t be able to recall the date . The accident that led him o come interested in shells was , he said , the possession when ’ ‘ a boy of twelve of a copy of Dr . Gould s I nvert ebrata of ’ e Massachusetts . Inspired by this work , and living n ar

Boston , he undertook to make a complete collection of the n shells of Massachusetts . Finding species that he was u able to name , he made bold to consult the author , D r . Gould , ha who gave him much sound advice , and whom Dall c r ‘ ’ a cte r i zed f as one of the best and most lovable o men . “ h A little later , when employed in an office on t e India ’ wharf in Boston , where he did boy s work for wages , he kept a book in his desk and at odd times when unoccupied e with his regular task , copied scientific books which he th n t hought he would never be abl e to buy . “ The next factor in shaping his zoological career was work in the museum at Cambridge , where he fell under the 2 THE NAUTILUS

magn etic influence of Lo uis Agassi z . Hi s third opportunity r av occurred in Chicago at the time of the Civil Wa , when , h ing failed to obtain a livelihood in Boston , he found em ployment in the Windy City . Although hard at work dur ing the day , he spent hi s evenings studying at the Chicago

Academy of Sciences . “ It was there that he met William Stimpson a nd Robert

Kennicott , both of whom became dear personal friends . e It was there also that he determin d , in the event of a choice of occupations , to accept irrespective of pay the one that promised most in the way of opportunity for continu ing scientific studies . Acting on this resolve he more than once declined offers of higher salary and undertook harder work with less pay where there were better advantages for study . “ In 1 865 he visited Alaska as one of the scientific staff of the Western Union International Telegraph Expedition , r K and when his friend , Robe t ennicott , leader of the expe di Y tion , died on the ice of the ukon , Dall , though only twenty t one years old , was unanimously chosen o succeed him . In 1 867 he explored and mapped the mighty Yukon R iver t Y from the coast up o Fort ukon , then believ ed to be on or n near the international boundary . O his return he pub ‘ ’ l i she d an illustrated volume on Alaska and its Resou rces , ( 1 87 0 ) comprising upwards of six hundred pages and a map , which for many years remained the standard author ity on the territory . Professor Baird , appreciating his in d ustr y and talent , promptly took him into the fold of the

Smithsonian Institution , which except during absences on

field expeditions , continued to be his headqua rters until his recent fatal illness . “ From 1 87 1 to 1 87 4 Dall was captain of a Coast S urvey vessel and head of a scientific su r vey of the Aleutian Is lands and adj acent coasts , the results of which , with much other material , were embodied in a quarto volume entitled

‘ ’ the Pacific Coast Pilot , Coasts and I slands of Alas ka

prepared j ointly by himself and his associate ,

Marcus Baker . THE NAUTILUS 3

From 1 880 till his death he was an honorary curator in the National Museum ; from 1 884 to 1 92 5 he was paleontol ogi st of the United States Geological Survey ; from 1 893 till 1 92 7 he h eld the chair of invertebrate paleontology in the Wagner Institute of Science ; and from 1 899 to 1 9 1 5 was

honorary curator of the Bishop Museum , Hawaii . “ He was the reci pient of several medals and honorary ” 1 H e degrees , including that of LL . D . held honorary

membershi p in many societies , American and foreign . He was President of the American Association for the Ad 8 vancement of Science in 1 882 and 1 8 5 . Dall ’ s early work on mollusks was mainly published in

the American Journal of Conchology ( Vols . 5 to and

was based upon West Coast material . The papers on

limpets and B rachiopoda , among others , were generally

recognized as important , and gained for the young natural

ist , who was still well under thirty , favorable standing in f the group o d istingui shed conchologists of that time , N such men as ewcomb , B inney , Tryon , Cooper , Bland , Lea ,

Prime , and others .

When the series of Proceedings of the U . S . National 1 8 Museum was begun in 7 8 , Dall became one of its chief

contributors . Hi s first publication on Tertiary paleontol

ogy was at this time . In 1 881 hi s paper on chitons , making ’

Carpenter s genera valid , was published , and in 1 883 an ’ impo rtant paper on Hemphill s collections of Florida shells . In 1 886 and 1 889 the Reports on the Blake Mollusca out Z came ( Bull . M . C . . , Vols . 1 2 and These classical ’ volumes show Dall s powers at their mature stage . They are not only indispensible in the study of deep sea mollusks

and the conditions of thei r existence everywhere , but they are still in constant use in dealing with shore forms of tropical America . From 1 890 to 1 903 Dall was engaged upon his ma gnu m “ ” o u s to p , Contributions the Tertiary Fauna of Florida ,

1 ' F C . Ha M e 92 7 . 346 rom rt err iam , Sci nce , 1 , p . 4 THE NAUTILUS

d small quarto , 1 654 pages and 60 plates , publishe in six Phil adel parts by the Wagner Free Institute of Science , phia . Malacologists and paleontologists will probably agree that this is the most important single work ever issued in America on marine Mollusca , and at the same influ time on American Tertiary paleontology . Its great ence upon the progress of paleontology will be obvious to anyone familiar with literature of our Tertiary published ’ before and after Dall s work . The discussions on molluscan taxonomy and nomecl at u r e give these volumes a high value to conchologists as well as to paleontologists everywhere far beyond the limits expressed in the modest title . Dall ’ s work on Tertiary Mollusca was continued in his ” 1 909 Mi ocene of Astoria and Coos Bay , O regon , , the Monograph of the Molluscan Fauna of the O r thaul ax

u na x Z 1 9 1 5 . p g one , and numerous shorter papers In the years devoted to Tertiary paleontology Dall elaborated his new classification of the Pelecypoda , based chiefly upon the morphology of the hinge . It was outlined “ ” ’ l ’ in his article in Eastman s edition of Zitte s Textbook , 1 9 8 6, subsequently elaborated in various paleontological papers and in a series of synopses of the classification of families and of the American species of each , published in “ “ ” N ” N Proceedings of the U . S . ational Museum , autilus ,

Journal of Conchology and some othe r serials . Those who have gathered this series of about 2 0 papers into one volume find it indispensible in dealing with our marine bi valves . In land mollusks Dall ’ s work was chiefly descriptive and faunistic . His three papers on the Galapagos fauna form practically a monograph . He published the first account of the land shells of the United States -Mexican boundary region , and many short papers descriptive of Mexican and

United States species . “ In 1 899 B a l l was one of the most eminent of the sci en tific guests of the late E . H . Harriman on the famous and unique Harriman Alaska Expedition . It is well within the truth to say that in V iew of the vast amount of work done THE NAUTILUS 5 by Dall during his thirteen previous visits to Alaska and in the preparation of his publications on the geography , geol ogy , meteorology , anthropology and natural history of the territory , his knowledge was of the greatest s ervice ; while his genial d isposition and readiness to answer multitudes of questions , both to individual members and at the evening gatherings in the cabin , made him the most beloved member of the expedition . To the series of thirteen volumes on the results of the research work of the voyage , he contributed a valued article on the ‘Discovery and Exploration of Alaska ’ ” 2 and a beautiful and touching poem on the Innuit People . “ T o the technical series he contributed the account of Land ” and Fresh Water Mollusks ( Harriman Alaska E xpedition , X 1 905 1 7 1 2 I II , ; pages , plates ) , a summary of existing knowledge of American mollusks north of parallel This work covers territory quite inadequately treated of in previous manuals , and is further useful for its copious references and the revision of nomenclature of fresh water families .

From his early days in California , over fifty years ago, Dall kept up his interest in West Coast and Alaskan marine mollusks ; throughout the half century he remained the on chief authority those faunas . He described a very large number of species in many papers , finally ( 1 92 1 ) publish “ ing a S ummary of the Marine S hel lbea r ing Mollusks of N of l if the orthwest Coast America , from San Diego , Ca or ” to nia , the Polar S ea . It had been hoped that he would

publish a monograph with figures and synonymy , a task

‘ for which he was equipped by l ife-long familiarity with the fauna . In the space available it is possible to mention only Dall ’ s N more extensive works . 0 small part of his time was given to u p correspondence . He was always ready to give the

benefit of his wide knowledge to earnest students , even to beginners in science . Practically every conchologist in America can testify to his generosity in the identification

2 0 . H t M 34 ar erriam , Science , p . 7 . 6 THE NAUTILUS of material and in help with intricate questions of taxonomy and nomenclature . An excellent portrait was published in this j ournal for

1 9 1 5 . May , “ It was the possession of such sterling qualities as intel lectual capacity , patience , industry and thirst for knowl edge , coupled with high ideals of integrity and obligation , that enabled Dall to attain the position he so long held among the eminent scientists of the world . The closing words of his appreciation of his friend William Stimpson ‘ may well be applied to himself Those who had the p r i vil ege of his companionship will carry an abiding memory of his abilities as a naturalist and his noble and lovable a v g characteristics as a man .

H . A . P .

A NE W SU B SP EC I E S O F THA I S FROM LOUI SI AN A

L LE C WI LIAM J . C N H Museum of Comparative Zoology

A FL R DA A I I A H AYS E ub s . no TH S O N , s p v . Plate 1 , fig . 1 .

Shell large , acutely ovate , exterior color , a dull gray to

brownish gray , occasionally spotted with small , irregular patches of bluish . Whorls convex , 6 to 7 , regularly incr ea s

- ing in size . Two rows of large , usually two or three ridged blunt tubercles are produced on each whorl a little above the middle . Proceeding toward the spire these tubercles

- become two ridged , finally becoming a series of single

. e . knobs ( Holotyp ) Spire acute , produced . Apert ure

- ovate to ovate rounded , about half the total length of the

. I shell nner margin of the palatal lip strongly crenulate , inner periphery of aperture pale orange to yellowish

orange , shading into light pink below . Canal slightly pro

3 C . . M 1 92 7 H erriam , Science , , p . 347 . This swarms 7

k l l i u wa and ba war . C um a t i duced, curv ng p rds c ds o el h ck ,

massive , slightly twisted , generally straight , sometimes

slightly convex . A well defined ridge extends from um

bil i ca l area to tip of canal . Thi s is absorbed at the columel

lar region and not continued as an axial lamella . Sculpture of very fine flattened S piral ridges cnossed by numerous

minute growth lines , the spiral sculpture , however , pre

dominating . Suture exceedingly deep caused by an evagination of the superior border of the palatal lip

adj acent to each whorl . Rarely this is closed by being

cemented along the upper portion of the ridge .

Typ e l oca li ty : Grand Bayou , Mississi ppi delta , Louisiana , received from Mis s Markley L . Hays . Z 2 2 03 5 . H ol otyp e : Museum of Comparative oology , N0 . P a r a typ es : Museum of Comparative Zoology ; Academy of Z of Natural Sciences , Philadelphia ; Museum oology ,

University of Michigan . 1 2 A . 4 A L . 88 ; W . p L . 6 ; p . W. 0 mm . Holotype 2 2 3 5 0 .

1

56 A . . 4 A . 1 . L . W ; p L 9 ; p . W. 9 mm Paratypes 4 52 2 0 . A A 1 83 . . 5 1 . . W . L ; W . p L ; p . mm Paratypes 2 2 4 5 0 .

1 83 A . . W . . L ; W . 5 1 ; p L . Ap . mm Paratypes 2 2 4 5 0 .

R emar ks : Miss Hays very kindly sent t o me sixty - six specimens of this subspecies from which the above d escr i p of tion was made . The very large size , the production the S large double row of tubercles , and the produced pire dif fe r nti ate e T l or i a n m . this subspecies from . f d a Co r

T . l or i a Typical f d na is rarely as large as this subspecies , has a single row small tubercles , and a smaller aperture in

to . proportion its size Fig . 2 , obtained from B eaufort ,

' N omda na o rth Carolina , represents a form of T . fl in which the tubercles are well developed . Material obtained south of Beaufort shows a decrease in the size of the tubercles ,

1 Measurements from inner bord er of columella to inner side of h outer p . 8 THE NAUTILUS

A t ar e a m st de d Of hi char d and St . ugus ine forms l o voi t s

acter . The material from which Conrad described his species probably came from the west coast of Florida in

' f da O T . l om na the vicinity of Tampa . Forms f from this region differ from E ast Florida and Texas forms in being slightly narrower .

’ l omda na ha sa e The main characters of T . f y are very constant , with the exception of the proportionate length of n the spire as exhibited by the type series . O e specimen is very much longer than any of the others though its other measurements are more or less consistent . The two and three - ridged tubercles are produced by an increased size of the spiral ridges as they pass over these formations . Miss Hays reports that this form does considerable dam age to the oysters in the delta region and is known locally “ ” a as the d rill , a name applied as well to Ur os lpinx inem a s c Say .

A QUANT ITAT I VE ST UD Y O F T H E M A R INE MOLLU SK S O F C P MAY Y NE J R Y A E C OUN T , W E SE

BY ALBERT EL M ER WOOD AND H ORACE EL M ER WOOD 2 ND

The plan Of this paper was developed by the j unior author following a conversation with the late Professor Gilbert Va n I ngen of Prince ton University on the need for an ecological study O f the South Jersey sounds facies before “ ” the region was too thoroughly improved with summer r e sorts . This region has not been studied ecologically . How

’ ever , it does not differ fundamentally from the Wood s Hole

Region , which has been studied intensively ; and scattered ’ work has been done as far south as Beesley s Point, the ’ O f extreme northern tip Cape May County . Davenport s

10 THE swarms

The field work Wa s don e by the s en ior author with the assistance of the j unior author , Messrs . George Clark , John

Clark , and Blair Wood . The counts were made during the e summers Of 1 92 4 and 1 92 6 . All the localities sel cted were n those least favored by summer V isitors , and the souther end of Seven Mile Beach is almost unaffected by human activiti es . The specific identifications should be accepted with some slight reserve as the authors are not specialists in this field , and the nomenclature is subj ect to the same f the reservation . The scope o the study was limited to area between high and low water marks , although , Obviously , most of its mollusk shells are cast up from the submerged zone . Where a very abundant animal was counted in a small area , this area was selected where the animal in question was especially numerous , as giving an approach to n its maximum frequency . Shells were ot counted unless more than half intact . Allowance must be made for the prevalence Of pelecypod valves over gastropods , as given the same number Of individuals , for the greater O f fragility some forms , producing a fictitious rarity , and m for the tendency to overlook small speci ens . All these f factors , of course , af ect fossil faunas equally . O ne spe cial factor , in this case , is the strong tidal current which sweeps of in and out Hereford Inlet , and brings many empty shells into facies in which they are never found alive .

There is the usual sand hill sequence ; bunch grass , then bay - berry ( here growing to be real trees over ten feet high ) , wild cherry later , and finally scrub cedar , whi ch formerly ran the whole length of the island in a narrow

— belt . The newest sand hills are toward the ocean one full row has developed during the last twelve years , under the

Observation of the authors .

D ona x va r i a bi lis is found alive all along the b each , but

I I I . B us con ca na li eu l a tum B especially north of Section y , . ear l/ oa m N a ti ca du li ca a t N . her , p , os and M a ctr a s oli dis sima live in the sand on the ocean side , Often being exposed at low tide . M yti l u s edu li s inhabits mud banks in the outer l ow channels , exposed at water , and also piles in the Open TH E NAUTILUS 1 1

ISLECITY

ENDINLET

' REEDS BCACH

EHARBO

M C Ma C fi d s ap of ape y ounty , modi e from tho e of the U . S . G eological v Sur ey . The inset sketch map of the southern e nd of Seven Mile B wa s d d d each ma e for this paper , the istances being pace off . 1 2 THE NAUTILUS

ocean . N a ss a obsol eta occurs in life in vast numbers throughout the lower regions of the outer channels , espec i a l ly where there is about 50 - 50 admixture of mud and

’ M a a r ena ma Nas s a sand . y has nearly the same habitat as , except for the fact that when marsh grass over - runs the

M a N a ss a . M a ground , y remains , but does not y also ex nsis tends further north in the channel than N a ssa does . E di r ectu s lives in mud or sandy mud in the outer channels ,

- u m r ena i a r ea vi r in the inter tidal zone . Ven s e c r and O s t E nsi s in gi ni ea have habitats similar to , except that they di ola habit slightly deeper water , and all the channels . M o

’ p li ca tu la occupies the banks of the channels . Li ttomna

i t r of l o ea clings to grass in salt marshes . The fauna the minor sounds was not studied ; in general its mollusks con n e . e u m e cena r M odi o a sist of a few species , i . , V s r i a , l

‘ li ca tu l a Li ttomna Zi tor ea s tr ea vi r ini ca nd Nas s a p , , O g a

obs ol eta . Packard ( 1 9 1 8 ) and Allee ( 1 92 3 a ) count living animals only , as the shells of dead animals may be distributed by S S O f currents , tides , hore birds and hermit crabs . In pite the errors they introduce , empty shells are included in this count , for the following reasons : 1 , the stratigrapher can not 2 make such a distinction , even if the ecologist can ; , the use of only living specimens reduces the total numbers to such a point that they are not statistically significant . ’ Allee s figures suffer from this ; Packard , however , counts S empty hells separately . Allee ( 1 92 3 b ) refers to O l d associations and ecologic ” a l age , following Cowles , Shelford and Adams , when , by all analogy and common sense , j ust the opposite is meant .

By thei r terminology , the open ocean is ecologically the youngest and the recently formed sandy beach , the Oldest . ” “ ” This is directly opposed to other uses of ol d and young ,

both ordinary and scientific , and should be discontinued . Pairs of attached pelecypod valves were counted separ D ona x ately , except in the case of in A and B . Additional errors of proportion are introduced by including , without D ona x correction , the numbers of in A and B , Nass a in F T HE NAUTILUS 13

M ti for and G and y l us in H , in smaller areas than their

competitors . The proportions that follow, taken without

correction from table 1 , therefore , tend to give minimal

values . O n the ocean side , pelecypod shells outnumber

gastropods more than or , allowing fully for the double

pelecypod valves , they outnumber the gastropods more

than O n the channel S ide , the gastropods are out

8 - numbered by the pelecypods as 7 : , or , from the view point

of the number Of animals , the gastropods are nearly twice

as numerous in the sections counted , and the actual pre dominance of gastropods in the fauna is greater than the

figures S how . Making rough corrections for the various f sources O error , it is safe to say that pelecypods are at least thirty times as numerous as gastropods on the Open r beach , and that ga st a pod s are definitely more numerous n than pelecypods in the outer sounds . O the other hand , 1 9 1 8 Packard ( ) found that , in San Francisco Bay , the pelecypod s were nearly five times as numerous as the

gastropods , but that the preponderance was much less

marked j ust outside the Golden Gate . Much more work must be done before any definite generalizations can be

made .

The localities on Seven Mile Beach , A to H inclusive ( see map) , represent a progressive transition from a typical ocean ( beach) facies to a typical interior channel ( sounds ) facies . Localities A , B , and C are along the ocean , approach

ing the southern end of S even Mile Beach . D is on the

point itself , E and F are to the north , on a somewhat muddy S : fla t beach on the channel ide G is a sandy tidal mud . H ’ i s a mussel bed on a sandy mud bar . Pierce s Point and ’

Reed s Beach have narrow , steeply sloping sandy beaches fl with mud ats at the foot exposed only at low tide . 14 THE NAUTILUS

1 92 4 1 92 6 Along B each I ntertidal Along B each I ntertidal Section A 300 feet 1 50 feet 300 feet 1 7 5 feet Section B 1 50 feet 1 00 feet 1 50 feet 1 7 5 feet Section C 1 50 feet 1 50 feet 2 00 feet Section D 1 50 feet 1 50 feet 450 feet Section E 1 5 0 feet 1 50 feet 1 80 feet S ection F 1 50 feet 2 2 5 feet 1 50 feet 2 1 5 feet

wa s one S ection G square yard , both years

S ection H was six inches square , both years A few specimens of the following S hells we re also present in I and I I , but were not found in th e sections which were

— B u ccinum unda tu m B us con er ver s u m P hol as counted , y p , cos ta a i a r etu s er s ecti uu s Z i r ha ea cr is a ta t , S g p p , and p p The Pierce ’ s Point area extends a hundred feet south from the second rail run -way south of the road across the marshes . The distance from high to low water mark is n fl fifty feet ( ot counting the mud ats beyond , exposed only l N t ea i r ini ca sa at dead ow tide ) . either O s r v g nor Na s obs ol eta nor M ela mpu s bi d enta tus were counted from the whole section , but from small areas . ’ d At R eed s Beach , the count started from fifteen hund re

- feet nor th O f the road across the marshes , at a king crab fi drying pen , and continued twenty ve feet further on , and extended the ninety feet from high water mark to the edge Of the mud flats which were covered at the time the area was visited . Most of the S hells were concentrated in a strip about a foot wide at high water mark , to which stri p the

figures in table 1 apply . O n the rest of the beach there were 83 shells of O s tr ea vi r gini ca and the fragment of a Venu s m r na r e ce ia .

Table 1 gives the complete figures for the various area s in which the shells were counted . Table 2 is a qualitative a summ ry of table 1 .

16 T HE NAUTILUS

T AB L E T WO

D ominant Molluscs ( in the order of their relative abundance ) .

n . n t n . S ectio A S ectio B . S ec io C 1 92 4 1 92 6 1 92 4 1 92 6 1 92 4 1 92 6 Donax Donax D onax D onax Donax Donax A nomia A nomia Mactra A nomia A nomia Mactra Mactra Mactra A nomia Mactra Mactra A nomia Ostrea Mytilus My tilus Mytilus Mytilus Mytilus Mytilus Ostrea Ostrea Ostrea Ostrea Ostrea Pecten Pecten Pecten n S t n n E . S t . ec io D . S ectio ec io F 1 92 4 1 92 6 1 92 4 1 92 6 1 92 4 1 92 6

n t . t . t . t A omia Mactra N . obsole a N obsole a N obsole a N obsole a Mactra A nomia D onax Mactra Donax D onax D onax D onax Mactra D onax Myt ilus Mactra Mytilus O strea Ostrea A nomia Mactra Ostrea t t r ivitta t Os rea Mytilus Mytilus Ost rea A nomia N . a Mytilus Ostrea Mytilus A nomia S t n t n H ec io G . S ec io 1 92 4 1 92 6 1 92 6

. t N obsolet a N . obsolet a My ilus Pierce ’ s Point Reed ’ s Beach 1 92 4 1 92 6 Ostrea Ostrea Nassa obsolet a Macoma Melampus Melampus Macoma Nassa obsoleta Mactra lateralis E nsis

I t n t t w 1 92 4 a nd is o ewor hy that the counts for the t o summers , 1 92 6 r u n n he , closely parallel as t o relative freque cy a t least of t n nt a nd r u t o the n more abu da shells , n roughly parallel as umbers t hemselves .

S UMMA RY

E 1 . cology , and particularly statistical ecology , may be s of great a sistance in solving stratigraphic problems .

2 . For statistical treatment , sufficiently large numbers o must be obtained t make the results significant . In deal

18 THE mum us

] i i a X Spr ing sand Spit . Decennial Pub . Un v . Ch c go , ,

- 1 6 . p . 1 57 7 2 2 of l L . 1 . Fl atte y , F . W . and Walton , C . 9 The biology the - - 4 sea shore . MacMill a n, N . Y . , p . 1 8 . i Forbes , S . A . 1 907 . On the local distribution of certa n

Illinois fishes : an essay in statistical ecology . B ul . - 1 -1 5 H . . 2 3 303 111. S tate Lab . Nat . ist , VII , ( p 7 , Maps ,

- P I. XXIV XXXII)

H untsman , A . G . 1 9 1 9 . The vertical distribution of cer

oc . ta in intertidal animals . P roc . and Trans . Roy . S -6 Canada , X II , 4 , p . 53 0 .

E 1 09 . L . . 9 King , . A . L . , and Russell , S A method for the

study of the animal ecology of the shore . P roc . Roy . P oc E 2 2 -2 hys . S . dinburgh , XVII , p . 5 53 .

Michael , E . L . 1 92 0 . Marine ecology and the coefficient

of association ; a plea in behalf of quantitative biology . E 4 - Journ . cology , VIII , p . 5 59 . L Packard , E ; . 1 9 1 8 . A quantitative analysis of the n molluscan fauna of S a Francisco Bay . Univ . Cal .

- - P . Z . 2 9 308 33 l ubl ool XVIII , p . 9 , 3 1 7 6, p s . XII and

XIII .

- P . . 1 92 6 . M r Y earse , A S Animal ecology . cG a w H ill , N . . ,

- p . 1 38 1 57 . P ratt, H . S . 1 9 1 6 . A manual of the common invertebrate

M l - . r 4 animals cC u g , p . 92 602 . 1 9 . 08 . . Rogers , J The S hell Book Doubleday , P age Co

- p . 1 485 . ’ S imr oth H 8 8- . 1 9 1 907 . , Mollusca , B r onn s Klassen und - 2 - Ordnungen des Tier Reichs . III , , p . 7 69 7 7 1 . S B . . R . L umner , F , Osburn , , and Cole , . J . 1 9 1 3 . A biological survey of the waters of Wood ’ s H ole and

vicinity . Bul . Bur . Fisheries , XXXI , I , Physical and

Z 1 43-1 5 - - - . 5 1 7 0 1 2 oological , p , 9 , 32 7 330 , 340 406 , 42 9 - 44 1 . E . 1 3 Verrill , A . 87 . Report upon the invertebrate animals S of Vineyard ound and adj acent waters . Rep . U . S .

- - . m 1 87 1 2 7 . 2 95 5 1 3 . P Fish Com , , p lates . was mur mus 19

SOME SO UTH DAKOTA MOLLU SCA

BY JUNIUS H E NDERSON

E L H . ee I have received from Mr . enry , of Rapid City , r o em S outh Dakota , two fine examples of P p t

f Anod onta r a ndis S a l a e vi s si ma ( L ea ) and two of g y , from e Chamberlain , S outh Dakota . The only published r cord known to me of that species of La mp s i li s in that state is ’ T H E S Over s , in his list in NAUTILU , but he gives no locality . The molluscan literature for the state is scant

of . and scattered , in comparison with that most states There is doubtless much unrecorded material in public and private collections , which , if brought together , would give an excellent idea of the molluscan fauna of the state . Two lists by Over were published in 1 9 1 4 and S ince then the University of Colorado Museum has received a number of parcels of shells from various localities from

Mr . Lee , as well as from Dr . Arthur T . Evans , of Brook ings . The localities are as follows

E — vans Caputa , Cottonwood and Claremont ; old lake r H L 1 bed no thwest of ayti ; ake Campbell , 3 miles south of L west Brookings ; ake Oakwood , B rookings County ; pool near Stony B utte , 2 5 miles south of Fort P ierre ; Jen nin s 1 5 g farms , miles south of Fort P ierre .

Lee— Caputa and Chamberlain ; Tourist Park , Rapid

City ; Rapid Creek and Dark Canyon , near Rapid City ; S ’ L 1 1 eavey s ake , miles north , and water hole 6 miles north of Rapid City ; S pring Creek on H ill City road ; brook near

Black Hawk .

The following are the species , with their localities Anodonta r andi s S a . g y Brookings , H ayt i , Chamberlain , L ake Campbell .

1 W. . H Over , List of Mollusca of Harding a nd Perkins Coun 0 ” “ ti - . . 6 S . D ak . v 96 1 1 S . . 95 9 4 es , Bull No , Geol . ur , p p , ; Mollusca of ” S th t T H E A - - I S . 9 1 0 5 1 91 5 ou Dako a , N UT LU , Vol . XXIX , pp 7 8 , 9 9 , . 20 THE NAUTILUS

e . La mp si lis s i li qu oi d a ( Barnes ) . Brookings

e i s sima L . P r op tem l a v ( ea ) . Chamberlain

n n a ti n L . Amni col a ci ci n ensis ( Antho y ) . ake Campbell

m r L . Amni cola e a gina ta Kii ster . ake Campbell

L . Amni col a. limos a ( S ay ) . ake Campbell

o o a br P . C chli c p lu i ca ( Muller ) . Chamberlain , Tourist ark

H L . E u conu lu s fu lvu s ( Muller ) . ayti , ake Campbell

G ony odi s cu s cr onkhi tei anthonyi ( P il sbr y ) Tourist P ark .

Ga s tr ocop ta a r mifem ( S ay ) . Chamberlain . f L H eli codi s cus p ar a ll el us ( S ay ) . Chamberlain , ake Camp

bell . L l Lymna ea cap er q ta S ay . Caputa , ake Campbe l , S pring

H . Creek , S tony Butte , Water ole

’

u . L Lymna ea p a lu s tms M ller ake Oakwood , Stony B utte ,

Hayti , Lake Campbell , Claremont .

eo x co er i . fi O r heli op ( W . G . Binney ) S pea r sh ( Bryant

Walker ) .

P h a i nte H . ys gm aldeman Rapid Creek . Identified by

Walker . ’

P h sa . s a i war r eni a na L . y y ea Dark Canyon , S eavey s Lake , H Rapid Creek , Caputa , Black awk . Identified by

Walker . P a o l n r bis ar vus a . H p S y ayti , Lake Campbell . P la nor bi s tr vo v L i l is a . L S y ake Oakwood , ake Campbell , S H tony Butte , ayti , Caputa .

P oli ta binne a na, y ( Morse) . Chamberlain . P oli ta h mm oni s a u . ( M ller ) Tourist P ark . P l a nor bu la a r mi em a L g ( S y ) . ake Campbell . S u ccinea ( a w r d S a . y Chamberlain , Tourist P ark , Dark

Canyon , Jennings Farm .

S u ccinea r osvenor i L ea g . Cottonwood . S u cci nea ha d n e i . . y W G Binney . Lake Oakwood . i tr in’ a wl a ka s na . V Dall Tourist Park .

’ Va ll om a r a ci li cos a in t Re h . g Chamberlain , Tourist P ark . ‘ a lva ta, tr i camna ta H S a . L V y ayti , ake Campbell . a l va ta tr i ca r ina ta err con us a V p f Walker . Lake Campbell . Z oni toi d es a r bor e a S a . ( y ) Chamberlain , Tourist Park . T HE NAUTILUS 21

‘ T HE TYPE OF ST RE PT O ST PLA S HUTTLE 'WORTH

E BY H . BURRINGTON BAK R

The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature recognizes four methods by which genotypes may be des ig nated or fixed ; these take precedence in the following order

1 . Type by original designation ( autotype ) .

2 . Type by original fixation ( monotype , tautotype) .

3 . Type fixation through substitution (apotype ) .

4 . Type by subsequent designation ( lectotype) . An example of the fixation of a type by absolute ta utony 1 2 my is the case of S tr ep tos tyl a. S huttleworth ( 85 , Bern .

Mitt , p . This was originally proposed as a subgenus

i r a x . of S p is and included , among other species , S p

s tr e tos t l a. A cha ina s tr e t s t F r 4 Z . p y t p o yl a f . ( 1 8 6 , eit . Mal

3 , p . from Mexico , which became automatically the

L - 8 genotype of the group . ater Albers Martens ( 1 60 , Die l H e . 3 , p . 3 ) recognized two subgenera , but unfortunately

i col e i h . s . n o cho e S p t S as the type of S tr ep t s ty l a s . s . , and her o 1 ni r a s mi tm . i C . . c ns proposed ( c ) type S p g , as a new s tr e os l a hem o subgenus to include S . p t ty . Of course , C mi tm m f is a synony , with a dif erent type , of S tr ep tos ty la

. . E u s r e to t s s I now propose t p s y l a as a new subgenus , with

. h S ni col eti . 1 852 the genotype p S ( , B . M . , p . from o C rdoba , Mexico , to include the species with costul ate n to u a embryonic whorls and stro g columellar spiral . S . y c

Dall is probably another member of this group . 22 Tim mur xt us

GUPPY’ S GROUP S O F HELICINIDAE

E BY H . BURRINGTON BAK R

i . 2 2 P . c When , several years ago ( 1 9 , roc Acad . Nat . S 4 2 P hiladelphia 7 , pp . 9 I attem pted to review the groups of American H elicinidae , I overlooked a paper by P R . J . L . Guppy ( March , 1 895 , roc . Victoria Inst . Trini 2 a dad , pt . 2 , pp . 7 that also seems to have esc ped the notice of other students of the family . In his paper , Guppy presented a revised arrangement of the H elicinidae , and proposed a number of sectional groups . The following names appear to have been new H i s D i ap hana Guppy ( 1 895 , p . monotype eli c na u b

c 2 n P St . fus a Menke ( 1 8 8 , Sy . , p . from orto Rico ( and

Thomas ) ; not D i a pha na Brown This , being pre a occupied , goes into the synonymy of An l ca dia Wagner

Fi tzi a. 1 i r e Guppy ( 895 , p . monotype H eli cina gina. Mor el 4 et ( 1 8 9 , Test . Nov . I , p . from Cuba . This is an i c a absolute synonymy of V m H . A . Adams for P il s r 1 which b y and B rown ( 9 1 0 , P roc . Acad . Nat . S ci . P 2 2 hiladelphia 6 , p . 5 5 ) have chosen the same type . I o ti a s l Guppy ( 1 895 , p . monotype H eli cina nuda

o Ffr . 1 6 B 1 3 Arang ( 8 6 , Mal . . 1 , p . from Barigua , Incr u s t Cuba . This replaces a ta Wagner ( 1 9 07 ) as a pos d e sible sectional name in the subgenus I s a of Al ca dia .

' Kr e bsza 1 895 . n Guppy ( , p 7 type , now chosen , H eli ci a. cos ta ta Z Gray ool . Jour . I , p . from Ja ma ica ; Kr e bs i Mo r h 1 8 1 2 4 not a e c ( 7 7 , Mal . B . , p . This , being preoccupied , goes into the synonymy of E xca va ta Wagner E u tr ocha l which is a section of tel a s . s .

S chr a mmi a. 1 89 Guppy ( 5 , p . monotype H eli cina nu l oi d es co 1 868 . . H 4 Guppy ( , Ann Mag Nat . ist . ser . , v . 1 , p . from Dominica . The type species probably be in longs the subgenus I d esa of A l ca di a . THE NAUTILUS 23

r i . i c na U chi a Guppy ( 1 895 , p type , now chosen , H el i

Z . . L a a m i a a. Ffr . 1 48 P . d s n ( 8 , S ondon , p . from L u ci e Jamaica . The type is a species of d ll a .

DE S CRIPTION OF A NE W S PE CI E S OF LYMNAE A FROM BRIT I S H COLUMBI A

BY FRANK COLLI NS BAKER1

H EDLE I . . LYM NAEA ( GALBA) Y Baker . Fig 3 XL 2 2 L mna ea hed l e . 1 y yi F C . Baker , Nautilus , p . , fig . 3 .

- S hell ovate to elongate fusiform , rather thin ; perio str a cum light chestnut or brown ; surface somewhat shiny

in fresh specimens , lines of growth crowded , fine ; spiral sculpture of deeply incised lines and more or less ma ll ea 1 1 tion ; nuclear whorls 4 , rather large , smooth , rounded ,

- 5 t horn colored ; whorls , well rounded o quite convex , the body whorl varying from somewhat compressed to quite convex ; spire varying from long and pointed to short and

L n ea hed l e i . . . FI . m a G 3 . y y F C Baker

depressed ; sutures well impressed ; aperture ovate or long

ovate , about as long as the S pire ; peristome slightly thick

ened within ; inner li p rather wide , reflected over the

columellar region , leaving a wide umbilical chink ; there is

no plait on the columella ( excepting in young specimens) ,

which , however , may be a little thickened in the middle ;

parietal wall with a wash of white callus .

L . . L . A . . . . W p W mm Type

A L . . . L . W . p . W mm

A L . L . W . p . . W . mm

A . . L . L . W . p . W mm 1 t n t Contribution from Museum of Natural His ory , U iversi y of n Illi ois . 24 THE NAUTILUS

Typ e : Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia No . 4 P ar a es : H U 1 42 89 . typ Museum of Natural istory , niversity

z of Illinois , No . 1 3550 . o a i Typ e l c l ty : Red P ass Junction , source of Fraser R iver ,

British Columbia , altitude 3394 ft . This little lymnaeid is unlike any other west-coast form of this genus . It is differently shaped and very much smaller than sa m a s s i Baird , which occurs in this general 2 L in e i region . It most resembles . b n y Tryon , but differs in its longer , more pointed spire , deeper sutures , and more ff binne convex whorls . The texture is also di erent , yi hav ing a waxy luster and coarse growth lines while hedl eyi is r of duller luster and the growth lines are finer . T a s ki

- Tryon , has more flat sided whorls , a more pointed spire and f less convex whorls , and a di ferently shaped columella . The texture is also different in the two forms , tr as hi being more waxy . The variation in the height of spi re and the con vex ity of the whorls is paralleled only by forms of ema r ina ta f hedl e g , which certain forms o yi somewhat resemble .

o H c l The species is dedicated t Mr . Charles edley , who o l t ec ed S . . the pecimens The writer is indebted to Dr . H . A Pil sbr y for the opportunity of studying and describing this interesting form .

DE S CRIP TION O F A NEW S PE CI E S OF S O MAT O G YRUS FROM WI S CON S IN

E P IL B RY A D . BY H NRY A . S N FRANK C BAKER

S O M ATOGYRU RY S T O NI new species . S oma to r us cur r i emfl n gy us ( Milwaukee specimen ) Tryon ,

- . H Mon Fresh water Univ . Moll . , Contin . aldeman , p . 62 , 1 7 . 1 3 1 . 87 0 pl , fig , ( not the descri ption ) .

2 B n - t . 403 1 aker , Lym aeidae of Nor h America , p , pl . XLI , figs . 1 1 7 .

26 THE NAUTILUS

L C o. Mukwonago River and Creek , Waukesha ; ake Michi gan drainage , Milwaukee , Milwaukee Co . P 2 . . . 5 0 3 . S The Milwaukee S pecimen ( No . 7 A N ) figured by Tryon as cur r i er i cm us L ea was long ago recognized as an erroneous identification and queried on the label by the senior author . It could not be identified with any known e species of the genus . Th re seemed to be no reason to on doubt the locality , which is vouched for the label by the name of I . A . Lapham , a reliable naturalist of Wisconsin in the sixtys ; yet in the absence of confirmation by collectors in the last fifty years , the record had come to be regarded as dubious or mythical .

2 . During the summer of 1 9 6 Dr . Alvin R Cahn , of the Z f Department of oology , University o Illinois , collected ex i l tens ve y in Waukesha and Jefferson counties , Wisconsin , and among the material submitted to the j unior author for his work on the fresh water Mollusca of Wisconsin were a number of S om atogy r u s that appeared to be the same as the Milwaukee spec imen of Tryon , excepting that they were somewhat smaller and had a small umbilical chink . The S r Milwaukee specimen is apparently a very old hell , pe haps having added a third seasons growth , a fact shown by m a dark line marking the place of a for er outer lip . A specimen in the P i persville lot has begun to do the same thing . The Milwaukee specimen is scarcely typical of the normal adult stage of the species , and for this reason the is type material taken from the P ipersville locality , from which the genitalia and radula were described . These will be figured by the j unior author in the Monograph of Wis consin Fresh Water Mollusca , now awaiting publication by the Wisconsin Natural H istory S urvey .

’

S . tr om n y differs from S . i teger in its longer spire , round of er whorls the same , deeper sutures , more globose body whorl , which is not dilated , and the very narrow umbilical opening , which is rarely completely closed by the heavy

inte er columellar callus , as is the case in g , in which the inner lip is bordered by a wide sulcus ind icating added S hell to d e r . S . essus growth the inner lip From p , which it great THE Nwr iws 2? l m s f r m c y rese ble in o , it is at on e distinguished by the very e heavy colum llar callus and the small umbilical chink , d e pr es s us having only a thin wash of callus and being distinctly umbilicated .

BO S TON MA LACOLOGICA L CLU B

The Boston Malacological Club has held its regular meet ings d uring the past season , on the first Tuesday evening

of to . each month , from October May , inclusive These have been held in the L ibrary of the Boston Society of Natural H istory , with the exception of the Annual Meeting , on May

3 r d , when the members of the Club were the guests of the retiring president , Mr . Arthur F . Gray and Mrs . Gray , at their home in Watertown , Mass . The meetings have been well attended ; the membership

n w - d list , o numbering forty two , has been increased by the a dition of four new names ; and at the April meeting it was voted to create a class of H onorary Membership , the num ber to be limited to five . H il sbr P Dr . enry A . P y of hiladelphia , Pa . , Dr . Bryant

Walker of D etroit , Michigan , and Mr . J . W . Taylor of

o H . Leeds , E ngland , were elected t onorary membership

The Club this year decided to take up a family of shells , eve at each meeting , for discussion and examination , the S ni ngs assuming the character of a Symposium , with hort m talks by several of the members , covering the no encla ture , classification , geographical distribution , habits and characteristics of the family , with a comparison of fossil and living forms . Much interest was added by the large number of species ’ c from the Natural H istory S ociety s study colle tions , shown at the meetings through the kindness of Mr . Charles W .

Johnson , and by specimens from the private collections of the members .

The families discussed were the Strombidae , Cypraeidae , 28 THE mor a ss

r a -a Conidae , Mu icid e , Cardiidae and on one evening Sinis ”

S . tral hells At the January meeting , the Club listened to a a t lk by Mr . William J . Clench of the University Museum “ , H ” at arvard , on Collecting in the S outheastern S tates , in which he told of collecting-trips underta ken in the interest U of the niversity of Michigan , in the summers of 1 92 3, 1 2 4 9 and 1 92 5 . of 37 00 The first the trips covered miles by motor , and

lasted twelve weeks , the other two being shorter . The of ground visited included parts Michigan , Ohio , Indiana , A r kah sa s o , Tennessee , Miss uri , Alabama , Mississippi , and

- Florida , the sea coast being touched at one point in the last e named state . The collecting proved excell nt , an enormous of number both species and specimens being gathered , in l o cluding varieties of , and one specimen of the rare P o r a l ho L lygy cht w eens is ( ewis ) , which was found by Mr . ’ Remington , who was Mr . Clench s companion on the trips . A set of lantern slides showed many of the southern

lakes and rivers , including the famous S uwanee River . P ictures of the expedition buried to the hubs in sand or

mud , or showing the j oys of piloting a motor heavily laden

with camping and collecting equipment, where often the “ ” only road is the bed of a creek, and the only bridge a

ford where the motor m ust plunge into the stream , to ’

d . splash across as best it may , ma e Mr Clench s audience realize that such trips call for much patience and resource

fulness , in addition to an enthusiasm for mollusks . A paper of especial interest was read before the Club at “ n . o S its March meeting , by Mr . Francis N Balch , ymbiosis ” in an Undescribed Bermuda Nudibranch . a Mr . Balch began by saying that he had various unrel ted

questions to bring up , concerning nudibranchs in general ,

and this one in particular , and that we might imagine our

selves gathered together in a laboratory , where , having

run across this interesting creature , we could discuss the

questions which it suggested .

H e defined the term symbiosis , in its restricted sense , as

the living together , in one organism , of vegetable cells Ti mNAfiTiLUS 29

‘ ( usually algae ) and cells which are either animal or else fungus c ells , which in their physiology resemble animal cells , saying that the nudibranch is one of the highest forms of animal life in which true symbiosis occurs , as far as is now known . On the blackboard was a series of beautiful outline draw

— — ings the work of Mrs . Balch showing the varying types - f of of breathing apparatus of dif erent species molluscs , i h

- cluding nudibranchs , and on colored lantern slides were en l ar ed g figures of the special form in question , which, only m seven illimeters in length , was found by Mr . Balch under the roots of a gorgonian . of a The alga , or vegetable denizen this tiny creature , p ea r d p e as a sort of intricate border along each side , some what resembling the borings of a worm : in places , near the surface , and at others going deeper in , one part crossing another at a different level , while above waved a row of

- frond like cerata , through which the animal is commonly supposed to breathe , although upon this , the speaker cast some doubt . h The algal growth was found , under t e microscope , to be formed of masses of minute spherical cells , conta ining oil globules , and the question was discussed as to its use in the r e animal , it being thought that it might possibly act as a r e serve supply of food in case of need . The commonly ceived explanation , however , is that since the vegetable cell gives off oxygen , and utilizes carbon dioxide , while the ani mal or fungus cell does exactly the reverse , the two bene

fit mutually by a n exchange of these gases . If this is the true explanation , the vegetable cell may be said to per a form for the animal org nization , in some sort , the func tion of an auxiliary breathing apparatus .

The speaker mentioned , as of special interest, that , at the time this Bermuda symbiotic nudibranch was found , symbiosis had nowhere been discovered in the mollusca , but

i r E that at about the same time , S Charles liot found a very similar symbiosis in another nudibranch . 0 s mbi ot1 c Mr . Balch emphasized the fact that both these y 80 THE mum ps

an h b n a n r i nudibr c s elo ged to a very ncie t g oup, n which the typical molluscan breathing apparatus , the ctenidium , had

been lost , and not as yet replaced by any stable or appar ently efficient new breathing apparatus ; and he suggested a e that it might be more than coincidenc that alga l cells , e producing oxyg n , were found symbiotic among the mol lusca only in these two forms belonging to a grou p which f perhaps lacks ef ective oxygenating apparatus of its own. The genus to which the Bermuda form belongs ( Tri toni ell a ) was believed to be undescribed at the time it was i discovered by Mr . Balch , but t afterward appeared that ’ S i r Charles E liot had found the same genus at Gough s

Island , a lonely islet lying south and slightly east of the H e Cape of Good op ; hence the other side of the Equator , and the other side of the Atlantic from Bermuda . This genus also belongs to the ancient and primitive grou p before referred to, which has many representatives in the Old World and in the P acific ; but which hitherto has n one bee unknown in the Western Atlantic , excepting for representative in the Falkland Islands and one somewhat doubtful form from Brazil . In closing , the speaker touched upon the problems of zoo- geographical distribution sug gested by these facts . The Club brought its present season of activities to a close on May 2 8th , when its Annual Field Day was held ;

S cituate , Mas s , being the spot selected , the members con vening early in the afternoon , when the tide served for col L leeting on the beach , the rocks and the flats . iving speci

’ mens of Z i r fa ea cms p a ta, L . were found in large numbers .

The present off icers are : P resident Mr . Wm . J . Clench ,

- E S - P . Vice president Rev . Oliver merson , ecretary Treas

E . u r er Miss Theodora Willard , xecutive committee Mrs

. Franklin D . Williams and Dr . Austin W . Cheever

D ecr eta r . TH EODORA WILLAR , S y THE NAUTILUS 31

D — W . H . ALL M E MORIA L RE S OLUTION O F T H E C O NC H O LO G I CA L CLUB OF S O UT HE RN CALI FORNIA

Whereas , it has pleased Almighty G od in H i s infinite wis dom , to remove from this plane of labor our friend and fel H low worker William ealey Dall ,

Be it resolved : That we , the Conchological Club of S outh d ern California , o publicly express our feeling of loss in his passing , respect for his great services to conchology , and grateful appreciation of the many courtesies , which we , in

dividually and as a Club , have received at his hands . And be it further resolved : that one copy of these reso S lutions be pread upon the minutes of this Club , and a n T H E AUT ILU other be sent to N S for publication .

E E P r i d e C . . W HIT , es nt ,

E E E . A c t CL M NTIN M G Y, S e r e ar y .

G EORG O S S IAN S IAR S

In the death of this veteran zoologist on April 9 at

- eighty nine years of age, Norway has lost one of her most f distinguished men o science . Sars was best known to malacologists as the author of a standard work on the i ni A r ctica e mollusks of his country , Mollusca Reg o s ” Nor ve i a e 1 44 - g , 87 8 ; 6 pages , 52 plates . It was copiously illustrated by his own hand , not only with figures of the shells , but often the living animal and dentition as well . a ccom The Crusta cea occupied much of his time , but he pl i shed an amazing amount of good work on other groups ,

. S such as Coelenterates , E chinoderms and Annelids ars was ever ready to help scientists of other lands with infor -r mation and specimens , as the present write found when r e working on cirripedes . H e was able to carry on his H i s searches until within a few days of his death . career 32 THE NAUTILUS

t throughout was an honor o science , to his country , and to his race ” 1

NOT E S

H E X S - A LI PI ANA IN CALIFORNIA . fully illustrated a o count of this introduced species and the methods of con “ trolling it is given in the Monthly Bull etin of the Depart ” ment of Agriculture of the State of California , vol . 1 6 , No . 2 o . It is very destructive t fruit trees and flower gardens in the S an Diego region .

E E — P r os o ea s a p ani cnm R CORDS OF P OLYN S IAN S NAILS . p j ilm W atte P . ( Reeve) was collected by Cockerell at Apia , 1 2 4 S amoan Is . , 9 . It is a widely spread species but not be bn a c ona fore reported from that group . S n lin o t was also taken ; both species perhaps recent importations .

At Rarotonga , Cooks Is lands , Mrs . Cockerell found the na ens M co l a. P s e . r o s o a P se . following : Mi c cy tis y in s , . , O p m ha l otr o is va r i op a m nnm Ffr . , S nbnlina octona Brug . , O p p a i lis tr — H P IL SBRY b P se . and G eor i s s a. s i a ta P se . . A . .

— M ARI H R E I P DE P A . r . . oN o T NS s IN HILA LPHIA , James B ’ Clark collected some debris from Wister s Woods , German P A rf i on hor te is town , hiladelphia , in which were found ns f to Fé r o i . o . and P l ta lu ci da Drap , both them new the list of

Philadelphia Mollusks published in T H E NAUTILUS , Vol . 8 ,

- 1 895 . 1 33 . E . . . , p G VANATTA

H EL M I NT H OGLYP TA TRAS K I I ( Newcomb ) AT FORT

— E . T J ON KERN COUNTY , CALIFORNIA The only locality

P . mentioned in the original description ( roc . Calif . Aca d

i - 2 f . c 1 8 1 . 9 1 9 o 1 861 Nat S Vol . 2 , 6 , pp ) this shell in is “

L os . Angeles . A few years later , Newcomb , (Amer “ ” 344 1 865 . Journ . Conch . , Vol . 1 , , p ) added Fort Tej on to its habitat and this record has been often repeated in the

1 k t s i n N a tu r e n 4 1 92 7 a nd t t t in N t S e che , Ju e , , wi h por rai , y

N a nr k ber ne 2 0 1 92 7 . M a ga z in for t vid ens a , April ,

34 THE NAUTILUS

Therefore , unless there be anatomical diff erences of note it appears that the Fort Tej on shells should continue to be

to H elmi ntho l ta tr a s kii referred g yp . The soft parts of two ’ of Dr . Van Dyke s specimens have been preserved . As has been our custom for some years with alcoholic material not likely to be consulted often , these have been hermetically

sealed with proper label . By this method of preservation the dang er of destruction of valuable specimens through evaporation of the preservative is forever obviated . The method is not applicable to large preparations n ot so . but the danger with them is great Shell vials , homeopathic vials or ordinary test tubes make good con ta iner s and the operation of sealing them up is quickly and easily accomplished providing a gas blow torch which pro

h ot — duces a small but flame is availabl e G . DALLAS

HANNA , California Academy of S ciences .

— S r . MOLLU K S I N S PHAGNU M M oss M . W E . Burnett sent a quantity of S phagnum from Bradford , P ennsylvania ,

- taken from a spring fed water hole . In it were found the following shells : Z Columella edentula Drap . onitoides arborea S ay mm ni H l i i s u a r al l el s a P olita ha o s Strom . e cod c s p u S y E uconul us cher s inu s S ay S uccinea ovalis S ay

S triatura ferrea Morse P isidium a bditum H ald .

Striatura milium Morse E . G . VANATTA .

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED

NEW SPE CIFIC NAMES FO R AUSTRAL MoLLUSCA. By 1 2 Z . 57 9 6 H . J . Finlay . Trans . New ealand Institute , Vol , , — 1 9 4 . pp . 88 533. (Jan , This is one of a series on molluscan taxonomy published during recent years by a small group of indomitable Australasian conchologists . The revi sion they have made on the nomenclature of their fauna is t new - and very ex ensive , genus names by the score species names by the hundred having been proposed . The present paper alone contains about 200 changes . Not many of these changes concern western North American conchology and paleontology , but there are a few , and attention is directed

below to some of those which appear to be of most importance . THE NAUTILUS 35

First place in the paper is given to H a li oti s or a cher odii i mp erfor a ta Dall ; this is renamed because of prior use of oti i mp er for a te with H a li s . Unfortunately , these shells are merely freaks or pathologic specimens of cr a cker odi i in which the animal failed to develop the usual series of perfora tions and , as such , many will contend , are not deserving of a separate name . But more unfortunate still is the fact that ’ i s the s non there an earlier name than Dall s , as following y y my will show . Therefore , whether the freak is deserving of no a name or t, the notes show some , at least , of the litera ture that has accumulated about it . f 1 04 4 H a li oti s cr o i . 8 19 1 90 . a cher di , Kelsey , Nautilus Vol , , 7 p . 6 . The imperforate shell is noted and called a freak n t . a 1 907 . H a li o i s cr a cker odi i holzner i Hemphill , Trans S

1907 . oc. H t . 1 2 ec . 3 Diego S Nat . is Vol . , N o. , S , , pp — L 59 60 . The shell is formally described from ower California and stated to be without a trace of perfora

A . 1 374 . tions . The type s pecimen , now No . (Calif cad i c . to S ) shows this be true . 96 1910 H a li oti s cr a cker odi i 23 1 91 0 . . . , Dall , Naut . Vol . , , p e The imperforate shell is again noted but without nam . l 24 1 91 1 H a i otis cr a h r . . c e odi i holzner i , Dall , Naut . Vol , 2 ’ 191 1 , p . 1 5 . This time Hemphill s name is used in e r ferring to the form .

H a i . 1919 l oti s cr a cher r P . S r . . odi i i mp e fo a te Dal], roc U

Mus . ol 1 Nat . V . 56, 919, p . 370 . The shell is here

named and described as a tetar al ogica l specimen , ” hardly even a variety .

S . 1 92 1 H a li oti s cr a cher od i er i 1 1 2 . . i holzn , Dall , Bull . , U 1 92 Nat . Mus . 1 , p . 1 83, pl . 20 . In the explanation of the plate it is stated that the specimen figured has some holes ; Hemphill originally described it as im

perforate . - 1 84 192 1 II a l l ti s r . . her . . c a c odi i i m er r a te O p fo Dall , p cit p , pl ég New 27 H a li oti s cr a n . 19 . cher . odi i lnsns Finlay , n . , Trans 492 Z ] . ea . . . 7 1 . Inst Vol 5 , 926, (Jan . 1 9 , p All of this demonstrates the impossibility of one of us being able to grasp the whole of the literature pertaining to

Mollusca . I have had some little experience and amusement myself in running down names and appreciate the fun Mr. H e Finlay and his associates are having . makes one wonder 36 THE NAUTILUS

o whether , if we d not develop a host of Sherborns in the ne xt 1 00 th years , e present system of nomenclature will become so involved that order will be hopeless . Unless bibliography and indexing of the literature of the world keep pace with taxonomy , the system will become so confused that chaos must result . ’ Mr . Finlay s references to west American paleontology to are equally unfortunate , due the impossibility of consult ing the whole of the literature . The following synonymy will serve to illustrate . ‘ u r r i tell a socor di a H T anna . i el tr r a ta P Tu r r t la i ca i n . o Burwash , roc and Trans . R y . Soc. 4 14 Canada , Vol . 7 , Sect . , 19 , p . 81 .

l di a H P . A i Tu r r i tel a socor a . c 4th r nna , roc Calif cad . S . Se .

1 24 . 1 Vol . 1 3, Mar . 8, 19 , p 85. New name for T. tr i ca r i na ta Burwash , not King . t l a b rf hi Z Tu r r i el n wa s Finlay , Trans . New ealand Inst . Vol . 2 1 9 6 . 1 9 . 497 . w T 57 , , (Jan , p Ne name for . a r a ta tr i c i n Burwash , not Brocchi .

r r l r Tu i te la sa gea nti Anderson and Hanna . ur r i tell a ny a sana tr i cai ’ i na t P T a Dickerson , roc . Calif . Acad . i 4 r 1 1 44 2 c . th e . 5 9 5 . 58 . 5 . S S Vol . , , pp , , pl , fig . P Tu r r i tella sa r gea nti Anderson and Hanna , O c . p r s . Calif. i 1 1 1 2 1 2 for T Acad . Sc . Vol . , 9 5, p . 5. New name . n. t tr i c r i na a K . a Dickerson , not ing Z T r r i tella noa a na r o . u s i . y Finlay , Trans New ealand Inst 2 49 57 1 9 6 . 1 9 . 7 . Vol . , , (Jan , p New name for T u tr i ca r i na ta n u . . Dickerson . ot Brocchi , not B rwash .

. 497 . Tur r i tella nva sa na i nsnl a cit . . Finlay , Op p New name E r . T n. bi ca i na t . for . a Dickerson (Op cit ) not ichwald , P H usch , or G . B . Sowerby . Anderson and anna (Op . t t t t be cit . ) have already s a ed tha his form is invalid cause sometimes the same specimen may be tricarinate

in one part and bicarinate in another .

In spite of the above mentioned points , which are cer tainl y not offered in a critical mood , Mr . Finlay is to be envied for the pleasure he must have had in chasing refer ence and is to be complimented for the indefatigable industry shown in the preparation of the paper . H N G . DALLAS A NA . l i r ni a ci ence a r a n i s a l Ca o A a de o s S n F C . f c my f S , c co , 1 We may add that the type of this species is a dis torted internal cas t t which ought never t o have bee n named in t he firs t place . We have hus t n s n T u r r i tel l a I t s s t t n the hree ames for thi pha tom . i a good illu ra io of t h t n t — ED folly of re naming species e au thor knows no hi g abou .

E E ED L D J S S W GWOO D MIGH E S , M . .

From a small p hotograp h in the library of the Portland S ociety of t t Na ural His ory . H E AUT ILU S .

l X L I O B E R 1 2 V o . C O 9 7 . T , No . 2

I B T KA RA FT O H E LI X FI SC ‘INA HUNT N G ULO A ( ) F ULTON , IN S A GHALIE N

D E BY ANI L B . LANGFORD

The southern part of S aghalien , under Japanese a dmini s tr ati on, consists of two parallel ridges , extending almost due north and south and separated by a wide ma rshy valley cut up by an intricate network of small creeks and streams . The western and highest ridge comprises a series of sharp peaks quite uniform in height , the average alti 00 tude being around 3 0 feet . The eastern side of this ridge being cut up by numerous deep narrow gulches which support a very heavy vegetation . The eastern ridge comprises a chain of rounded hills , heavily forested on the 1 950 top and sides , culminating in the peak of Tiara , feet in height . Until a compa ratively recent date this part of S aghalien e was heavily forested with pine , larch , spruce , whit birch , willow and a dense undergrowt h of various large leaved L plants , bushes and ferns . umbering , forest fires and the ravages of the caterpillar of a species of D endr olimus have combined to destroy vast areas of the larger trees and this destruction is at present continuing at an alarming rate . Conspicuous among the plants of the forest undergrowth i a e s is a giant composite ( P etas i tes j a p oni cns var . g g nt u ) , 38 THE NAUTILUS

called Akitabuki by the Japanes e . The leaves of thi s plant often attain a diameter of six feet and a r e borne on ’ stems as high as a man s head and three inches in diameter . ” Another large leaved plant is O -ita dor i (P olygonum ha inens e s a c l Fr . having leaves often a foot in length and the soft , woody stems growing to a heig ht of “ ” k I r a usa r i ca di a r . fifteen feet . A nettle Yezo ( U t oi ca , v pl a typ hylla Wedd . ) grows everywhere in great luxuriance . The central plain is pra ctically denuded of large forest trees and is covered with tall grass with razor-like serrated i edges , second growt h conifers and wh te birch . Thickets of willow and the usual undergrowt h are found along the numerous small streams .

E . s ina The first specimens of fi c , to come to my notice were collected by a student of the Imperial University 92 3 d uring the summer of 1 . These specimens came from “ ” Maoka , on the west coast , on the leaves of Akitabuki . The following year an o pportunity came to visit the island and the last week of July wa s spent collecting over the southern end of the island . S pec imens taken at this time i P l sbr P . 2 were figured by y , roc A . N . S . Phila . , 1 9 7 , plate I .

The snail was collected at three localities : Ichinosawa , about three miles to the west of Odoma ri at the end of the central valley and but a short distance from the coast at l w i a very o elevation ; Kim nai , some 1 8 miles to the north east of Odomari in the valley of the Kiminai River at an 5 elevation of about 00 feet , situated on the Pacific coast slope of the easter n ridge ; and at Kawakami , 1 8 miles north west of Toyohara on the eastern slope of the west ridge at an elevation of about 1 000 feet . E xperience indicates that this species inhabits damp situations along the creeks , preferring deep shade under the large leaved plants , and apparently feeding on decay ing leaves and other soft decaying vegetation . No speci mens were taken on the tops of the ridges nor at a ny great

distance up the sides of the gulches . It almost invariably “ ” i i was found associated with the plants Ak tabuk , “ ” “ O -ita dor i and Yezo I r ak usa

40 THE NAUTILUS

hot to the touch and it is possible that the heat causes them to drop . Numbers of broken shells among the rocks on the ground attested to the dangers attending this form “ ” of sport . If the fall did not prove disastrous the snail m began crawling almost im ediately after dropping , pre suma bl y to repeat the experience . Other species of shells collected on S aghalien were S u ccinea l a nta kar a o ns i il ft e s P sbr y . On partly decaying

leaves in damp places at Ichinosawa , Kiminai and

Kawakami .

Ka li el la u d ei Pil b g s r y . Ichinosawa . G on odi s cns y p au p er Gould . On decaying logs and stumps m and under bark , at Ichinosawa , Ki inai and Kawakami .

P r i s ti l oma a o i ca P il j p n sbr y . Ichinosawa . “ olu m el la C ed entu la Drap . On stems of Akita buki and

other large leaved plants , at Ichinosawa , Kiminai and

Kawakami .

Z oo enet es ha r g p a S ay . Ichinosawa . L m a ea y n s p . Kiminai River .

i ta na m r a L . M ar a r a r i ti er a . g g f , One specimen Kiminai

River .

T H E MOLLU S CA OF LAK E BAIKAL

T . D . E E BY A . COCK R LL

L I have j ust returned from a trip to ake Baikal , where , as the guest of the Biological S tation of the University of

Irkutsk , I had the great pleasure of seeing the Baikal

snails alive , dredged up from the stony bottom in a few

fathoms of water . When I reached the lake , I hastened ’ to to the shore , expecting find the snails at the water s edge ,

but none could be seen . They do not exist along the shore

line , but only some distance out , in the deeper water . At the station they have devised an ingenious apparatus for THE NAUTILUS 41

bringing up large stones , and on these will be found many

mollusca , planarian worms and amphipod crustacea . Mr . Rubtzoff who Ivan , went collecting with me , knows the

species so well that he can name them at sight . Those we brought up , close to the station , were B enedi cti a bai ca l ens is er stf G . B i ca li o c , a a fl r i Dyb . , An ylu s tr os chelii

D b . a l va ta r a bii D b A h nom h . c oa a ln c . y , V g y , species of p s , & It was interesting to see the living B enedi cti a ; a P a lndina like snail with the head , tentacles and upper parts of body black , the sole grey . In deeper water are other species B enedi cti a of with larger and thinner shells , the largest

B . r a i li 40 52 . . being f g s Dy b . , to mm long The lake con 90 tains about species of mollusca , of which 81 are endemic , while many of the most characteristic S pecies belong to endemic genera . The lake is very clear , the water is saturated with oxygen , and there is very little mineral matter in solution . The shells are consequently thin ; those

Anc l u s s i bi r i c of y ns Gerst . are so fragile that it is difficult to get them intact , and they are often lost from specimens brought up . Baikal is the deepest lake in the world , with a maximum depth of about 1 5 60 meters . The water is extremely cold . Thus the conditions are quite unique and apparently unsuited to the more ordinary forms of mol lusca . Lymnae a a nr i cnla r i a is represented by two endemic varieties at the warmer southern end of the lake . A L peculiar variety of L . ova ta has been described by ind

n l n. S holm , and P hys a fonti a i s has been take ome of the

Baikal types are found in the great river Angara , flowing in swiftly out of the lake , but the surrounding country the fresh water S hells are of ordinary E uropean type . Thus P ni ti du s or tus . Midd endor ff long ago found P l anor bi s cont , ,

a na tr nnca tnla 6m m ea s t lis L . Ly na g , , in the vicinity of

Irkutsk . of of P rofessor Lvoff, head the department geol ogy at the University of Irkutsk , has found a very of interesting series of fossils , I suppose probably Tertiary

. age , in dense rock at Vitim in the Transbaikal The a l u dinoid principal specimens are S hells of p form , about 42 THE NAUTILUS

1 7 . mm long , with deep sutures , which seem to me to differ

no m - in visible character fro B enedi cti a . Caddis cases S how

that the deposit is of fresh water origin . There are also

fragmentary fishes , probably salmonoid . If the reference

B e of these shells to nedi ctia can be confirmed , an extension

of the lake to the eastward is apparently indicated . P r o fessor Na ssonov tells me that he thinks the S ea of Japan

holds the key to the origin of the Baikal fauna , the ancient connection with the sea having been eastward rather than or H northward southwestward . owever the evidences of marine origin a r e much weaker than is generally sup

posed , and probably inconclusive . The nudibranch , Anc l odor i b i a en i D l . y s a c s s yb , probably never came from

the lake . It cannot now be found by any one . It was ' described from a specimen left after the death of Grube

in a bottle simply labelled Lake Baikal . The supposed

pteropod is certainly a mistake .

I hunted in the surrounding region for land snails , m with extre ely poor success . P robably there is no region

which is fertile and with an abundant flora , which

possesses so few land snails . I imagine that this may be h due to t e fact that the Gobi Desert , immediately to the

south , has made impossibl e any migration northward since e the ice age . The plants and insects , being more mobil ,

have come in from the east , and perhaps partly from the

west . The only snail of fair S ize I could find was what I

i D b . take to be E nl ota fr nt cnm a si a tica y , probably better

s i a . called a distinct species , E . a ia t c I collected them at

Baikal Railway Station and at Archan . The other snails are such small and widespread species as C ochli cop a

lnbr i ca E u c nu lu s u l vu s G on odi s cns r nd er a ta i tr ea , o f , y and V

n a . r a di a tnl a . S u cci e also occurs Westerlund described

two species of H ygr omi a from Irkutsk , and a third from

h H . a locality in the same region . T e type locality of

i bi r i ca st of L s W . , is Kultuk , at the southern end ake Baikal

and Ver ti go a lp es tr i s Al d . has been taken at this place . I

passed through Kultuk on the way to Archan , but had no

opportunity to hunt for snails . Of slugs I found only one THE NAUTILUS 43

. A r i olima x a r es species , common everywhere This is g g tis ,

invariably of the very pale reddish variety without S pots .

At Archan , Olga and Nina Lvoff, the daughters of P r o fes r L so voff, guided me to a travertine deposit they had discovered at the foot of the mountains , close to the shrine of a B uriat priestess . In this I found leaves of P op u lus tr emu l a E nl ota a si a ti ca , and fossil snails of the species , E u conu l us u l vu s ochli co a f , and C p l u br i ca . As the aspen and all these snails are still living in the immediate vicinity , I conclude that the deposit must be of H olocene age . As I write we are making arrangements to go to

Tashkent , in Russian Turkestan .

— n P . S . O further consideration , I believe the snail of ’ to D bowsk i s as ia ti ca the Baikal region , referred as y , must h i eli x s c r encki i M d en r ff L . be the H d d o , of which Dr . . V hr n k H r S c e c said that the depressed form was like . f a ti cu m . This species has been recorded from Baikal . Gude

h e a not . e refers it to T b , but this is very convincing I hav i not as yet made any dissections . H . s i bi r i ca Fr v . is said to be the same , and I fancy a si a ti ca Dyb . must also be

— identical T . D . A . C .

CON U S A U RORA LAMARCK

L S BY J . R . eB . TOMLI N AND MINA L . WIN LOW

What is the correct name t o employ for the commonest ? S outh African cone There is no lack of choice . The species is variable in coloration and this fact has led as usual to a bewildering array of synonyms . The earlier writers on S outh African Mollusca general

r os a cea s S l y called it Chemnitz , referring to the ystem

- 1 1 81 . 7 5 6 ati sches Conchylien Cabinet XI , plate figs and

1 7 57 , and this is probably the earliest identifiable record , 44 THE NAUTILUS

to E though it is erroneously said inhabit the ast Indies . r os a ceu s not The name was , however , used as a valid so i binomial until Dillwyn employed it n 1 81 7 . In recent years it has been the fashion to call it tini anus H wa s s of or Bruguiere , to whichever author we ascribe E é é the species of Conus described in ncyclop die M thodique , l vo . Vers , I , pt . ii . This View was introduced by S owerby

in Journal of Conchology , vol . V , p . 1 0 , 1 886 and repeated “ , S S ” 2 in his Marine hells of outh Africa , p . 8 , 1 892 . C onu s tini a nus i s said to have come from Tinian Island “ ( one of the Ladrones ) , and is described as exhibiting un a rouge Vif analogue celui de C innabar , et trois rangs de ’ i r r é ul ier es taches g , d un bleu cendré , pale . Ces taches

offrent, dans leur intérieur , des suites circulaires de points fauves et blancs , qui disparaissent sur l e fond rouge de la coquille . The shell is figured in the E ncyclopédie

Méthodique Tableau 338 , fig . 2 , and shows a cone much r a ttu s more of the type , broadening rapidly from the base , H and quite unlike the build of the Cape species . owever , n w we are not o concerned with the identity of tini anus . ’ Dillwyn s appropriate name r os a ceu s was antedated by 81 0 a ur or a Lamarck in 1 with the equally fitting , both

citing the same figures of Chemnitz in reference . This

e . last , then , seems to be the earliest valid nam The following synonymy is probably far from being complete : cafi er and s ecu tor apply to brown varieties with a median band ; l a vendu lu s and l oy eni to lavender or bluish shells which are variously marbled with shades of brown ; fu l vu s is a tawny shell with the median band almost obsolete ; becker i is a large form with the spire flatter than

usual , and the last whorl consequently subangulate ; the type of s u ccinctu s is a specimen which ought to have been

. thrown away , with but little trace of pattern or color left T o summarize P nu s a u r or a L : . . 81 . C o Oct . , 1 0 amarck Ann Mus aris 2 4 3 . XV , p .

s r os a ceu s : D escr . . . 1 81 7 . C onu Dillwy n Cat Rec 4 33 . Shells I , p . T H E NAUTILUS 45

4 ‘ 1 8 8 . C onu s ca er : S u dafr fi Krauss . Moll . p . 1 31 , 6 pl . , fig . 2 4 .

C onus l ni oy e : . Krauss l c . fig . 2 5 .

C onus s ecu tor : Crosse Journ . de Conch . 3 . 03 . 9 XIII , p , pl , fig . 3 . 4 Nov . 1 1 854 . C onus su cci ct n u s . : P . Z , . A Adams S . 1 853,

p . 1 1 8 .

1 886 . C onus tinia nu s S non owerby ( Brug . )

Journ . of Conch . V , p . 1 0 .

1 892 . C onus tini anus S non owerby ( Brug . )

S s S o. Marine hell of Africa , p . 2 8 .

1 889 . C onu s u lvu s f S owerby : Journ . of Conch .

. 1 0 . VI , p , pl I , fig . 1 .

C onu s beck er i S r owerby : P . Mal . S oc.

L 352 - . fi ondon IX , p , text gs .

2 8 1 on 1 9 5 . C us l a vendu lus , Bartsch : U . S . Nat . 9 1 . . 1 2 Mus B ull , p . , pl . I , fig . 1 0 .

NOT E S ON O ST RE A CALIFORNICA MARCO U

D L E BY G . ALLAS HANNA AND EO GEORGE HERTL IN

California Academy of S cience s

When the account1 was recently prepared on the pale f ontology o Coyote Mountain , Imperial County , California , an attempt was made to include all references to previously incom recorded fossils . As often happens , the work was

l t ou r . p e e, collaborator , Mr . Frank M Anderson , having discovered an omission which is here supplied .

In 1 858 Jules Marcou published in Zurich , S witzerland ,

1 D n nt n nt nn . . t t Ha a , G Paleo ology of Coyo e Mou ai , Imperial Cou y , 1 4 1 8 2 3 i th e r . . . . California . Proc . Calif . A cad . S c . 4 S , Vol , No , Mar , — 0 l 2 0— 2 1 92 42 7 5 3 s . 9 6, p p . , p . 46 T HE NAUTILUS

the 2 an account of geology of North America . H e was to attached one of the early U . S . S urveys but withdrew

through some mi sunderstanding . H i s observations were Z published privately in urich . A considerable number of new species of fossils were

described and seven plates of illustrations of them appear . ”

O s tr ea vi r ini ca . ca li or ni ca 2 The first is g var f ( p . 3 , pl . 2 2 5 . a e , figs , ) The specimen was coll cted by Capt . A . W . “ Whipple in the Colorado desert , California ; near Carrizo ” a n Creek , between S Diego and Fort Yuma . Marcou con s id er ed the formation as probably belonging to the

Miocene or perhaps the P liocene . The species appears from the illustration to be exactly the same as was collected in the region and reported in the Coyote Mountain report under the name O s tr ea

i r s 3 i d e cens Gray . That identification was obtained from Dall ’ s review of west American oysters4 and Carpenter ’ s 5 description . 0 . i r i d es cens was based on living shells of

the Gulf of California . Figures of the species are not

available . In the Conchological Museum of the Leland Stanford University there are specimens from the west

coast of Mexico , which , according to Mrs . I . S . Oldroyd ,

were identified at the U . S . National Museum as O .

i r i d es cens . These specimens have a prolonged rectangular

- outline , laminated structure , brownish purple metallic

luster on the interior , and the hinge is somewhat long and ’

square . These forms agree with Carpenter s description y r i c except that they do not resemble closely O . i g ni a . We are therefore inclined to regard O s tr ea ca lifor ni ca as a r e valid species for the present , and consider the form

i d es cens H to ferred t o O . i r by anna be referable to Mar

’

cou s species . When a large collection from the west coast

2 t i t tw o t on Marcou , Jules . Geology of Nor h America w h repor s n the R nt n N ew the p rair ies of Arkansas a d Texas , ocky Mou ai s of h n n e Mexico , a nd t e Sierra Nevada of Califor ia , origi ally mad for

— — Z 1 8 8 1 1 44 l s . 1 7 5 . th e U nited States Government . urich , , pp VI , , p ,

3 geol . maps . 3 — 7 . 2 6 . 4 468 . n . cit . . Ha na , O p p , pl , figs

4 — V 2 1 1 91 4 . 1 3 . 8 . Nautilus , ol . , No , May , , pp 5 — 1 856 . 1 57 1 58 . C a t . Maz atlan Shells , , pp

48 THE NAUTILUS

l 2 3x 45 1 2 ( ) Band and are fused near the lip , 3 and the extra band x and 4 and 5 are all fused toward the lip

Variety r u bel la ( red )

Bands 4 and 5 fused near the lip

Bands 2 and 3 partly fused 1

Bands 1 , 2 and 3 partly fused 1 1 1

Bands 1 , 2 and 3 partly fused 1 Band 1 fused with the others near the lip 1

The range of the species seems very limited , confined ,

according to Mr . Morse , to two estates . The only possible

clue as to their introduction is , that several years ago a

large number of rose bushes were imported from Ireland . That young shells or even the eggs may have been among

the roots of the bushes seems quite probable . A favorable situation on the coast has presented a suitable environment

and thus accounts for their rapid increase . U Dr . H . E . Crampton of Columbia niversity has sup plied the following data from a lot of 7 90 specimens from 2 9 7 . Marion , collected in June , 1 T HE NAUTILUS 49

A NEW VA RIE TY OF H E LI S O MA CAMPAN U LATA FROM MICHIGAN

E BY FRANK C . BAK R

HELISO MA CAMPANULATA MICHIGANENS IS var . nov .

l n r u d enti s P a o bis ca mp anu l a tus var . r Dall , Alaska

ti s of . . d e Moll , p . 90 , 1 905 ( not the true r u n Dall ) P O c . P l a nor bi s ca mp anu l a tu s r u d enti s Winslow , apers ,

— 8 1 0 1 92 6 . Z 3 . . Mus . ool . Univ . Mich , 1 80 , p . , pl i , figs ,

( Not of Dall . ) S hell differing from typical ca mp a nu l a ta in being on axially shorter , exhibiting full whorls the base , the inner whorl diminishing slowly in diameter , while in the typical form there are whorls Visible , the second of which diminishes rapidly in diameter and disappears

$ t n s t Contribution from t he Museum of Natural His ory , U iver i y

l n s N . 44 of I li oi , o . 50 THE NAUTILUS

abruptly in the umbilicus ; basal whorls rounded , not sub

angulated .

H . . . A H . . . T Gr D p D mm . yp e. ( Baker

coll . , H . . . A . H . Gr D p D . mm . P ar a typ e .

( Baker coll . ,

T e l oca li t : L m o yp y Marl ake , Roscom on C . , Mich . Typ es

. t es C o : . Baker coll yp Univ Mich ; Bryant Walker .

d e This shell has been confused with r u ntis Dall , but an

examination of a paratype kindly sent by D r . P aul

U . . . M Bartsch , of the S Nat us , shows that this a ppr oxi r u d enti mation is not correct , s being higher axially , and f of dif ering in the form the umbilicus which is , as Dall has “ ” - said , reamed out , forming a regular , broad , cone shaped

- or funnel shaped umbilicus , quite different from the small , i rounded perforation in m chi ga nens i s . The sculpture ,

also , is heavier than in the new variety . T he paratype of r u d enti s from the National Museum measures as follows H . . A H . . Dr D . p . . D . mm . ( U S . N . M L Knee ake .

Dr . Bartsch says of this specimen it is a trifle smaller than the type but larger than most of the other seven

specimens . Ru d enti s appears to be a northern form which is probably confined to the Canadian region and the H udson Bay drain

i hi e is age . M c gan ns should be found in other localities in

both Michigan and Wisconsin . None has been seen from to Wisconsin . The new variety is likely be confused with

- a m n la ta da y is i another recently described variety , c p a u

8 . . 1 7 Winslow ( op . cit . , p . , pl ii , figs which is smaller i a e s i s e than m chi g n n , the whorls are mor tightly coiled

and four are usually visible on the base , and the axial

diameter is typically somewhat less . The most obvious character of differentiation is the small size and more

tightly coiled whorls , which leaves a very narrow and deep

umbilicus . This variety is very abundant in a small , now h L Co . dry lake , east of White ake , Oakland , Mic , and is THE NAUTILUS 51

L o. also found in Mud ake , Waukesha C , Wis . In Miss Win ’ slow s interesting and valuable revision of the ca mp anu la ta group if the name mi chi ga nensi s is used for r u d enti s all of the Michigan varieties will be included , although a new r u d en i s summary will include the true t in addition . As the writer has stated elsewhere , the fauna of the small and large lakes of Wisconsin and Michigan appear to have each a facies peculiar to itself . From the limited data at hand on the ecology of mi chi ga nens i s and d a y i s i it would a ppear that the former live in the larger , perhaps clearer small lakes , while the latter live in small , more or less muddy lakes , of shallow depth .

- E NON MARIN MOLLU SK S OF VOLU S I A COUNTY , FLORIDA

BY MAXWELL S M ITH

The material which forms the subj ect of this paper was 2 1 9 7 . collected by Sydney B . H olt and the writer in March ,

E xcursions were made in various directions from D eL a nd . No collecting was done in the vicinity of Daytona Beach due to the fact that most of the hammocks have been cleared for real estate development with the result that both fauna and flora are practically destroyed , thru the agency of ax and flame .

TURTLE M OUND This is said to be the highest Indian Mound in the state and is composed mostly of oyster S hells . It is situated “ ab out seven miles south of Coronado Beach on the island between the H alifax River and the Atlantic . The approach is first thru a well wooded section and later over a dune

region as yet unspoiled by man . The mound is visible some distance away but is most imposing when viewed 52 TH E NAUTILUS

from the river . From the placid shore of the river it is ’ only a few minutes walk to the ocean beach . The top of the mound affords a unique View embracing broad ex

panses of water , dunes and a fringe of palms . The S lopes support a considerable number of plants and bushes with U l r cacti in large groups . nder these live P o ygy a and f other mollusks . At the base o the mound an accumulation of river drift was found to be exceedingly rich in small of shells . A quantity this was brought home and so far has yielded the following species :

Z oni toi d es minus cu l a a l a chua na Dall . Named for the

county . Lee Vi tr ea da lli a na P ils . P reviously reported from , Mon

roe and Brevard Counties .

E u conu lus fu l vu s Drap .

H eli codis cus p ar a ll el us S ay .

P olygyr a s ep tem y ol y a S a y . Under cacti .

G a s tr ocop ta p ellu ci da hod ea cell a P ils .

contr a cta S a . G . y

M i cr ocer amus p ontificu s Gld .

H eli cina or bi cu la ta S ay .

Tr u nca tel la bi l a bi a ta Ffr .

S HELL PITS NEAR DELAND

H ere tons of semi -fossil shells are dug out and used as a

top dressing on the minor roads . Viviparus and Ampul laria are plentiful together with a half dozen or more bv other genera . Two species are conspicuous their

apparent absence in nearby wate . S ee a i l l osa Anth . Goni obas i s ca tenar i a S ay . ( G . p p ) ’ 2 4 4 1 . P il sbr y s notes Naut . ,

t the E . P hy s a s ca l ar is Jay . First no ed from verglades

STARK GROVE NEAR FATIO

E u gl andina r os ea Fer . 1 81 9 ex P olygyr a a va r a S ay . This was described in from THE NAUTILUS 53

’ Fati o s ’ amples taken in orange grove on the St . John s ” River . The name Fatio appears on a tiny freight sta

tion on the railroad close to the grove . This habitat ,

where the type apparently was obtained , is best reached today by motoring to Lake Beresford boat house and then walking down the railroad track to the freight

station . o li P lygyr a u vu fer a S hutt . Taken alive under half rotted ’ wood close to the St . John s River . n D r yma eus d or ma i a l bi du s Wright . A scarce shell not found elsewhere by us ; taken in orange tree cavities

close to the ground , also under dead leaves and rubbish

in dense shade . It is said to be abundant here in the

wet season when it climbs to the tops of the trees .

H eli codis cus p a r a ll el u s S ay .

Z oni toi d es minu s cu l a Binney .

E E DE D NEAR OLD S T TS ON ES TAT , LAN

S u ccinea fl or i dana P ils .

P olygyr a u vu lifer a S hutt .

LAKE BERES FORD

L a mp si li s ves i cu lar i s Lea .

Vi vip ar u s wa l toni Tryon .

LAKE M ONROE AT BE NSON S PRINGS ( ENTERPRISE )

Vi vi p ar u s wa l toni Tryon . Amp u ll a r i a p a lu d os a S ay

E lli p ti c hinkl eyi Wright .

’ E E DE D D S T . J OH N S RIV R N AR LAN LAN ING

P l a nor bi s dur yi Weth . Reported from Orange County by

. C . H . Baker ; Rockledge , Brevard County by Nylander

m . P . s ca l a r is Jay . Young speci ens Known to inhabit

Miami River region and Orange County . 54 THE NAUTILUS

a S D S ’ I LAN IN T . J OH N S RIVER NEAR BLUE SPRINGS

Am u lla r i a a lu d o p p s a S ay . Fou nd alive on mud under

water hyacinths , mostly young specimens . This was

the only colony of living ones that we observed . F er r i s s ia eninsu l a e p P . J . Fresh dead examples abundant

in the dry po r tion of this tiny island . h sa cu b s i P y en s Pfr . Young .

P l a nor bis car i e ba us Orb . Young . Amni c t o . ola s p . According Dr Walker probably new M us cu li u m This and the will be described later .

s c m i M u u li u m ear ns Sterki . Rather plentiful with the

Fer r i ss ia , all dead . Description prepared in 1 91 6 from

specimens examined by Dr . S terki at the U . S . National “ ’ ” Museum labelled H ead of the St . John s River . The a r e manuscri pts will be published shortly . There two ” specimens in the Sterki collection from Gee Creek , Fla .

County unknown.

M . s p . Apparently a new species detected among the others

by Dr . Sterki .

E u p er a s ingl eyi P ils .

BLUE SPRINGS

S u ccinea efiu s a S hutt . Found living on a log , overhanging the crystal stream amidst a scene of indescribable tropic

beauty . H ere abound mullet , turtles and water moc

. ca s ins . Alligators are occasionally seen fi sher Uni o bu ckl eyi L ea . May have been brought here by

o . men for bait . N doubt lives nearby

PONCE DE LE ON SPRINGS

P la nor bi s gl a br a tu s S ay .

Vi vi p a r us wa l toni Tryon .

Amp u l l ar i a p a lu d os a S ay .

56 THE NAUTILUS

and variation . There are now over a hundred entries in the collection of the Carnegie Museum , representing

S r — T es : thousands of pecimens looked ove yp No . 9469 t S ( phaeriidae collection ) from the Camp Creek , Dickinson

o. C , Kansas .

S . s tr i a tinum L It is of the same group with amarck, and apparently takes its place westward , but their areas are

somewhat overlapping , e . g . in Illinois and Wisconsin . The i mussels are larger , more eq u pa r tite with the dorsal mar gin somewhat shorter somewhat less and more evenly in fl ate . The surface is more markedly rugulose , more dull , and decidedly less variable as to striation ; (about the color , see below) . Variation : The species is rather variable in several

- respects . Typical and near typical forms are found over S most of the area ; even th ey how differences , of size

from 1 4 to 1 7 mm . long ; S hape : some old specimens have the posterior end rounded— a feature shown by most

species of the group . The striae are from very fine and

crowded to somewhat coarser and regular , especially over the beaks ; color : the grayish— or drab — corneous shade i s r eval ent the un _ p in the adult and , by way , practically t tinu rn known with S . s r i a . The straw color to light yellow

of the young is more persistent in some forms , and in one

lot , apparently not distinct, even the mature ones have not

changed . A large number of specimens from a drainage

H . . a r e ditch at Urbana , Ill . , collected by Dr . J Van Cleave , i r somewhat different , slightly smaller , w th the beaks mo e

prominent , and the color j ust dark corneous , are probably

a local form , due to environment . : S . n. neos hens e somewhat smaller , less inflate , slighter ,

with outlines more rounded , surface less rugulose , with

striae fine and slight , color lighter , corneous to yellowish ;

. N eosho River , Kansas , several places , also collected by Dr 9490 9554 Mera ; e . g . Nos . , , appears to be a regional sub

species . t m ? i bbosu m : S . nota u g dorsal margin , and hinge , some the what more curved , posterior slope more marked and THE NAUTILUS 57

end more angular , ventral margin less curved ; mussel more inflate , above , but the discs towards the ventral are some what flattened ; surface less rugulose and somewhat glossy color light to dark corneous — Greenwood P ark pond at De s . H . . ni Moines , Ia , collected by Mr T Van y ng , in 1 906 , nota tu m associated with , and a few other S phaeria . There were many hundred specimens of the two, and these are markedly different from each other , but with intermediate forms . It appears possible , or even probable , that they are distinct species , may be carried into the pond by streams , and there hybridized . I could not obtain any facts proving or disproving this . B ut : some specimens of

bbosu m gi , typical , have been seen from other places , part ot nota tu m : l y distant , n accompanied by ; and with all other i bbo nota tum from scores of places , there were no g surn. m Beside these , there are so e other S phaeria more or

t m . less resembling nota u , under doubt Additional ma ter i al s may prove whether they be forms of this , or of distinct species .

S OME MISPLACE D P LE URO CE RID S

BY CALVIN GOODRICH

S everal species of the Pleuroceridae have been per mitt ed to remain for many years in genera to which they do not belong . In the notes that follow I have called atten tion to more or less casual corrections of such mistakes , and have undertaken on my own part the correction of to others . S o far as I have been able do so I have examined types .

1 0 r ota Reeve , 1 860 . Thought by Tryon to belong to P il sbr P a ch m ela ni a Angi tr ema . y has recognized this as y “

u . S ee a u r i ta ( O . F . M ller) Aquatic Mollusks of the Bel 2 gian Congo p . 67 . 58 THE NAUTILUS

M el ani a br evi s Lea 1 843 Li thas i a s howa l ter ii L , ; ea , 1 850 ; u m L L . si or is ea 1 861 L . vi tta ta Lea 1 8 2 f f , , and , 6 , all from the Coosa River , are not Litha si a s as L ea and Tryon con sider ed Goni oba s them , but se . This was pointed out to me a o H H several years g by erbert . S mith . The correction r e

a the M ela nia s howa lter quires change in name ii L ea , 1 861 , oni oba si s and I propose that this species be made G pi ls br yi . M el ania bi ta enia ta 1 4 83 . Conrad , A S tr ephobas is in the

. oni obas is j udgment of Tryon I take this to be a G , possibly a deformed and smooth specimen of Goni obas i s hydei

( Conrad ) . M ela nia com a cta 1 854 p Anthony , . P laced by Try on in

Li thas ia . Li thas ia nu cl e L This and its synonym , a ea , 1 860 , are Ancul osa s . M ela ni a l anos i r a 1 4 p p Anthony , 85 . Called an Ancu l osa

by Tryon . The author gives Tennessee as the type locality , but the specimen in the Museum of Comparative Z oology “ that is labeled type is marked as from Kentucky . It is the stout Ancul osa -like Li thas ia obova ta ( S ay ) that occurs

in the Green River at Mammoth Cave . Anthony does not mention the cave as one of the places he visited on hi s

walking trip into the south , but he describes M ela ni a

l a ti tans as from it . r ta L e 1 4 r o e M etau i a to a , 8 5 . P laced by T yon in P l eu r c r a . ni This is a plicate G o oba si s that is close to la qu ea ta ( S ay ) . It appears to be confined to a few streams of southern Ten “

nessee . It is , as Tryon remarks , peculiar for the great

a ccuminati on of the upper part of the spire . 4 s a L ea 1 8 1 . M el a ni a s tr i go , The types , Na oni oba si s ar a ch ti onal Museum , have the sculpture of G

noi d ea (Au th . ) and are close to that species . It is a creek

form , probably from near Knoxville , Tenn . , and not a mol L ea H lusk of the rivers , as the locality given by , olston

River , indicates . i l ii L ea 1 863 P l eur ocer a . d s ac Tr yp anos toma ly on , , Raf p oni obasis ing T r ypa nos toma Lea . This is the common G ebenu m ( L ea ) that occurs in the Cumberland River and its c streams above the Falls and in its tributaries below . O THE NAUTILUS 59 ca si onal specimens in some of the colonies are plicate on the spire . A pure strain of the plicate shells inhabits the New

River of the Cumberland and is , I think , the same as i oba is m er Gon s e y ensis Lea . The locality for em er y ensi s is “ H given as Rocky Creek , ead Branch of Emery River , E . ”

. . ff Tenn Dr Ortmann and I , at di erent times , tried to find the shell in the Emory drainage , and failed . The maps of ’ the 1 860 s were probably not very good in the matter of de tail , especially as regards the rough country of E astern

Tennessee , and it is likely that even the natives were not quite sure whether their Rocky Creek belonged to the Cum berland or the E mory . er a M el ania op a ca Anthony , 1 860 . A P l eu r oc according Z to Tryon . The type in the Museum of Comparative oology i s a Goni obas is of one of the groups that occur in the vicin H ity of elena , Ala . If it is a good species it is close to

Goni oba s is ger m a na described at the same time . 2 T r yp anos toma tenness eens e L ea , 1 86 . P laced by Tryon m er a a a L a in the synono y of P l eur oc op c . e says he received the shells from Drs . Troost and Currey and J . M . S afford .

Those in the National Museum that came from Dr . Troost , which I assume to be the types , are freakish specimens of

Goni obasi s s or di da inca r ta ( Anth . ) e i 4 M l a n a p r oci s sa Anthony , 1 85 . Made by Tryon , with some hesitation , the sole member of his first group of

Goni obasi s . H e thought it probable that the shell , though m assigned to Alabama , might be fro North Carolina where

Ancu l os a e somewhat like it occur . In examining some material from the Alabama“ Museum of Natural H istory I

came upon a shell accompanied by a note in H erbert H . S mith ’ s handwriting venturing the opinion that thi s was ’ r oci s s a S Anthony s p . It was taken on Muscle hoals , and is

a young Li thasi a ver r u cosa ( Raf . ) with a freakish sculp

ture . 1 1 9 862 . Goni oba sis s tewar d soni a na L ea , 1 The types , ,

Li tha si a ver r u cos a . 2 7 0 , Natural Museum , are ( Raf ) in which the tubercules have coalesced into raised lines con

tinuous quite around the whorls . 60 THE NAUTILUS

M ela ni a a bbr evi a ta Anthony , 1 850 . Tryon makes this a ni oba si s o M . el e antu la A h G and throws g nt . , cor oni ll a Anth . , cu r vi l a br i s An th . ch l ba ea u , and a y A th . ( Brot ) into its n s no om . a bbr evi a ta i t y y The type of is a deformed L has i a ,

L . li ino u s a Lea . cor oni lla probably f g Of , Mr . W . J . Clench of the Museum of Comparative Zoology writes me that “ ‘ ’ one specimen , marked original , presumably from the ‘ ’ original lot , is labeled Kentucky . This is probably the correct locality . It looks very much like the Green th i Barren River material , meaning Li a s a obova ta ( S ay ) that in the Green River and its drainage takes many forms .

One of the forms , in numbers always comparatively rare , cu r vi a r i is l b s . It may be pathological . A corresponding form in the Ohio river has been named Goni oba si s i nfor m b i s . Cha ly a ea seems to be a nude name . 4 M elani a a equ a lis H aldeman , 1 8 1 . Considered a G oni o ba i s s by Tryon . Specimens in the National Museum are young shells either of 1 0 or Li thas i a . In the Walker col

Li a s er sa lection are young th i a v r u co Raf . that are from l o a h ck a e u a li s . N c u y River , as is the case with q They are

r remarkable fo rather strong plicae , which appear to be ’ the most striking character of Haldeman s species . Fig . 1 64 in Tryon ’ s monograph shows a specimen with an aper on i ture quite unlike G i obas s , but resembling that of some

Litha s i a s .

4 . o i oba sis M el a ni a ta bu l a ta Anthony , 1 85 A G n in

’ Tryon s opinion . I did not see this species in examining the L ea Anthony types . Three lots in the collection named ’ descr i ta bu la ta are Li tha s i a oboc a ta S ay . The author s p o tion and the figures in Tryon suggest ob y a ta . The type

locality is given as Tennessee though , more likely , it is ’

. Kentucky . Anthony s geography was often imaginative 4 P M el ani a ni cklini ana L ea , 1 8 1 . laced by Tryon in

Ancu l osa ca r ina ta . G oni oba sis . This is a form of Brug i tha sia 2 . L G oni oba si s au r i corna Lea , 1 86 It is a young ,

probably v er r u cos a Raf . 4 ea 1 8 1 . M el ania gi bbosa L , Thought by Tryon to be two Li tha si a obova ta G oni obas i s . The types , specimens , are THE NAUTILUS 61

S a y , possibly deformed , the columella being peculiarly im

. M . hi ldr ethia pressed As in the case of na Lea , which is obova ta i bbo also , g s a is only a dwarfed form of the species that is the most abundant of the P l eu r ocer i da e on the Fall s L at ouisville . M ela ni a d ens a Anthony , 1 850 . P laced by Tryon in the s nonom oni oba s i x y y G s s imp l e ( S a y ) . The type is an elon Li tha s i a u li gated f ginosa Lea . M ela ni a d e is a pyg S y . Considered by most collectors to

oni obas i . be the leading term of a group of G s Mr . A . A . H inckley expressed his suspicion to me several years ago Li tha si a obova ta that this is the slender form of , usually only partly grown , that occurs in great numbers at the

Falls of the Ohio . My belief in the correctness of this view has gained support through the examination of sev eral collections from the Falls , including two that I made myself . I have recently gone over several thousand speci mens that were taken by Call in this place and are now the property of the Museum of Comparative Zoology . Not one individual was a Goni obas i s and all from the Falls that

oboy a ta . were named d epygis were in fact L . Other species erected on the variations of obova ta at this place are n o i e i i or mi Lea G oni obas is i fa ntu l a , l u svi ll ns s and nf s , all

8 . named in 1 63 , and proba bly from the same sending n M ela ni a li vi da Reeve , 1 860 . Though throw by Tryon into the synonomy of Goni oba s i s s emi car i na ta Say this

shell belongs to that of P l eu r ocer a a cu ta Raf .

M el ania a l exandr ens i s L ea , 1 845 . Included by Tryon , oni o together with the next species , in his grouping of G

P l eur ocer a a cu ta . S ba sis . The types are young Raf peci mens in the Museum of Comparative Zoology that were re

cei ve d from Josiah H ale , the original collector , are also

a cu ta . 4 M ela ni a ha l eia na Lea , 1 8 5 . The type lot consists of G oni obasis a j uvenile P . a cu ta together with young that , p

l l ebei u s Anth . par ent y , are p oni obasis 1 860 . M el ani a gr i s ea Anthony , A G according

to Tryon . I cannot be sure that I saw the types during my 62 THE NAUTILUS

examination of the Anthony material , but one lot named “ ” r i s ea Li t g and labeled for exchange is young ha s ia , prob a bl l or entia a y f n Lea .

oni oba si s l a wr e c L 1 9 G n i ea , 86 . The types are P l eur o cer a a c t u a Raf.

NOTE ON T HE GEN U S C ERAT O DI SCUS

P I BY H . A . LSBRY

C er a todis cus was proposed for a H aitian operculate l a d sh ll n e . s olu tu , C s S impson and H enderson , of which the n animal and operculum were unknow . A Cuban species 1 4 from Guantanamo was subsequently ( 1 9 ) described , C . r a m s d eni m n l , and in the same paper Cy cl otus inimus G u d . , r Ff . was referred to the same gr oup and its operculum was

described by myself . h Recently Dr . Jo . Thiele has described and figured the

mi nimu s . Operculum and dentition of C . (Archiv f Mol

X — 5 H l uskenk und e LI , 1 92 7 , p . 1 55 1 57 , pl . 9 , figs . e el i inid concludes that it is a H c snail , approximating to h S toas toma . The operculum is figured as though t e nu cl eu s was at the columellar border , but he does not men tion the point in his description . In my description the

nucleus is stated to be at the external border . The radula r e is not figured in full detail by Thiele , and appears to H ’ semble that of L u ci d ell a ; compare . B . Baker s figures of

P 4 1 92 2 . P . . . . 7 a ta . S L . ( P oeni a ) li r , roc A N hila vol , , pl to er a todi s cu s 2 1 . C 3 , fig . 5 , pl . 5 , fig . I am inclined View r todi scina e of H as forming a subfamily , C e a , the elicinidae , characterized by the peculiar operculum with external

nucleus , and the tubular whorls of the openly umbilicate

shell . r a ms d eni in On opening specimens of C . I find that the

64 THE NAUTILUS

but j udging by the size , the channelled suture and the

the rounded posterior extremity of aperture , it cannot well be anything but that Brazilian species .

P . or ba ta A is well figured and is undoubtedly . gl obos a S wainson ; being prior to that well known name , it will Am u lla r i a or ba ta have to be accepted as p ( P erry) , or in B oltenia n P i la or ba ta P nomenclature , ( erry) . Another synonym of this species , as already noted by Bryant Am u lla r i a r otu nda t Walker , is p a S a y . ( New H armony Di m 2 s se . . 1 2 1 9 . II , Aug , 7 , p S ay was misled by the false loca lity of his specimen . P . S . Since the above was in type I have thought to look “ P ’ ” at erry s earlier work , Arcana , where P oma cea was l a ta P m a cu . monotypic for . This is on the 1 2th plate ; we ’ owe to Iredale s acumen the date , approximately March 1 810. “ ” A e The rcana is a rare work ; Ir dale know of four copies , L two in ondon libraries , one in Sweden , one in his own col in lection . There is an excellent example Philadelphia ,

A — library of the cademy of Natural Sciences No . GNH 169a .

It is a diverting and occasionally quite thrilling book .

A NEW JA PAN E SE EUHADRA

PIL BR BY H . A . S Y AND T . D. A . COCKERELL

E H ADR D KA I U A SAN AI O NO , new subspecies . The shell is strongly depressed with a rapidly contract

- ing umbilicus . Color ecru olive (varying to chamois ) with a large umbilical spot and a s u p r a per i pher a l band of brownish black ; on the upper surface i rregular streaks of

naples yellow . The last whorl descends deeply to the very m 3 H . . 5 . oblique aperture . eight dia mm , 4 whorls “ This is one of several land snails found along the lime ” shed road near Tsuruga , E chizen , Japan , by Mr . T . THE NAUTILUS 65

Okano , who very kindly undertook to collect specimens f or one of us . It will be figured in a revision of the E u ha dr a her kl otsi group soon to be published .

JE S S E WE DGWOOD MIGH EL S

T o those interested in the study of Mollusca , especially of E h the species found in New ngland , t e name of Mighel s m is very fa iliar , but this is the first time that we have been able to present to our readers some of the interesting facts pertaining to his life$l

Mi h el s P r l . . a sonsfie J W g was born in d , Maine , July 6 , 9 1 7 5 . On reaching the age of eighteen he had acquired sufficient learning to teach a common school . Aspiring to become a physician , he sought the aid of Dr . James

Bradbury of his native town , who found so much of promise in young Jess e that he ga ve him encouragement and instruction for some time , notwithstanding the fact i hel s that the young man had no academic training . M g ‘ ’ “ e later attended medical lectures at Dartmouth Colleg , 2 from which he received the degree of M . D . , August 0,

H e settled immediately in Minot, Maine , where he built a house and began the practice of medicine , winning an 2 2 6 enviable reputation . On December 1 , 1 8 , he married H Miss E velina Augusta R us t , daughter of Capt . enry Mi hel s r e Rust , Jr . T wo sons were born to them . Dr . g 1 832 P mained nine years at Minot , and in moved to ort ‘ wher he e of land , Maine , e continued the practic his pro fes si on for about fifteen years , and it is said won a reputa tion for his skill in surgery . It has been said that he

1 n n n l n t t o . th Hi s ame is pro ou ced Mi e s . We are i deb ed Mr Ar ur n t nt t n nt u s I n H . Norto for a mos i eres i g accou of his life p bli hed “ ” — 63 7 4 n 1 92 7 . thl s h n t . . . T e Mai e Na uralist , Vol VII , pp , Ju e , From I have selecte d t hose part s pertaining t o his conchological work .

n t t n the n i n t i t . I am also i deb ed t o Mr . Nor o for accompa y g por ra 66 THE NAUTILUS moved to Portland in order to better gratify his tastes for ” scientific pursuits . “ Four years after he moved to Portland there was organized in the place the ‘Maine Academy of S cience ’

which had a brief career , and now is all but for ” gotten . “

This Academy , though entirely distinct from , was the P S forerunner of the ortland ociety of Natural H istory , i h l and the name of Dr . M g e s appears among those who signed the call for a meeting for the organization of the

latter to be held December 1 9 , 1 843 . Two preliminary 2 4 meetings had been held , one on November , and the 1 other December of the same year . At the latter Dr . Mighel s was added to the committee which had been ‘ ’ chosen to d raft a constitution . The first election of 2 4 officers was held December 0 , 1 8 3 , and Dr . Mighel s wa s

elected corresponding secretary , which office he held con tinuousl y by r e- election until his removal to Cincinnati in

1 847 . H e was one of the most active members of this young society , serving on various committees and occasion ” a lly lecturing at its public meetings . “ i l s It is due to his work as a conchologist that Dr . M ghe won for his name a lasting place among the pionee r

naturalists of America . A memorandum in one of his 1 83 books states , that he commenced to study shells in 7 and sold his coll ection of shells to the Portland S ociety of 4 1 8 6 . Natural History , March 1 3 , “ What is now known of the ext ent and disposition of ’ Mi h el that collection is here taken from Dr . g s own hand

writing , or in other words from the subscription paper through which the collection became the property of the Portland S ociety of Natural H istory ; the preamble is as ‘ Mi hel s follows : Dr . J . W . g proposes to dispose of his entire collection of shells to the P ortland S ociety of T he Natural H istory for the sum of $ 1 000 . collection consists of more than 3000 species and 6000 to 1 0000

specimens , embracing many rare and interesting varieties , with all the S pecies that are known to inhabit the State of THE NAUTILUS 67

H Maine . e proposes also to include in the sale all the duplicate specimens for which he is now negotiating in E S urope , Africa , andwich Islands , etc . , with no extra x charge , e cepting the expense of postage and freight , 1 ’ which will not probably exceed 8 or 0 dollars . ‘ i In case the sale is effected , D r . M ghel s agrees to arrange and label the whole collection , so far as th e species are known to him , without any compensation , whenever the Society shall furnish suitable cases and place them in the hall of the S ociety at their own expense . In order to purchase the collection of shells above named , that they may be placed in the hall of the P ortland S ociety of H Natural istory , as a donation from ourselves , we the subscribers agree to pay the sums ann exed to our names whenever the s um subscribed shall amount to one thousand ’ dollars . At that time ( 1 843-1 854 ) the S ociety was quartered in an upper room of the E xchange B uilding ; this building was otherwise occupied as a business block , by the U . S . r f Cou t and by the Post Of ice . It was located on the corner E e P of Middle and xchange streets , wher the ost Office 8 1 854 building of the present day stands . On January , , the E xchange B uilding was totally destroyed by fire , with all of its contents , including the entire collection of the ” Natural H istory S ociety . i h l e : After hearing of the fire Dr . M g e s wrot Is it possible that my beautiful collection of shells is destroyed ? The work of nine years of delightful enthusiastic industry ? — is it all gone H ow is it possible to replace the deep L ? water species of Maine and the Gulf of St . awrence S The species from E urope , E ast and West Indies , andwich ' Islands , from the Nile , India , S outh America and Oregon What a loss $ Money and books and goods and buildings $” can be replaced , but that collection , I fear never “ Mi h l That Dr . g e s was not only a collector but a patient no student of his chosen subj ect , is shown less by his books

than by his few published papers . A number of books from his library became the property of William Willis , 68 T HE NAUTILUS

the historian , as appears by his signature ; they descended

s on H - to his enry Willis , vice president of the Portland S ociety of Natural H istory , and were finally presented to S ” the ociety by his widow , in accordance with his wishes . “ The first of these books to claim attention is one 8 by inches , made of heavy unruled paper suitable for drawing , and with tissue fly leaves . It was evidently made

. or and bound to order On the first title page is written , ‘L ’ S amarck s ystem of Conchology Illustrated . From

Crouch and Brooke and from Nature . Not only is the text more or less fully copied but also two hundred and forty I three figures . This portion of the book is foll owed by ‘ ’ seven figures of miscellaneous shells with names , and ‘ ’ of P - Shells ortland , with eighty six figures ; these are fol lowed by seven species of Maine S hells critically described and illustrated with nineteen figures ; habitats and remarks are also given . There are also figures of shells from P orto t ne l Cabello , Alabama , and eighteen figures of A cha i l a . The last thirty figures are drawn on cards which are glued o t the pages of the book . Among the beautiful figures of

A cha tinel la Dr . Mighel s reached the climax of his skill as ” a portrayer of shells . ’ Another book , evidently John C . Jay s Catalogue (though lacking the title page ) consisting of ten printed

plates , with fifteen pages of printed text , is augmented

by fourteen additional plates , containing one hundred and i l ’ M he s . two figures drawn by Dr . g Thomas Wyatt s

Manual of Conchology after Lamarck and Blainville , in 38 in two volumes , 1 8 , is rebound , and interleaved and creased to the extent of one hundred and ninety-two

figures with considerable wr itten text , including a number ” of his new species . “ H e continued to live in Cincinnati until 1 856 or 1 857 . On leaving a dimly lighted courtroom where he had been h needed as a witness , e fell down an open shaft or stair

way , sustaining severe inj uries from which he never fully ” recovered . “ 1 858 As a broken down sufferer , in he returned to THE NAUTILUS 69

Maine , living at Norway until death claimed him , S eptem

1 1 8 1 . i ber , 6 H s remains were laid in the Rust family Rustvil l e tomb , in the Cemetery , Norway , Maine .

C H OL I- C ON OG . CAL PUBLICATIONS OF J W . MIC H ELS

4 1 8 1 . Catalogue of the Marine , Terrestrial and Fluviatile

S . P hells of Maine ublished by the author .

- With C . B . Adams . Descriptions of twenty four E S . pecies of the Shells of New ngland Journ .

— o . H 4 4 Boston S c Nat . ist . , IV ; 37 5 , p . .

1 4 - 8 3 . With C . B . Adams . Descriptions of twenty five P new S pecies of S hells . roc . Boston S oc . Nat .

H 4 — ist . , 1 , 8 50 . This is an abbreviation of the pre

ceding paper . 4 1 8 3 . Catalogue of the Marine , Fluviatile and Terrestrial

Shells of the S tate of Maine and Adj acent Ocean .

— 4 H 8 3 5 . . 0 Journ . Boston S oc . Nat ist . , IV , 3 1 4 8 3 . Description of six S pecies of Shells Regarded as

— H t . 345 350 New . Journ . Boston S oc . Nat . is , IV , ,

— pl . 1 6 , figs . 1 6 . 4 a s 1 8 3 . Descriptions of seven S pecies of S hells Regarded 2 o . . H . 1 9 New . Proc . Boston S c Nat ist , I , , without

plate . This is an abbreviation of the preceding

paper, six species are described .

1 844 . Dr . Gould communicated on behalf of Dr . J . W .

Mighel s some specimens of Shells with descriptions .

— E 1 8 1 89 . H . 7 P roc . Boston S oc . Nat . ist , I , leven

species are described as new . S 1 845 . Descriptions of S hells from the andwich Islands

H . S oc . . and Other Localities . P roc . Boston Nat ist ,

— - 1 2 . II , 8 5 . Fifty one species are described as new

C . W . J . 70 THE NAUTILUS

CORRE S PON DE NCE

H In Camp , New armony , Indiana ,

S ept . 7 , 1 92 7 .

il — Dear Dr . P sbr y z What conchological memories this old town has $ Our tent is pitched on the Wabash River embankment , j ust fifteen feet from the river . We arrived

4 — here about P . M . and before supper made a good coll ec tion at the north end of an island j ust above the ferry .

We have had the best of luck on the trip— no rain and n all the rivers low . To date , over 1 000 pou ds of shells o i ni da e have been shipped back t Ann Arbor , of course Un o ’ taking the lion s share for weight . For the most part the collecting has been done in the large rivers and streams .

The small creeks have all run dry . Western Kentucky rivers proved a disappointment for

beauty . Most of them are muddy , filled with stumps and logs , and run turbid water even several days after a rain .

H owever , they proved rich in material . Many times we were knee deep in mud— feeling over the bottom with our hands and tossing out on the bank all kinds of Unios $

Tomorrow we start working north , picking up what material we can on the way . There are several good rivers to cross such as the Patoka and White which should pro

E . duce something . WILLIAM J . CL NCH

NOTE S AND N E W S

— n in A SYNONYM or P OLYGYRA AURICULATA SAY . I his ” ter esting book Amerikafahrt ( 1 92 6 ) P rofessor 0 . Abel

has unconsciously added a synonym to our catalogues , “ 1 33 P olygyr a a u r i cu l a r i s mentioned on p . , figured in S fig . 7 8 ( p . central figure . The pecimen was picked

“ L . . St . Co up on the shore of Vero Island , ucie , Florida

P . H . A .

72 THE NAUTILUS

— 562 l s . 53 60 , p , This represents the first paper

bearing on the shipworms of this region , the economic

importance of which have but recently been emphasized . One new subgenus Ungoter ed o and 1 6 new species are

described and figured . The illustrations are excellent .

C . W . J .

E E S H EL M IT A R VI W OF AU TRALIAN S HELLS . By Tom

Iredale . ( Records Australian Museum , vol . 1 5 , no . 5 , pp .

— 32 1 3 4 l . 32 5 , p s 3 1 and , The various species of Cassididae often referred to several subgenera of the

genus Cassis , have long been difficult to define when study

ing the species of the world , especially those of Australia .

The author has clearly defined the described species , to

gether with seven new ones , which are beautifully figured . NA A I The following new genera are proposed , NNOC SS S ,

n H YP OCAS IS . genotype C as sis ana T . Wood S , genotype C

n br i a ta . bi ca r i na ta Jonas . C . fi y is also in this genus h d e XE ALEA X . e l i . NOG XENOP H ALI UM , genotype y Iredale , m 1 2 r u rn L a . genotype C . py species are recognized in this Neoz el ani c S genus , peculiar to the and outhern Australian

mi r a nosu m L am . EP H ALIU M C . s e waters . ANT , genotype g

r u a L . The genotype of C YPRAECAS S I S Stutchbur y is C . f , of

'

S EM ICAS SI S e C . a cu m L . PH ALIUM L ink , B . gl u , of M rch ,

of CAS M ARIA H . . B . j a p oni ca Reeve , and and A Adams ,

’ vi bex L . Little has been done by the author on the radula , “ but years a go Troschel recorded that the radula showed differences in the two main groups that were worthy of ” — generic rank . C . W . J .

NEW P R S S D . SACCULUS O KAI , A A A ITIC GA TROPO By

Z Ja onens es 1 92 7 . S hintaro H irase . Annot . ool . p XI , July , This is a form living in colonies in gall -like swellings of 3x2 the test of tunicates . The body is globular , about

of . mm . , with a pair tentacles , eyes , and flattened foot The a ample ma ntle has a dorsal slit , and there is a monopectin te ta eni o . gill . There is a bipectinated Osphradium It is “ to glossate , and is believed to belong some family near ” — P H . . . the Lamellariidae . A

H E AUT ILUS .

N AR Y 1 9 2 8 . Vol . XL I A J U , N o . 3

A COLLE CTING T RIP T O T H E NORTHWEST

BY JUNIUS H ENDERSON

Accompanied by E ugene H erman Nanney, a Univers ity of Colorado student , I spent the s ummer of 1 92 7 on a col leeting tri p to the Northwest . We travelled miles by

flivver , with a camp outfit , and unnumbered other miles on foot , from Boulder , Colorado , through southern Wyoming,

nor theastern Utah , Idaho , Oregon , Washington , southern o Monta na and eastern Wyoming , back to Boulder . We c l l 4 hi fll ected mollusks at 1 0 localities , c e y in western O regon

- and western Washington . A monograph on the non marine

mollusks of these states is now in preparation , in which all of our unpublished land and fresh -water shells will be in

cl uded . P robably another report will discuss the marine shell s . T he Two things were very impressive on the trip : 1 . difficulty of finding parking places along the main graded and paved roads of the Northwest where it is desirable to

search for mollusks . Parking on the roadway is prohibited and there is seldom space for parking off the roadway . Most of the roads are laterally shouldered or ditched in such a way as to prevent driving off even where there is an x open , level space . 2 . Along the route travelled , e cept in ar e m western Washington and Oregon , there not any good 74 THE NAUTILUS

localities for land snails close to the main highways , and time did not permit much digression . Consequently , as stream crossings afforded Opportunity to obtain aquatic ’ mollusks , they greatly preponderate in the season s collee tions . McC ammon P From , Idaho , nearly to ortland , Oregon ,

- one passes almost continually over arid , sage covered stretches of land , with very little shrubbery suitable for snail cover , no rock slides , and with gree n fields only in E scattered valleys here and there . ven in the moist belt

- along the coast , with its luxuriant vegetation , shell bearing snails are not so plentiful , generally distributed and easy to find as one would expect . This has always seemed sur prising to me . I found the same difficulty in locating col ou ies of land snails in Alaska , northwestern British Col umbia and Yukon Territory , where aspen groves that i looked promising only yielded a few small species . P l sbr y and Cooke mention the relative scarcity of land snails on r e a Vancouver Island . One reason may be the general p v

- lence of non calcareous rocks and coniferous forests , neither of which are favorable to most snails .

o enia. d elis We found the big , beautiful M nad fi ( Gray ) H a abundant in only one colony , at E mpire , Oregon . p d l otr ema was more generally distribute , but nowhere abun

o o s endia na. Lea wa dant . Only one lot of P lygyr a t wn ( ) s fine found , between Astoria and Portland , but a lot of

53 specimens from Blaine , Oregon , sent in by Alex Walker , r u nnea included two examples of P . t . b , recently described from south of Kelso , Washington , by Vanatta . Doubtless we would have found more terrestrial material had we searched more industrially , but it was discouraging work , we were pressed for time and our real obj ect was to get the

- fresh water material , which stands more in need of study .

In passing through Wyoming , Idaho , Montana and east tem ta ern Oregon and Washington , there was constant p tion to leave the highway and get into the foothills and i x mountains after O r eohel , but had we done so we would never have reached our real obj ective , the coast , so we T HE NAUTILUS 75

” could only say , Get thee behind us , Satan $ and step on the ga s . We hoped to pick up the trail of Goniobas is in norther n a nd Idaho eastern Oregon and Washington , as it has been found there , though absent from southern Idaho , Wyo ming and Colorado ; but we found none until after we passed Portland , though we have specimens from The

Dalles received from other collectors . We obtained G . si li cul a 2 a ( Gould ) from 8 st tions , from 1 5 miles south of e Bandon , Or gon , to Aberdeen , on the Washington Coast , and inland nearly to S eattle , but none north of S eattle and none by the north side of the Olympic Mountains . G . li i e p c f m ( Lea ) we obtained at 7 stations , all in the Wil lamette Valley , except Astoria , Oregon , and Centralia ,

Washington . Many authors have made si li cu la. either a i synonym or variety of p l cifem . Upon examination of large numbers of both from many localities scarcely any indications of intergradation have been found and I no where found them mingled or found any lot that could not H be easily identified definitely as one or the other . ence I consider them distinct species . Perhaps others have had a very d ifferent experience with them . Possibly the absence of Goni oba si s northward and eastward in the P uget Sound Basin may be due to the fact that the whole region was heavily glaciated , and sufficient time has not elapsed since the retrea t of the glaciers for the genus to r e-establish it self . A more thorough search may locate some colonies a a ti em Mar ar i beyond where we found them . M r g r i f ( g S tana ) also we failed to find very far north of eattle , and only one colony on the north side of the Olympics , Crescent

Lake . A great surprise was the comparative scarcity of P is i di um P h sa L na a P lan , y , ym e and the larger species of or bis . Many sta tions that yielded only a few examples of any of these genera presented conditions similar to stations At where they fairly swarm in some other regions . only two or three stations in the coastal region were any of them abundant . A quiet bay , now almost cut off by a turnpike , 76 THE NAUTILUS at r s L Whatcom the no thwe t end of ake , in the edge of Bell

ingham , seems to be the type locality of the interesting “ ” L mna ea s ta na li s occi d enta lis H y g emphill Baker , where it P la nor n was associated with fine , large bis bi neyi Tryon . t Other par s of the lake visited by us seemed less favorable , but in 1 92 5 we found a few of each of these species at the

south end .

Anodonta. u t l a n ta l ia n , or egonens i s and wa hlama tensis L were all described by ea , from the Willamette River , near

its j unction with the Columbia . These three , with A . ca li om i ensi s Lea f , are closely related and appear to inter

grade . We had hoped to be able to obtain for careful study fi r - a large quantity of the three st named , from various sta tions in the region of the type locality , but when we were there the water was altogether too high for successful col

leeting . Marine collecting is excellent at some localities on the

Oregon and Washington coasts , such as S unset Bay , south

of Coos Bay , but nowhere did we find as many species in a

short time as at Fidalgo Island on Puget S ound , or at some

California localities . Although much of the coast of both i su es states s rugged , with steep bluffs and rocky islets , gg tive of numerous rocky points exposed to the surf and many

tide pools , yet at most localities visited by us immense quantities of sand eroded from the bluffs by storm and wave have accumulated about the bases of the rocks and thus prevented the d evelopment of tid e pools and other ideal conditions favorable to large faunas of littoral marine

invertebrates . One accustomed to the Southern California beaches on Ti vela m ci bul um misses such familiar shells as D a x, , C ,

' for P olim ces , etc . Compensation this lack lies in the great T ha is abundance and variety of , so variable in color and sculpture that one is almost tempted to take all Within - ex reach . The Oregon Washington faunas , as would be

te r p ec d , are much more nearly allied to those of northe n

A . California , with a strong representation of laska species The brackish -water mud -flat genera C er i thid ea and

78 THE NAUTILUS

1 e or e . ha e b f I v a good set saved for you . I found the same “ ” for m a t two stations on the Old Creek road on the ocea n sid e of S anta Lucia mountains about fou r and seven miles a e st of Cayucos , but did not find it over the ridge on the a v lley side . Leaving Cayucos I crossed the range to Paso Robles and an again across the great S Joaquin valley to Visalia , thence u th p in e high S ierras . I explored the southern edge of uo a P Seq i ark on the south fork of the Kaweah River . Went up the old Mineral King Road to an elevation of ft finding very poor snail country ; the only specimen in fact m ’ in y two days stay was a single live H . tr as ki pr ol es s Bar t ch ; rather slim picking ; no trace of any other species . The country is too straight up and down to furnish very good homes for snail s .

Fr om there I went back down the mountain to 900 ft . “ elevation and climbed the new road to the Giant For ” est on the north fork of the Kaweah . The reward of three ’ days d iligent search was a very nice set of live specimens of H elminthoglypta s equ oia . Part of them show quite a d r eddish cast to the shell , almost the color of the redwoo bark . When this shell is taken alive and properly cleaned it i s indeed a pretty species . It is very fragile and when m s aestivating under the bark of logs , part of the bark u t i be be removed with a sharp knife , else the shell w ll u h cr ushed in the fingers . Three days careful search thro g the P a rk turned up no trace of H elminthoglypta tr as ki

— d u la ta tu l ar e H . s e u oia . pr ol es or H . tu i c nsis , nothing but q After these delightful days in the P ark I again dropped ’ down to the valley and tried to gain access to the King s an L River country , but without success . The S Joaquin ight to t i and Power Co . h as the road closed all but he r own tr ucks , as they have two dams and power plants under con had the i struction . Disappointed , I to cross r dge from ’ T r immer s S prings to the ol d Toll House Road to H unting

1 i a ca u cos ensi s . I S It is H e lminthoq lup ta, u mbi l c ta y Pils , NAUT LU ,

h . v n t n b . a nd s . ol . 38, p . 1 04 , described from specime s ake y Mr Mr C ace

M i E . I t h a s also be en collected in several localities by r . Morr s h — D E . Ca rru t ers . THE NAUTILUS 79

ton Lake, a long which I had found my first M onad enia mor monum l o eana w . I turned off above Ockenden to the “ right and went about 1 5 miles over the divide to the Dinky ” a nd Creek meadow country, which drains into the north ’ fork of King s River . I collected around here and one day ” 5 McKinl e hiked miles over to the y Grove of S equoias , and found the same form of m or monu m there — This must be the extreme southern limit . I hope some time to get up ’ i n the King s River country and find j ust where the two species have their dividing line , or perhaps some other form in between . Another year I h0 pe to get started in early June before they all hide away for the d r y season ; there is so much country yet to be carefully explored . This form of mor monum is surely a corker to find alive at this season , a s they all seem to bury themselves under the loose pine needles near decaying logs . One could collect 500 to shells in Cuba to one of those S ierra forms . It is hard to make the average collector who has never collected them realize the value of these forms .

E L . H RBERT N . OWE

E E E CUBAN LAND SNAIL S COLL CT D BY H . N . LOW

IL B BY H . A . P S RY

s bs . E UTROC H ATELLA C H RYSOC H AS M A M ENDOZANA n . u p “ er nandezi r The shell is about the size of E . c. h W ight

Wa gner , but more broadly conic ; white with typically sul pher tinted summit ( sometimes white) , a wax yellow basal callus and dull orange lip , which is slightly expanded and in fully adult shells is thickened and built a little forward

. 7 w s . at the inner margin . Length diam . mm ; horl o Type No . 1 41 897 ANS P . S pecimens also in collecti ns

E . E H . of H . N . Lowe and . and 80 THE NAUTILUS

a P At the c ves near Mendoza , inar del Rio , Cuba, col l H ected . L by . N owe and E . E . Hand , 1 92 6 .

This small race was taken in abundance . It appears to

be rather constant in size and other characters .

U S M E D ZA A s ROCOPTI N O N n . p .

i na l e U. v ns is The shell resembles g in general shape , and has the same type of sculpture . General color light neutral gray ( in some specimens having a brownish tint) , nearly uniform, but with some scattered darker streaks ; on close inspection the riblets are seen to be whitish . The round ed aperture is carob brown within , the expanded lip white in the upper part , brownish elsewhere . There is a distinct white columellar fold . The internal axis has a thin , mod l er ate y wide, crenulated lower lamella , a very much weaker low one above it, and an extremely weak upper spiral .

Length 2 2 , diam . 6 mm . ; whorls remaining . Type .

Length diam . mm . ; whorls remaining .

Around the caves near Mendoza , P rovince of P inar del

H . . L 1 92 6 . . 1 42 8 6 Rio , Cuba ; collected by N owe , Type No 5 L ’ ANS P . ; specimens also in owe s collection .

The axial armature is much weaker than in U. vigna l en “ ” tr i la m el la ta, of U. s i s . Other species the group of are much more slender .

It will be figured in the next issue of NAUTILUS .

M UROCOPTIS M ONELAS US n . S p .

a lensi s va i n Pil sbr S XL Ur ocop ti s vi gn , , y , NAUTILU , Jan l 4 5 . 1 . 8 . 1 92 7 , pp . 7 , 7 , p , fig

n is Ffr . The shell resembles U. vi gna l e s ( Wright , ) in shape ; ground color pecan brown to vandyke brown ;

- sculpture of thread like , arcuate whitish riblets much nar rower than the intervals , and finer , more numerous than in

L . a is . U. vi gn l ens ast whorl without basal keel The cir cul ar aperture is deep brown within and has a well ex panded peristome , which is very briefly in contact with the

preceding whorl above . The internal axis has a single strong , smooth , spiral lamella revolving near the base in each whorl . THE NAUTILUS 81

L d . mm . 9 ength iam ; whorls remaining . A P round the caves near Mendoza , inar del Rio , Cuba . 4 1 4 AN 1 95 S P . H . L Type , collected by N . owe , 1 92 6 . At the time I figured this shell as a fine-ribbed variety of

U. vi na l ens is g I had not opened it . I find now that it has m a single axial la ella , not three . U. vi ol a cea is a much more slender species . By the dark interior and other characters the new species belongs to the group of U. tr i l am ella ta

( Man . Conch . XV, p .

HE LICE S FROM CALIFORNIA AN D T E XA S AND A Z ONIT I D FROM VIRGINIA

BY H . A . PILSBRY

HELM I TH O LYP A E N G T S QUOIA n . sp .

s The hell is thin , rather depressed , with low conic S pire , not quite imperforate , the dilated li p covering most but not all of the umbilicus . Color between buffy olive and isabella , lighter , almost chamois color towards the lip ; a narrow chestnut band revolves above the periphery . Upper sur face is scarcely glossy, having wrinkles of growth , and on the post-embryonic whorls there are inconspicuous rather r e l r l well spaced papilla e, in some places arranged sub gu a y in forwardly descending trend s , in other places rather ir regular ; on the last whorl these papillae disappear , leaving a wrinkle sculpture and slight malleation , both less devel oped than in H . tu di cu la ta tu l a r ensis ; base smoother ,

r . glossy . The suture descends moderately to the ape ture

P eristome is slightly expanded , triangularly dilated nearly over the umbilicus .

H eight 1 5 , diam . 2 2 mm . ; whorls . 1 42 857 S equoia National P ark , California , the type , no .

H . Lo ANSP . , and other S pecimens collected by N . we . 82 THE NAUTILUS

This species is evidently related to H . callis tod er ma P a ils . , larger shell wi th much more crowded papi llae wh i ch

H . s extend over the last whorl . In equoi cola ( Cooper) the whorls increase more gradually and the text ure and color differ . Th es e three spec1 es form a group ch aracter i ze d by the possession of papillae .

The largest specimen seen measures mm . in diame ter, the smallest mm . In the small specimens the um o al l bili us is but closed , reduced to a mere crevice behind the reflected li p . This species will be figured in the next number of

NAUTILUS .

M B LD I A R I H U O T AN FE R IA A . SS N n sp .

The subglobose shell is narrowly , obliquely umbilicate , rather thin , white under a thin yellow periostracum (be tween maize yellow and chamois ) with three carob -brown bands , the lower one rather weak and interrupted . The surface is glossy , first half whorl smooth , the following o l e- whorl finely radially c stu at granose , next whorl with traces of fine granulation in places ; later whorls have ir regular growth wrinkles and some narrow whitish streaks on the larger wrinkles . The whorls increase rapidly, and

the last one descends rather deeply to the aperture . The

aperture is oblique ; peristome thin , the outer and basal

margins very narrowly expanded , the columellar margin

broadly , triangularly reflected over the umbilicus .

H eight diam . mm . ; whorls . Type .

H eight 30 , diam . mm . whorls . ~ 44 8 Miter P eak , Davis Mountains , Texas . Type 1 33 44 1 338 . ANS P . ; other topotypes

P . When monographing this genus ( P roc . A . N . S . hila 1 92 7 ) I overlooked the specimens from the Davis moun ff tains , which prove to di er from the three species then de

scribed from north of the Mexican boundary .

H . texa na P ils . , the nearest species geographically , is hi s o en . H . c s smaller , higher , more coarsely granulose In

s i s Pils . , which appears to be the most nearly related xt species , the weak granulation e ends upon the last whorl THE NAUTILUS 83

S x and the pire is lower . The e act relations of H . fer r is si am to the other forms remains to be determined when liv ing specimens are collected .

All of the specimens taken— over thirty are dead shells , most of them having lost the periostracum more or less completely .

LYP H YA I I B R . G L N A U RI NGTONI n . s p

The shell is depressed , umbilicate , glossy , somewhat f translucent , of a warm buf tint . It resembles G . T hoa dsi but differs by having the retractively radial grooves less widely i spaced , m nor grooves and wrinkles between them more strongly developed ; on the latter part of the last whorl the grooves become closely though somewhat irregularly spaced . Under the compound microscope the surface is seen to be covered with fine , distinct , weakly beaded spiral striae , not seen in G . r hoa dsi . The umbilicus is contained about x times in the diameter . The spi r e is slightly conve ; four rapidly widening whorls . The aperture is lunate , shaped much as in G . r hoa dsi . H 2 eight , diam . 4 mm . 1 447 64 Near and at the Natural Bridge , Virginia , type ,

H . N . paratypes 1 37 44 and 1 37 57 1 A SP . , collected by D r

B urrington Baker , April 1 2 , 1 92 6 . ” This is a smaller more depressed shell than P oli ta ha mm onis el ectr ina, which resembles it in micro scopic sculpture , but has more crowded radial grooves and wrinkles . Glyp hya linia was elevated to generic rank in my monograph on New York mollusks ( not yet published ) , on

H . account of the peculiar dentition of ind enta ta . Dr . B ur hi s rington Baker has examined several species , including bur r i t namesake G . ngtoni , and finds more impor ant char i s acter s in the reprod uctive organs . H results are soon to be p ubl ished . bur r in toni m I have h ad a bleached specimen of G . g fro

Cumberland , Maryland , in the collection for many years , but deferred description until better material should turn up . 84 THE NAUTILUS

E E NAD AU LAK , FORT FAIRFIE LD , AROOSTOOK COUNTY, MAINE

BY OLOF O . NYLANDER

Nadeau Lake is situated in the northeastern part of Fort

Fa i r field , very near the boundary line between Maine and

- New Brunswick . This lake is about three quarters of a e mil long and less than a quarter of a mile wide , lying in a valley between hills and d raining northward into McDon ’ ald s Brook . In this small lake is probably the largest deposit of marl or bog lime in New E ngland , being from three to twelve feet in thickness . The lime is mostly extracted from the ha a r water by a small plant C r a cf. gr ci li o which grows pro fusel y over the bottom of that lake and when dead forms a deposit of lime on the bottom . There i s a small bunch of trees at the southern end of the lake , otherwise the land is ’ cleared and under cultivation almost to the water s edge . Most of the lake is drained so there is only a small basin of water in the middle and a small stream of water along the sides . Mollusca are plentiful in the water and they have con tributed in part to the making of the bog lime . I find in this part of Maine , that nearly every bog lake or pond has some shell s that are peculiar to it , and my previous pub

1 90 nd . l i shed lists in T H E NAUTILUS , vol . XIV , 1 a vol XXII ,

1 909 confirms this statement . 2 5 L S ince S eptember 8th , 1 9 , I have visited Nadeau ake many times and the following species of shells were col l ected .

Anodonta mar gina ta S ay . Rather small .

S pha er i um su l ca tu m Lam . Common .

' S pha er i u m r homboid ewm, S ay . Rare .

Pis idi um va r ia bi l e P r i me . Common .

86 THE NAUTILUS

a If line be drawn through eastern Montana , Wyoming, a x Color do and northern New Me ico , thence southwestwa rd , it will divide the United States into two maj or mollusca n

divisions . The eastern division is characterized by the P ol r abundance of numerous species of ygy a , large heavy

- shelled , operculate species of fresh water univalves such as Ca m el oma i vi ar u s oni obasi s Li t i a u l o a p , V p , G , has , Anc s , P l eu r ocer a , etc . , and a large and varied fauna of heavy

- shelled Unionidae . None of the fresh water univalved gen er a mentioned extends at all into the western division , ex G oni obas i s cept , which is represented by only a very few

species inhabiting southwestern Montana , northern Idaho ,

Oregon , Washington and northern Califoria . P olygyr a is e absent from most of the western division , but is r epr sented by a few forms with much th e same distribution as o i ob H - G n asi s . eavy shelled Unionidae of a few species are l spar ce y distributed in eastern Montana , Wyoming and

Colorado , but do not cross the Rocky Mountains . Their total absence from North America west of the Rockies is “ d e U remarkable , this being the largest area estitut of nio ”1 life in the temperate or tropical regions of the globe . The s family Unionidae , is , however , represented in all the state - Anodonta west of the Rockies by the thin shelled genera , i e a a a G on d a and M r g r i tc ma . The latter extends eastw rd from Oregon and Washington into western Idaho and west P enns l ern Montana , but is absent thence eastward to y

vania and northward th rough central British America . o asi s i vi u s a m eloma Li thasi a As Uni o, Goni b , V p ar , C p and are found in Cretaceous and Tertiary formations of the

Rocky Mountain states , it i s evident that thei r range has

for some reason become restricted since Tertiary time . The two maj or divisions are also set off one from the other by the presence in the western area of many species of m nella onor' ell a O r eoheli x As h u , S , and the group of species hm mo hom r eoheli x usually assigned to Ep ip a p , O crossing

the line only into the Black H ills region , and the others not

at all .

1 n H AUTI US 1 1 8 1 898 . Simpso , T E N L , VIII , , THE NAUTILUS 87

The western division may be subdivided i nto s ever al r ovm ces k p , each mar ed by the presence of cert ain genera a nd i the absence or relative scarc ty of others . For exam

i i embr a cm ple , in the Rocky Mounta n prov nce , g Colorad o ,

Wyoming , Montana , Id aho, Utah and northern New Mex

ico , the characteristic , conspicuous a nd abundant land

snails nearly all belong to the genus O r eoheli x. The pres ence of Angui spim kochi occi d enta lis ( Martens) and P ol r a ygy i n Montana and northern Idaho , and of one

species of G oni oba sis and M a r gar i ta na, in western Monta na

and northern Idaho , suggests affinity wi th the Oregon

Washington Province , but on the whole Montana and P Idaho belong with the Rocky Mountain rovince , as a large propor tion of all the species found in thos e states occur a also in the st tes to the southward , and not westward . The abundance of O r eoheli x throughout the province suggests f S P a finity with the outhwestern rovince, but the a bsence of other characteristic southwestern genera emphatically vetoes that idea .

The southwestern Province , comprising central and southern New Mexico and Arizona ( possibly also Nevada and eastern California ) , is also inhabited by numerous a nd r eoheli x ff species subspecies of O , but is definitely set o from the Rocky Mountain P rovince by the presence of nor a im many species of S o ell , As hmunell a and H ol osp , none of which has been found in the Rocky Mounta in P rovince except one or two species of A s hmunel l a in northern New

Mexico . Because of the scarcity of ponds , lakes and peren so nial streams , the aquatic molluscan faunas are not abundant and varied as in the Rocky Mountain P rovince . The Oregon -Washington P rovince is distinguished from the Rocky Mountain P rovince by the nearly , but not quite , r eoheli x df total absence of O , the greater prominence P ol r a H a l otr em a o i o as is Mar ar i tana ygy , p , G n b and g , and the presence of E pi phr agmop hom ( or M ona d enia ) The California Province is characterized by the gr eat development of the group of snails usually referred to m r t r E piphr agmop ho , represented by a few forms no hwa d 88 THE NAUTILUS

but none eastward , and by the almost total absence of O r eohel i x , represented by only one small S pecies on Cata

i s . M ar ar i tana oni obas is l na I land g , G and P olygyr a ext end the s into tate from the northward . In the absence of insuperable faunal barriers , any at tempt to establ ish zoological provi nces very rigidly must

. t i l i fail They mus necessar ly be very much genera zed , and i i i i w ll break down w th too detailed discuss on of spec es, as faunas overlap . It would be interesting to know Wh y there should be such faunal differences a s are indi ca ted for those western provinces— what barriers there may be or what there may be in the history of the mi gr atl ons of species t that have brough about their present distribution . It may be possible, when sufficient information is accumulated , to answer some of the questions . That the distribution of various groups is not altogether a matter of climatic con diti ons is quite certain , and no other environmenta l fac tor yet observed seems sufficient . ar ar For example , M g i tana. ma r gar itifem in cluding a northwest American color form fa l ca ta ( Gould ) , “ is circumpolar in its distribution , having the most exten ” sive range of any of the Unionidae . It occurs in moist

- portions of western Oregon and Washington , in semi arid E and arid Idaho , Uta h and Nevada , in New ngland , east ern British America and Alaska , as well as in E urope and

Asia . Occurring under such varied environmental condi P tions , why should it be absent from ennsylvania to west ern Monta na and northward through central B r itish Amer ica ? This interesting problem has been ably discussed by

Walker , who concludes that it is not , as one might suppose , because it was destroyed by glaciation and has not yet been

- able to r e establish itself in that region . r eoheli x Again , the genus O , and even some of the species ,

d e r es sa. . tr i os a, . O . s r i . notably 0 . coop e ( W G B ) and g p have a great range and thrive under very diverse s climatic and other environmental conditions . Both specie

2 1str ibuti on M a r a r i tana. m ar ar i ti er a nn. Walker , The d of g g f ( Li ) - 1 91 0 oc . n n 1 2 6 1 44 . in Nort h America Proc . Malac . S Lo do , IX , ,

90 THE NAUTILUS the e glaciat d areas . Nevertheless , some cas es of err atic i distr bution are probably the direct res ult of gla ciati on .

That, however, cannot be the cause of western molluscan

. a r e provinces Mountain ranges rather effective, but not insuperable barriers to the migration of some types of a ni

. n mals Tryo , Bartsch, Goodrich a nd others have s hown that even a fresh -water stream may be a barrier to the n - migratio of fresh water species . This i s nota bly tr ue of - h a s a river heavily laden with sediment, suc the Misso ur i , but b a large , clear stream may e a bar r ier to a species s a nd r a a be a ba r adapted to mall brooks , a swift st e m my r rier to a species adapted to sluggish wa te . s d It is clear, then, that in tu ying the problems of di str i bution one must know not only a l l the environmenta l fac m tors of the present ti e , but must a lso know the mor e im portant details of the geogra phy and environment for some

distance back in the past , with the geological transforma l tions that have occurred . A l this makes the subj ect mor e

enticing. wa s il S ince the foregoing written, Dr . P sbr y has r e minded me of the close approximation of these provinces with those proposed by Binney in in discussing the

land snails only , before some very important western gen o e era now recognized had been segregated ( O r e h li x, S onor el l a and A s hmunella ) : H i s E astern P rovince extends clear

to the base of the Rocky Mountains , a little farther west i P than mine . H s Central rovince includes the whole inter P mountain region , my S outhwestern rovince plus most of H i s P P in my Rocky Mountain P rovince . acific rovince eludes the whole Pacific Coast region west of the S ierra

Nevada and Cascade Mountains , northward to Alaska . o two H owever , he divides it int regions , namely , the Cali S an the for nian, from H umboldt Bay to Diego , and Ore

3 - 7 1 1 92 4 n v . S t s AUTI U 7 8 . Hender on, N L S , XXXVII , , ; U i Colo udies ,

— 1 3 1 92 7 . XVI , , 4 A 2 1 1 o h A I S T 9 9 6 . UT U Bart sch , N U I LU S , XXX , , G odric , N L , XXXV , - 2 1 n r e omatid ae 1 873 . 1 4 , 1 9 . Tryo , S t p , XLI , 5 - n S h . 1 8 2 5 1 885 . . nn n . a Bi ey , Ma ual Amer L d ells , pp , ; Terr Moll

39 1 87 8 w th z o h m a . U . S . , V , , , i o geograp ic p THE NAUTILUS 91

onian t g , from nor hern California to Alaska . Doubtless he P would also have divided the Central rovince , had concho logical investigations in that region been anywhere near as far advanced as at present .

A AR F A MAR ARITANA M RG ITI ER VS . G

BY J UNIUS HENDERSON

1 Kennard , Salisbury and Woodward show that the well known generic name M ar gar i tana. Schumacher , 1 81 7 , must give way to M ar gar i tifem [misspelled M ar ga r tifem by ’ n r t n printer s er r or] S chumacher , 1 81 6 . This is very u fo u ate and wi ll lead to much confusion , as Ma r gar i tana has long been used for the fresh-water mussels of circumpolar “ M ar distribution . They say : It is true that the name gar i tifer a, had been applied by Patrick Brown ( Civil and

Natural H istory of Jamaica , 1 7 56 , p . 41 2 ) to a section of

- the pearl oysters , but his work being pre Linnean does not count even though republished in Thou gh Brown , l m i l i s in common with other po yno a ts , used generic names binomi a l i st in a real generic sense , he was in no sense a , as he used descriptive phrases i nstead of specific names , and this applies to the republication as well as to the original M ar ar i ti er a publication of his g f , consequently it must be ignored and not considered a preoccupation of the name to the exclusion of S chumacher ’ s first name for the fresh water mussel . This seems to be an instance j ustifying the committee on zoological nomenclature in exercising its dis cretionary power by validating the name Ma r gar i tana .

1 n n . . S oc. , Kennard , Salisbury and Woodward , Proc Malac Lo do

1 92 . XVI , 2 76 , 5 92 THE NAUTILUS

A DD ITIONA L RE CORD S OF S OUT H DAKOTA MOLLUS CA

BY W . H . OVER

S ince publishing a list of S outh Dakota Mollusca in T H E

S . 1 91 5 NAUTILU , Vol X XIX , , I have added the following species to the list . With the exception of a single s peci es they are represented in collection of the University of

S outh Dakota Museum . It may be fair to say that these records accumulated by the ending of the year 1 92 4 when a I was compelled to ce se active interest in Mollusca . Most of the species listed here were identified by Mr . B r yant

Walker .

t n ta. . H Alas mi donta r u ca B . W . Rivers of the ea stern part

of the sta te . a Alas mi donta ca l ceol a Le . Big S ioux River in Minneha ha

County . e h Quadr u la, r u bignosus L a . Rivers of t e eastern part of

the state . L Qua dr u la, tu ber cu la ta Raf . Big S ioux River , incoln

County .

Qua dr u la coccinea. Lea . Vermillion River , Clay County .

Qua dr u la cos ta ta Raf . Fire Steel Creek, Davidson County . 1 H C oker ia, s ou tha lli Marshall . James River , uron , Beadle

County .

ca Lea . L L amp s ilis ventr i cosus na d ensis ake Byron , Beadle

County . L o Anodonda ma r gina ta S ay . ake Kampeska , Godingt n

County .

Anth . C a mp el oma su bs oli du m Firesteel Creek , Davidson

County .

m L . Vi tr ea ha mm oni s Str oe . Clear ake , Marshall County

’ S egm entina cr a ssi l a bms Walker . Jim Creek , Roberts

County .

P lanor bis hi r su tus Gld . Marshall County .

1 1 A I S . 1 9 1 6 . 33. No specimen. T H E N UT LU , Vol XXIX , , p

94 THE NAUTIL US

P ecten l ohr i is common at many places and has been r e Etche oin P P ported from the g , urisima , ico , lower Wildcat , M P P s and erced ( of illar oint) , formation of California , al l P of which are lower liocene . It apparently does not occur

in the Upper Miocene as originally suggested . s s Thi pecies is named for Dr . Fred von Lohr , topo a gr pher who accompanied Mr . W . M . Gabb on an expedi o L tion int ower California .

E O N A E - T E D” H O L IRA NOT DOUBL MOU H O S P CO CKERELLI , DA LL

E BY G O . C . S PENCE

P ol stomati sm y , or the possession of more than one mouth , has been recorded in the case of various species of shells . At the moment I can instance Limnaea auricularia

( L ) , Clausilia bidentata ( Str Om) and B r a chy podell a a n i raveni Crosse and g es a na C . B . Ad . I can now record a similar occurrence in H ol ospi r a cocker elli Dall ; one individual in a set of this rare species ,

il . kindly given me by Dr . P sbr y , having this peculiarity This shell which is almost full grown has been fractured by some means and partly repaired , but instead of com pl etely filling up the gap and continuing to use the whole shell the animal has constructed another mouth with fully formed lip rather more than half a whorl above the original aper ture . This malformation is sometimes caused by an O bstr uc tion in the mouth but in this case fracture appears to have been a t any rate the primary cause . THE NAUTILUS 95

T WO NEW S PE CIE S OF S HE LL S FROM URUGUAY

BY DOCTOR H . VON I H ERING

ULI M L E B U US ( S CUTAL US ) F LIPPONEI , n . sp .

- A conic ovate shaped shell , rather solid , with narrow um bili ous , of a whitish color , covered with a thin and green ish , lustrous periostracum . There is a spiral border on the last whorl , whitish , and barely visible ; the spire is conic and the point obtuse and smooth . The first whorls , called nepi oni c are adorned with fine lineal , vertical creases , the whorls , numbering 7 are slightly convex and separated by a deep suture . The last whorl has irre gular vertical grooves , the others are smooth ; with fine spiral lines impressed , sometimes hardly Visible , the aper

- ture has an oblique position , almost vertical , Oblong shaped , x angular on the front . The peristome is r efle ed on the outer bor der . The columellar border is wide , dilated , and forms an angle with the columella and with the anterior border of the aperture . The height is mm . ; the maj or diameter is 1 3 mm . ; the aperture is 1 1 mm . long ; and an interior width of 6 mm . This new and interesting species comes from Canelones ( Republic of Uruguay) and I have the pleasure of dedicat l e d ing it to Doctor Florentino Fe ippon , of Montevi eo , whose activities and studies have been of great profit to wards furthering the knowledge and connection of the molluscs of Uruguay , this being the reason why I dedicate to him this species .

This is the first species O f S cu ta lu s known from Ur u gu ay . s er i s toma tu s x Another similar species , B u limu lu p e ists in ’ Pil sbr s descr i the Argentine . Doring 1 87 9 , upon which y p “ ” tion is compared , in his excellent Manual of Conchology ,

2 9 . series pulmonata , Vol . 1 1 , page - a The above mentioned species is , notwithst nding , big ger , and has the margins of the aperture convergent the 96 THE NAUTILUS s e a s am in our species , which , furthermore , has mor e

. a r e whorls If the shells not found in good condition , t he

fine sculpture of the apex whorls will be lost , a d etail which made me think that I had to deal with a species of B os tr yx ’ Lis s oa cme - of the section , sub generic division of Pil sbr y s which was based on the sculpture O f the apex ; but it is

probable that in this sense there may be transitions . In

our species the apex sta rts smooth , and afterwards acquires f fine vertical striae , sometimes dif icult to see . In the B limu ff u lus i r r egu la r i s Pfei er , the apex sculpture is similar B eli onei u a l to the . f pp , whilst in general , the S c t us species

have the sculpture irregular and deflected .

R P H EIL FELIPP EI S T O OC H US ON , n . sp .

Shell thin , slightly globose , coated with a periostracum ,

O f a dark yellow color . The spire is short , the embryo

shell is composed of four whorls , the first b eing smooth , the others densely covered with numerous and fine longi

tudinal ribs . In the following whorls , these fine ribs per

sist , and they reunite in groups close to the suture , merging

into a small whitish plate . The disposition of these s o plates at the side of the suture , cause an impressi n of a h he crinkling of the same , which , in general , appens with t t i w species of the group S tr op hochei lus . The aper ure s ide

oval ; the col um el a which is slightly convex, is thickened h wh r an above in a doubling form , colored w ite , ich fo ms e t w i an obtuse angle wi th the wall of the ap r ure , in h ch c ti he be seen a terminal line of the callus . The posi on of t not aper ture is obliqu e . The external lip is sharp but e u r eflexed . There is no visible vestig of the mbilical i s h ha s fissure . Evidently it a new shell , w ich almost n reached its definite dimensions , taki g into account that r the S pecies of this group do not , as a rule , have many mo e 1 - m S l L n than 1 6 whorls in the post e bry onal he l . e gth of

d 2 7 5 . r shell 385 mm . ; maj or iameter mm ; length of ape

1 7 . ture 2 54 mm . ; width of same mm This species is

h . lu tes cens s bigger and more bellied t an the S , and is le s obosus S bellied than the S . gl , whose pire , moreover , is

98 THE NAUTILUS

ame ur s m de 3 a h . h ch s p po e , by C S c u er t and S . S . B uckman ,

was not based on and therefore not adaptable to the Rules . f For the four categories O genotypes , enumerated by Dr .

H . . B Baker loc . cit . the corresponding terms of the wr iter are as follows :

— 1 . a uto no Type by original designation ge type .

— 2 . i m Type by original fixat on onogenotype , ta utogeno type .

— 3 . a e Type fixation through substitution pog notype .

4 r — i . Type by fi st valid S ubsequent designation id ogeno type . The designations of the other ( invalid ) categories of genotypes mentioned in the Rules may be found in the cited

papers O f the wr iter .

It may here be pointed out , moreover , that the term genotype as largely used by the systematists in zoOl ogy d 1 9 chucher t 4 and botany , was intro uced in 8 7 by Ch . S and has therefore precedence and priority against the S ame w term of quite other significance , which a s proposed in 5 3 1 90 . genetics by W . Johannsen in

3 n T he n t e hu her n . Ch . S c c t a d S S . Buckma , Nome cla ur of Types

7 th i es . n Na st . in Natural Hist ory ( A nals a nd Mag . of t . Hi , ser , vol

1 . 91 1 905 . 1 02 6, No , , p ? 4 chu cher t h t i n t h s t in n Ch . S , W at is a ype n a ural i ory Scie ce - n chu cher t i n . . n 2 1 89 7 . 636 40 a d Ch . S U S . t a April 3 , , pp Bull Na io l

3 t 1 90 1 t n t n . a t Mu seum , No . 5 , Par I , 5, p . 5 (rec ified defi i io ) Here 1 2 the t t t e s i first S chu che r t on p . proposed also erm Lec o ype for d g s nation of type specimen . 5 nn n E hk t in t n n und in nen W . Joha se , Ueber rblic ei Popula io e rei

1 03 . Linien. Jena 9 THE NAUTILUS 99

TH E GROWTH OF TH E M U S SE L MYTILU S CALI FO RNIANUS

BY OS CAR W . RICHARDS

n n S t t n St n n v Hopki s Mari e a io of a ford U i ersity,

Pacific Grove , California

u Of 2 D ring the first part July, 1 9 6, over one thousand specimens O f M yti lus ca lifor nianas were gathered at random from the point immediately south of the B ird H S a P Rocks at the opkins Marine t tion , acific Grove , Ca li for nia . The left valve O f ea ch of these animals wa s saved to be measured as a growth study . The mussels came from

- three places , each within one and one half meters of the h others and all of t e animals at each spot were gathered . S These sample pots were about thirty centimeters square .

Consequently, these animals are representative of the mussel population on this point and give some indication of O f the sizes and ages the animals to be found there . This mussel is not cosmopolitan like Myti lu s edu lis but is con

fined to the P acific Coast . It occurs on rocks exposed to the surf and reaches a larger S ize than M . edu lis .

The greatest length of the valve , the depth , or dorso ventral dimension , O f the shell at its widest part a nd the thickness of the valve , greatest perpendicular distance to outside of shell at the same place the depth was measured , were all measured to the nea rest millimeter on about two hundred of the animals so chosen to be representative of the whole lot . The length was measured on the rest of the animals . Later eighty larger shells were added , taken from the beach , to show the l ater growth rings . This made in all 1 1 88 valves measured . The frequency of animals O f ea ch length is S hown on graph 1 . The distance from the umbo to the growth rings was measured on all of the shells showing rings . The posi tions and frequencies O f the rings are also shown on graph

1 . As will be seen the population consists mainly of small er individuals . This fact is of further interest as this point is accessible only at the lower tides and is not typica l 100 THE NAUT ILUS

of the point frequently raided by the summer tourist . The growth rings of this S pecies do not show clearly thru the periostracum . The badly worn beach S hells S how the growth rings somewhat better tho not distinctly . On the

3 18 8 8 8 3 2 ‘1 q 1 a“ z s s euaomu 1 °

° £ou e nb ea g

smaller S hells the first ring is easily seen but the two year shells begi n to S how wear near the umbo and older S hells are worn so smooth in this region that all external traces of the earlier rings are gone .

102 THE NAUTILUS

PUBLICA TION S RECE IVED

NEW S PECIES OF MOLLUS K S OF TH E GENUS CORBICULA U AND Z . FROM RUGUAY BRA IL By William B . Ma rsha ll P - U. . S . . . . 7 2 . 3 1 ( roc Nat Mus , Vol , Art , pp . 7 , pl . 1 , 1 92 7 ) S ix new species of the subgenus Cya nocycl as a r e described a nd figured .

T H E AUS TRAL IAN LAND S HELL T HERS ITES BIPARTITA I TS E m S . . P AND ALLI By Willia B Marshall ( roc . U . S . Nat . M - - us . . 7 2 . 1 5 1 1 6 l , Vol , Art , pp . , p s . 1 3 , T wo new and 1 7 species new subspecies are described a nd figur ed .

NEW S . MOLLU CS FROM VANIKORO. By Tom Ireda le .

- A . . 1 4 . 1 . 3 7 8 ( Records ustralian Mus , Vol , No , pp 7 , pl . 5 , One new genus P I NGUITELLINA Type T el lina r obus ta

H anley is descr ibed .

H E AND E IB RNATION A S TIVATION I N GAS TROPOD MOLLUS CS . S La l H H By undra ora and . S rinivasa Rao . ( Records 2 2 4 - 1 . . 9 9 6 s Indian Mus , Vol , pt . , pp . , An intere t ing paper on the habits of some of the little known orienta l land S hells , with figures of the epiphragms , etc. n MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY 2 ser . pa r t 1 09 , P ulmo ata , - - il i dae . H 4 l . 2 o s pp . 1 8, p s . 1 8, Nov , 1 9 7 . Str ob p By enry A . 2 8 t Pil sbr y . This is the first part of Vol . containing par bil i w of the family Str o ops dae . Three new species , two ne

D I C OSTROBILOP . subspecies , a new subgenus , S S , type S

B IL P . hi a e hu bbar di and a new section E OS TRO O S , type S r s i , i h are described . The illustrations are exceedingly fine , w t sections of the shells showing the internal lamellae .

C . W . J .

S OME MOLLUS KS AND OTHER INVERTEBRATES FROM T H E

L U . . NORTHWEST . By E lberta . Craig ( niv of Colo 1 S tudies , XVI , NO . , June , Records from many C o localities in the P uget S ound region , Alaska , British lumbia and Yukon Territory , of marine , land and fresh H water mollusks collected by Prof . Junius enderson in

1 92 5 . THE NAUTILUS 103

A E PE E D CATALOGU OF L CYPO A AND BRACHIOPODA . By H 34 . . ugh C . Fulton . pp , Apr , 1 92 7 . The species are arranged according to the latest classification .

T WO FOS S IL S PECIES OF LEPTAC H ATI NA FROM TH E I SLAND

OF . . . . KAUAI By T D A . Cockerell Journ . of Conch . 1 92 2 ,

. 1 1 7 . L . d ece to L . h ensis p p r and a en , from the sandhills of H aena .

T H E FERTILIZATION PROCESS IN T H E S NAIL LYM NAEA TA ALI E E S GN S APPR SSA S AY . By dward Drane Crabb . 2 ’ Biological B ulletin , August , 1 9 7 . Dr . Crabb s conclusions “ are as follows : From the evidence brought out in this paper it a ppears that self-fer tilization is the normal method of reproduction in L . S . appressa and that in this snail cross fertilization seldom or never occurs . The rea sons for concluding that self - fertilization is the normal method of reproduction are as follows “ o 1 . Both va and spermatozoa are developed in a single acinus at the same time , and since the ovum soon loses its investing membrane polyspermy usually occurs before it leaves the acinus . “ 2 . At no time are functional sperms absent from the hermaphrodite gland and duct in normal healthy adults , thus by the laws of chance making competition of foreign sperms unsuccessful . “ 3 . Free ova lacking a vitelline membrane are usually surrounded by ripe sperms , numbers of which enter each ovum as it passes through the acinus and hermaphrodite duct . “ 4 . There is no evidence of desquamation of the lining as in any part of the reproductive system , has been described in H elix , or O f any other natural process which would cause temporary or permanent unisexuality in L . s . appressa . “ 5 . Individuals raised from isolated eggs and reared in strict isolation reproduce as abundantly as do those in mass cultures . 104 THE NAUTILUS

6 . There is no evidence of gynogenesis or any other

form of parthenogenesis . “ 7 . x Two polar bodies are e truded in eggs of virgins , the first normally loses connection with the vitellus and by the time O f the first cleavage has migrated 50— 2 00 micra into the albumen ; the second polocyte remains attached to the vitellus , but its chromatin does not return to the egg nucleus . “ 8 . Ten chromosomes comprise the haploid number as is S hown by the first and second maturation divisions and k r m r by the number of a y o e es in the mature egg . “

9 . Typical male and female pronuclei are formed , and ” fuse in virgin eggs to form the first cleavage nucleus .

H . A . P

E A PL IS TOCENE FOS S IL LOCALITY ON B IG H OPE ISLAND,

P E D . H S . UG T OUN By Junius enderson ( Univ . of Colo

Studies , XVI , No . 1 , June , Contains marine mol lusks . S ee p . 77 .

NE E W W S T AMERICAN MARINE MOLLUS KS . By P aul 2 P . . . . . Bartsch . roc U S . Nat . Mus , Vol 7 0 , 1 9 7 , Art . 1 1

As t r is a li a elane la ctis Tu r bo ll a S pecies of y , O p , M l , A , ni , i etc . The most interesting form , perhaps , s M elanella or tl andi ca P its s p from ortland , Oregon , the first of genu and family reported from an inland locality , far b eyond marine influence .

H . A . P .

A MONOGRAP H OF AUSTRALIAN LORICATES [ Chitons] .

2 1 6 . 2 1 By T om Iredale and A . F . Basset H ull . 1 9 7 . 8 pp , 1 A plates . Originally published in parts in the ustralian

- 2 Zoologist , 1 92 3 1 9 7 , this monograph has now been issued 32 in a single handsome volume . 1 61 species and sub species now known in this fauna are illustrated on eighteen plates crowded with figures . These are among the best chiton illustrations published , and highly creditable to the three artists who produced them .

1 t dnev . Royal Zoological S ociety of New S ou h Wales . Sy Price k A I X X 35 n t of t t UT US . 5 s . For o ice early par s of his wor see N L XX I ,

106 THE NAUTILUS

in these pages the chiton collectors of today , some of whom guided me a few years ago to their choicest collect ing grounds . Only collectors and students of chitons can appreciate the amount of strenuous collecting and patient study involved in the production of such a monograph as this . Australian naturalists have now a better guide for further work on

e — this group than is availabl in any other country . H . A . P .

T H E MARINE S HELLS OF TH E WEST COAS T OF NORTH

E — B A M RICA . y Ida S hepard Oldroyd , S tanford University P ublications . Vol . I of this work was noticed in our issue

92 . . of January , 1 6 Vol II , Parts 1 , 2 and 3 have been issued 1 92 94 during 7 , containing 0 pages , 1 08 plates , completing the work . As in the volume treating of bivalves , the original descriptions a r e reprinted or translated , and usual l y the original figures are reproduced . The classification ’ h and nomenclature is that of Dall s catalogue . T e great value of this compilation of scattered material to students and collectors will be apparent ; it was a huge task , testify ing to the tireless ind ustry of the author . It would , O f course , have been still more useful if all of the species available had been figured . Thus , in the series of families i to Liti i 8 from C a ec dae op da e , out of 0 species only two are figured ; none of the chitons are illustrated . s A useful feature is the location of type specimens . Thi information is Often very hard to trace , and it is natural e l a that some mistakes occur , as in the case of Thais la m l os

( Gm elin) , said to be in the National Museum . These volumes will doubtless become the constant com the panions of West Coast collectors . We congr atulate author on the completion of SO useful a manual .

NOT E S AND N EW S

’ S INISTRAL CAM PELOM A (correspondence) — H ere s our “ ” m m latest thrill $ I cleaned two Ca pel o a s , the left THE NAUTILUS 107

a h nded one contained one left and five right, and the right one left and four right . I mounted all in a glass top box

. E S so all could see arly aturday morning , Oct . 5 , I went L n P to the agoon in Jackso ark, Chicago , to find a left of l m my own . The Campe o as were in full S ight and I ex a mine — d a lot of them but not a left . I brought home 1 2 and counted the babies , finding they varied in number 1 7 5 49 from to 6 , a tota l of 3 , among these were 1 3 lefts .

In one shell containing 43 there were 5 lefts , a nd in four shells there were no lefts . This was getting interesting, so I went out again to do some real work , but not a Cam peloma was to be seen , after hundreds of trials two were 4 obtained . One of these contained lefts out of 50 and the other 1 out of 6 1 . What becomes of all these lefts ?

— E . E . HAND .

- - FINDING A LEFT HANDED CA MPELO M A. As a hobby I f have been collecting shells . The lagoons in the parks O Chicago are full of many different species of fresh-water snails , and it is a pleasure and a novelty to prepare and mount my own specimens . Mr . H and , our S cience teacher at H yd e Park H igh school , told us of a very interesting

- m m l . thing , a left handed C a p e o a The shell is usually

- - right handed , and a left handed shell is found only once in

63 . a thousand S hells . About a block east of the rd st entrance to Jackson Park is a lagoon where the Campel oma abounds . Under a bridge leading over to an island where the shade lies most of the day , they are unusually plentiful . W On Tuesday , Oct . l 1 th , I ent there and reached down around the bottom of a post . I picked up a handful of

- S hells . There were nine of them , all right handed , so I

threw them in again . The second time I brought up eleven with no success . B ut the third time I picked up seven

- and among them was the left hander which I sought .

You can imagine the thrill I got when I picked it up . I certainly was lucky , and now I have a unique specimen for

- — my fresh water colle ction O f snail s E M M ETT MEYER . 108 THE NAUTILUS

ERM N E S — V O T SH LL . While on an automobile tr ip through the Ne w England s tates I found two small species in a sma ll s tr eam the C d e E t t O , ly e Riv r, near as Charles on , rleans C o. , I r th e nor ern V rmont, which may add a new locality for this S; ate , Anodontoi des fer ussa ci anus (Lea) . Alas mi donta u ndu l a ta a S . ( y) FRANK C . BAKE R . T H E E P etr a r ca P D E n NAM IN UPILLI A ( Man . Co ch . , 4 XXVII , pp . 5, 1 2 2 ) is already in use in the Cirr ipedia as

P tr a r ca 1 899 . e Fowler, For the molluscan group I propose

S eni la ur i a L au r ia as ci ola ta Mor l t — , type f ( e e ) P 1LSBRY.

E o tex AND o u — TYP S OF V r V lv lus OKEN . I do not find that any type has been selected for Vor tex Oken , Lehr buch d e 1 81 5 1 4 r Naturgeschichte , I , , p . 3 , and would therefor e

car colla . na me V. o as type This makes the group a syno nym of Ca r a cola s Montfort . Vor tex Beck, 1 837 , was evi

‘ dently an independent use of the same term , as he does not mention the earlier author , and introduces it a s a new

o u u . 3 1 3 subgenus . V l v l s Oken , on p , may take for type bi d e s l aus i lia bid e the first species , V . n ( C ns . ) The selec tion of any other species would involve changing some

— B current name . H . A . P ILS RY.

A — FAUXULUS BURNUPI NUS , new species The S hell r e a ens i s sembles F . c p in shape and coloration , but differs by the larger size of the lamellae and folds . The palatal folds o o resemble those of F . p a mp hor d n, the upper palatal fold being long , laminiform and descending obliquely inward , inter al atal the lower palatal fold long , entering . A small p

6 . . fold is present . Length , diam above aperture mm ; 1 9 A; whorls . P S u S eal Rock , opposite Dyer Island , Cape rovince , o th f H . . o Africa . This S pecies , named in honor of C Burnup , on P ietermaritzburg , will be figured a supplemental plate

— P ILSBRY . H . . O f P upillidae in the Manual of Conchology . A 2 H dr o PARANERITA Annandale , 1 9 0 , was proposed for y S in bi oid es p hys cus Annandale . ome African forms were r eoccu cluded by Pil sbr y and B eq ua er t . As that name is p 1 908 P ar a bi th nia pied by P a r aner i ta Bourne , ( Neritidae) , y ’ — may be substituted for Annandale s P ar aner ita P IL SBRY.

1 10 T HE NAUTILUS

Dr . Pi lsbr y in 1 89 1 says : More tha n any other s hells these must be studied with constant reference not only to ha bitat geographically, but station as well . For an exact knowledge of the group we must therefore wait until Obser vations on the species are made with special reference to t m heir odes of life and surroundings .

A . tes tudina lis attains its greatest size in the region a bout E astport, Maine . Dr . M . A . Willcox in her “ ” inter esting paper on the B iology of A cma ea tes tud inalis “ says : On the Massachusetts coast a limpet an inch long i s a giant but at E astpo rt they not rarely reach a length of

32 mm . The first explanation of this fact which presents itself i s of course that the cooler water presents the opti mum temperature for these animals ; this is not , however , the only possible explanation . The a rctic curr ent is not only cooler but more equable in temperature than mor e E southern waters . At astport the maximum yearly varia

° ° tion in temperature of the water is about 1 2 C . ( 3 5

° ° ° ° - 4 2 3 . 2 Li 5 F . ) at Boston it is nearly C ( 9 7 0 m pets living entirely below tide mark would therefore enj oy comparatively equable temperature conditions at Eastport . O f This would not , however , be true those living between tide-marks for the annual variation in t emperature of the ° ° 4 — 6 air at E astport is often as much as 7 F . in a S ingl e month . Bathed twice a day by the water , exposed twice a day to the air, such individuals in spite of the comparatively cool

places they affect , would be exposed to conditions probably

at least as variable as those of the Massachusetts waters . If now we examine their size with reference to their E habitat , we find that the limpets of astport are large only when living at or near low-water mark of spring tides so

that they are rarely or never uncovered by the sea , and that higher up on the rocks the animals though no less abun n dant are of smaller size , o larger in fact than with us . We find that in Massachusetts there is no marked difference in S ize between limpets which are continuously submerged - i s and those which live between tide marks . The conclusion ther efore forced upon us that size in these animals is corre TH E NAUTILUS 111

lated not necessarily wi th a low but with an equable tem ” per atur e . In this connection I might state that in a S eries of 30 specimens from E astport in the collection of the Boston S ociety of Natural H istory there are three that measure 4 4 7 3 4 1 . 36 33 , , and mm in length and , , and 30 mm . in H width . aving thus ascertained the locality a nd the appar ent conditions under which the species attains its greatest E size , a study of the S pecies northward from astport pre

sents the following variations in size . In a series of 44 S pecimens from Digby , Nova S cotia , the largest measured 2 f 9 mm . In 33 from the west coast o Newfoundland , the

2 . L 9 largest is 6 mm , while from abrador the largest is 1

mm . I do not know under what conditions the Digby speci mens were taken but those further nort h are no doubt af

fected by the much colder conditions .

Going southward from E astport , we find that in a series

of 31 collected at Bar H arbor , Me . , the largest measures 38 66 S E mm . In a series of pecimens from Bass Rocks , ( ast

Gloucester) , Castle Rock , Marblehead Neck , and Nahant , 2 0 Mass the largest measuring 2 9 mm . was taken in O ff a t fathoms Nahant , while the largest from the rocks

- low tide measures 2 6 mm . In a series of 80 from Castle

H . . Island , Boston arbor , collected by W . J . Clench and P S

m . Jr . 1 8 m Remington , in 1 9 1 5 , the largest measu res only

In a collection of 7 4 S pecimens from S outh Cohasset , Mass , u s H . made by Dr . Bryant about 1 867 , the largest meas re

‘

2 7 mm . The shells from the latter place are exceedingly

variable averaging about 2 0 mm . in length , many having the same form and convexity as those from Long Island

Sound . South of Cohasset the gravelly and sandy shores Of the Cape Cod section present unfavorable conditions for lim S of pets . From Woods H ole westward along the hores L e ong Island S ound where rocky conditions predominat , is found a sma ll form which wa s named by Wheat in 1 91 3 “ Ac A es udin ma ea fer gus oni . H e says : Compared with . t t a lis S x n s the hell is smaller , more conve , less elo gate and les 1 12 THE NAUTILUS

variable in form . H is two largest specimens have a length “ 2 0 1 9 of and mm . and each a width O f 1 6 mm . the average convexity is approximately one -third greater than for ” testu di a n lis . The radula as figured by Wheat shows con sid er abl e variation even in the different rows of the teeth

in the same individual . A proper comparison would be

with those of a corresponding S ize , say from Cohasset a i r ther than with those from Maine . S x specimens from H em i stead Bay , N . Y . , are mottled with brown like the ty p tes t di 1 u na lis 1 9 . 0 cal , the largest being mm in length and mm . in width . The most interesting series of this form

E . consists of 2 7 specimens collected in 1 92 0 by Miss . C

Comstock , at Westbrook , Conn . The largest is 2 0 mm long 1 and 1 mm . wide . Many have a pink or bluish tinge , with the brown markings obs el ete or wanting . With the inequality of temperature of both air and water more marked than even on the Massachusetts coast north

of Cape Cod , with weaker tides , currents and waves in the

more land locked waters and the water probably less saline , one would naturally expect a marked change in a S pecies living under what are apparently more unfavorable condi tions . Now as to the standing of Acma ea a lveu s Conrad In collecting on the rocks of the New England coast for the past 2 5 years I have failed to find a S pecimen a l veus s of associated with t es tudina li , although other col c 1 841 le tors have recorded it from rocks . Gould in says “ Found abundantly on eel -grass ( Z os ter a mar ina ) to whose ” narrow leaves its form is exactly adapted . Further on Gould says : This shell is the very miniature of P a tella c m r o es s a . p Mr . S owerby suggests that it bears the same A testudina li r essa minia ta relation to . s as P . comp does to in other words it is the same species changed in form from ” - having adhered to a narrow sea weed instead of a stone . “ Couthouy in 1 839 says : I have never found a lveus except ” “ 3 : A upon marine plants . Verrill in 1 87 says peculiar m f lveus narrow for O this shell (var . a ) lives on the leaves ” “ of - r eel g ass . Pil sbr y in 1 891 says : Numerous trans

114 THE NAUTILUS

s pecies . Further on he says : In this paper I have dealt

veus . with A . tes tu dina li s and A . a l as distinct species At the outset I began the work solely for the purpose of deter its mining the specific value of A . a lveus and the propriety of

na lis separation from A . tes tu di . By the earlier student , the two species were regarded as distinct , but later Tryon , Ver

A . a l veus rill , Dall and others had come to regard as only a “ i ” variety O f A . tes tu di i i a l s . S o far as I have Observed , tes tu dina li s occurs in pools at low tide exposed to dashing waves . I have never seen a specimen of this species on eel grass : a lveus on the contrary lives on eel grass in quiet water and in certain places hundreds may be collected in a short time . It was naturally believed by some observers that the long narrow form O f a l veus had become so by adaptation to its narr ow resting place ; if so , it is a good x e ample of a species in the process of establishing itself . Whatever may be the case the S pecific characters are now so firmly fixed that I have never seen a specimen , young or Ol d that the difference between them could not be told at a ” glance . “ In studying a lveus alive it is found to move freely on the eel grass , swinging its head from side to side , its tentacles proj ecting far beyond the lateral edge Of the shell : tes tu di na lis , on the contrary remains fixed for hours and only in the extreme young have I seen considerable freedom O f motion Mr . Dwight Blaney has found a l veus on the under S ide of stones on a coarse pebbly beach at Ironbound Island ,

Maine , and I have observed it in S imilar S ituations in Salem H arbor , Mass . In both these insta nces , however , the creature might have become detached from its usual resting place on eel grass by storms and washed by waves to these ” unaccustomed places .

To briefly recapitulate , nearly all concede that the true a lveus home of is on eel grass , and that its occurrence on pebbles and stones ( not rock) probably represents an infr e S O f E quent hift habitat . el grass is a perennial , the creep ing stems living throughout the winter , the young leaves appearing in June and disappearing with the autumnal THE NAUTILUS

of storms . What b ecomes of the millions upon millions a lveus ? S wept ashore on the eel grass they are destroyed and there is not enough O f them left to reproduce the ’ millions that will appear on the next season s growth of a l veus ? eel grass . Then where does come from When tes tu dina lis spawns in the summer the slimy rocks present comparatively few suitable places for the embryos to attach themselves . On the other hand the young, clean leaves Of the eel grass Offer an ideal surface for atta chment , thus we find that in the vicinity of rocks , the leaves are r usually covered with young shells , and when no ocks are near the S hells are usually wanting . The young are there s u di a lveus fore evidently all te t na lis , assuming the form of when they attain a size that i s affected by the narrow leaves of the eel grass . There is also little doubt, that, when

' a lveus reaches maturity its young would be tes tu dina li s , these depending upon eel grass to assume the form of the parent .

D r . Willcox in her paper above referred to says : The

ne breeding season appears to be a long o . I have taken ripe limpets near Boston as early as the thirteenth of April and as late as the end of July . In E astport they were still lay ing during the first week in S eptember . In each place the generative season probably ends a little before the water reaches its maximum heat, which occurs at E astport in S eptember , at Boston in August . Thus all of a lot of speci mens from Nahant in the middle of August had the genera l tive gland empty and the sa me wa s true of a considerable part of those gathered at E astport during the first few days of S eptember . Sexual maturity is probably acquired after the first winter , as I have taken ripe limpets in April which ” were under a cm . in length . ’

Conrad s figure which is natural size measures 1 3 mm . The largest specimen of a l veu s in a series of 1 4 from Isle 4 . 1 . 1 8 boro , Me , is mm and in a series of from Revere , s Mas , the largest is 1 5 mm the average size being about 1 2 ’ mm . There is in the S ociety s collection a s pecimen ” marked Mass . collected by C outhouy that measures 2 1 1 16 T HE NAUTILUS

mm . This may be one that had moved from the eel grass ’ to a rock and represents a second year s growth . This

brings up a question . Are the specimens that grow on eel ? grass capable of sta nding a life on rocks The muscles O f the foot O f those growing on the flexible eel grass could not possibly be as strong as those growing on a fi r m rock while the thinner, narrower , and more elevated shell would also the i h make them more susceptible to their enemies . Thus ability of a lveus to ad apt itself to a different station than eel grass probably accounts for the absence or scarcity of one large specimens of a l veus . It seems strange that no has apparently taken a specimen 2 1 mm . in length since the days of Captain Couthouy . P rofessor Morse refers to the living a l veus as moving freely and swinging its head from ? side to side . Why is it s o restless I S it an acquired mo tion , due to the undulations of the eel grass in the waves and l v tides , or is it possible that a eus realizes it has made the mistake of its young life in attaching I ts S hells to eel grass instead of a rock ? This paper is written to S how that there is still a great deal of work to be done on the biology of this interesting limpet , and also to emphasize the importance of recording the exact conditions under which the S hells were collected . Not only the exact locality but the very rocks on which a they were t ken should be considered , also whether the l ow shells were found above or below water mark . If

dredged the depth should always be recorded . When col l ected on eel grass the location of the grass in relation to

rocks should be noted , and above all the time of the year

the specimens were taken . Note the time of the first a p r n pea a ce of shells on eel grass . S ome clean rocks should be placed in the grass and the growth of the young shells

on the rocks , compared carefully with those on the eel

grass . Oil and harbor pollution is sadly affecting many of the

old collecting grounds . It is very doubtful if Clench and Remington could duplicate their collection made at Castle 1 1 92 Island in 91 5 . Miss Comstock in 0 complained of the

1 18 THE NAUTILUS

MOLLU S CA IN T HE IR RELAT ION T O T HE GE OLOGICA L S R O E A I HI TO Y OF S A P LAK , W S H N GTON

BY JUNIUS HENDERSON

It i s a matter of general knowledge among scientists that the waters O f a completely land -locked lake tend to be the come saline , for the same reason that ocean is saline . S trea ms and springs flowing into a lake carry in solution salts of various kinds and quantities , leached from the soil and rocks through or over which they flow . S O long as the a mount of water received by the lake exceeds the loss by evaporation, the lake will maintain an outlet at the lowest point in its shore line , the surplus water overflowing and ca rrying away some of the salts , thus preventing their ex cessi ve accumulation . If , because of a change in climatic conditions , the annual evaporation comes to exceed annual accession of water , then the water level drops so that there is no longer any overflow . Consequently all the salts brought in by streams and springs are retained and the water slowly becomes saline . This process sometimes con tinues until the result is a saturated solution , whereupon precipitation O f some of the salts begin to form a deposit

- on the bottom O f the lake . Well known examples of this phenomenon are the Dead S ea and Great S alt Lake , but there are many others , mostly smaller . It has long been known that there are many saline lakes

- of various S izes in the semi arid Great Basin , between the Rocky Mountains and the coastal ranges in the western a United S tates , and that they have been subj ected to gre t fluctuations in the past and to smaller fluctuations in r e L cent years . S ome of them , as for example , Great Salt ake , in Utah , have at times reached depths permitting overflow , the waters becoming fresh and remaining so long enough

- for fresh water fauna to become established , then they THE NAUTILUS 1 19

have shrunken until they became merely highly -saline rem

nants of their former extent , all the mollusks being de

stroyed by the excessive salts , leaving their S hells as fos

- sils high above the new water mark , to tell the story Of

their former existence and abundance . Thus such S hells are Often found in the high lake terraces along the bor

ders of S alt La ke Basin . This is also true of many other

lakes in Uta h , Nevada , eastern California , eastern Oregon w and eastern Washington , though but fe such lakes have

been investigated .

In the summer O f 1 92 7 , accompanied by H erman Nanney ,

on an expedition for the University of Colorado , I visited

L . S oap ake , in Grand Coulee , eastern Washington There

is another lake by the same name in the Okanagan Valley , ex in the same state . The water of the one we visited is r em l t e y saline . On its shore is a plant established for the purpose of recovering some of the salts for commercial L purposes . A few miles north of S oap ake , in the same valley , is Alkali Lake , also highly saline . No perennial stream occupies the valley in the Vicinity of these lakes . No mollusks were found living in either lake and no water was found in the vicinity in which they could live , though a few miles down the valley ( north) fresh -water lakes are

A . reported , from one of which ( Blue Lake) Dr . Henry P il sbr -w y , in 1 903 , reported eight spec ies of fresh ater 1 shells . In passing over the valley floor between S oap and Alkali Lakes we found it thickly strewn in places with fresh water shells , O f the following species : Va lva ta hu m er a lis ca li or ni cu s P il sbr om x f y , Va l va ta u ta hensis Call , P p holy ’ e us a Lea P l anor bi mna e fi , s ver mi cu l a r i s Gould , Ly a near

tr as kii P . Tryon , and P is i di u m comp r essum rime These species are all still found living somewhere in the west , i n show ng that the deposit is not Older that Quater ary . Call reported the following as Quaternary fossils at B ut ’ L : Pis idi u ton s Ranch , Christmas akes , S outhern Oregon m u l tr a monta nu m P i oid es a rime , Lymna ea bu l m Le , Car i nifex

1 T H E AUTI LUS 1 N , XVII , 84 , 903 . 1 20 THE NAUTILUS

w r r ne be yi ( Lea ) , P la nor bis tr i volvi s S ay and P la nor bis ver mi cu la r is 2 a Gould . To these H annibal added Lymna e cu bens is P t t feiffer and P l anor bis di la a us Gould , both prob 3 H r e a bly wrong , and P omp holyx effus a Lea . annibal also

ported , in the same paper , the following from the S ummer L : i sidi um a bdi tum ake B eds , Quaternary , of Oregon P H en is di l a ta tus aldeman , P is i di u m p u l chella J yns , P la nor b a va n l ma thensi s H an Gould , V l ta tr i ca r ina ta ( S ay ) , La x k a o L P a lu d es tr ina r otea nibal , P omph lyx efius a ea , and p H i s Gould . The first four are almost certainly erroneous . synonymies are not such as to give one the least bit of con un fidence in his identifications . The other three are not

likely . Doubtless a general molluscan survey of the lakes and the adj acent lacustrine deposits of eastern Oregon and

Eastern Washington would be of great interest .

A AY VEN U S ME RCE NARIA V R. NO TAT A S

WILLIAM J . CLENCH

There seems to be considerable confusion between this ’ well-known form O f S ay s and certain colored forms of enus ca chi nsi V mp e e s Gmel . Venus m er cenar ia nota ta S ay appears usually as a single i a specimen in a colony populated by V . mer cenar . This fact O f its thus occurring with the common species pre eludes any idea of its being either an ecological form or a

geographical race . From the evidence at hand , it seems to be a recessive form appearing only as an individual here and there when the domi nant factors are eliminated by

chance breeding .

2 n 1 1 1 4 . t . S . 88 Call , Bulle i U . S Geological urvey , No , 3 n n n n 1 2 . Ha ibal , Proc . M alac . S oc. Lo do , X, 91

1 22 THE NAUTILUS

oc lines are most abundant in the umbonal region , though ca si onal S pecimens exhibit them over the entire surface of the disk . The angles formed by the j unction of these lines mer cen are much broader than the angles so formed in V . ia nota ta a r .

nota ta e r ia . E xcellent figures of V . m er c na var are given

8 o r t . 2 7 . 2 7 by D eKay ( loc . cit . ) pl . , fig , and G uld , Inve 2 5 . Mass . 1 87 0, p . 1 35 , fig .

PLANO GYRA A STE RISC U S ( MORSE)

E BY H . BURRINGTON BAK R

L ast summer , I obtained a large series of this peculiar little species near the University of Michigan Biological

L . Station at Douglas ake , Cheboygan County , Michigan P In this region , . a s ter is cus is quite common under dead

- - leaves in the strand line between the water soaked , S p ha gnu m mats of the arborvitae-s p uce bogs and the l ow Al fringe of , deciduous trees around their borders . i though t occurs rarely outside of this zone , a very few feet in either direction makes a very remarkable difference in

its frequency . Near the shore of Big Stone Bay , S traits E of Mackinac ( mmet County ) , it i s also quite common in

l nddunes . P . the damp swales between the ow, fixed sa a s ter is cu s and Ca r y chi u m exi l e cana d ens e seem to prefer the deeper layers of the fallen leaves and are seldom found

crawling on the surface or in the vicinity of logs . The

high , epidermal riblets that characterize the shell Of P .

as ter i s cus are quite rectilinear in moist ( living) specimens ,

but become wavy when dried .

is c u P . a er The anatomy of s t us , which I hope to fig re and

describe more fully in a later paper , is very similar to that THE NAUTILUS 123

Va ll onia S 1 1 i n k of , as described by teenberg ( 9 8, V de s . F r nin Na ur h . O e o . t 69 Medd g i Kj benhavn , fig . 5 ) or Wat L 4 1 92 0 P . . S oc . 1 . 4d 0 son ( , roc Mal ondon , figs , 5 , pl . 2 1 , fig . 1 , and pl . , fig . The pallial complex is of the r h r h o thur et r ous type , although the o t ur eter is paralleled by a groove which runs posteriad to beyond the apex of S the k idney . The prostate is of the hort form with digitate The lobes . penis is present in all of the adults examined , while it is usually absent in Va ll onia . The penial flagellum S a l l onia is externally rather imilar to that of V , and consists

- - of three regions : 1 ) an apical , long stalked , thin walled sac , which may be greatly distended by a mass of mucous 2 - material ; ) a cylindrical , thick walled , middle region , 3 - with numerous trabeculae internally ; and ) a thin walled ,

- long ovoid , basal sac , which contains a large , perforate ,

- verge like structure . The region of the penis beyond the n entrance of its appendix is much shorter than in Va ll o ia , a nd the penial retractor inserts only at the terminal loop of the epiphall us . The j aw and radula are quite like ’

1 864 . P H . Morse s account ( , Jour ortland S oc . Nat . ist . , p

- 2 4 , figs . 52 , but the comb shaped marginal teeth may actually develop as many as 9 cus pl ets .

Despite the great divergence in conchological characters , I am convinced that P lanogyr a should be placed in the ll ii e typical subfamily O f the Va on d a . The shell sculpture i and texture of P . a s ter s cu s are somewhat similar to those

’ a thinu la Z O O enetes in A c n and g , while the shell form is more like that of P yr a mi du l a ; probably all of these genera Va ll oniida e are rather closely related to each other . The should precede the P upillidae in the O r thur eth r a . il l i . P h ade 2 . . S c In a former paper ( 1 9 7 , P roc . Acad Nat phia 7 9 , p . I tentatively included the Mexican group , A om ha lus P l a no r a . S C han p , as a subgenus of gy its type i br i E ndodontidae C hanom S pecies , C . p ls y , belongs to the , p ha ius will have to be regarded as a separate genus . Its distinctive characters will scarcely permit its introduction i cus e into either Ra di odi scus or H eli cod s , which app ar to be its nearest relatives . THE NAUTILUS

T HIE LE ’ S BRAZ ILIAN LAN D SNAI LS

E BY H . BURRINGTON BAK R

The principal purpose of this paper is to review the ex ee in l on c d g y valuabl e data , the classification of S outh

American pulmonates , which have been contributed by Dr . “ J . Thiele in his recent paper Ueber einige brasilianische ”

2 Abb e k enb r . f . N . Landschnecken ( 1 9 7 , . S nc e g atur Ges

- 4 . 0 , pp . 307 399 , pl Incidentally , I wish to include a few additional notes on the nomenclature O f the groups dis

i . cussed n earlier papers of my own : ( 1 92 5 , Naut . 38, pp - Z 1 6 8 1 92 5a c . P . . . . . 5 86 9 ) and ( , O Mus ool . Univ Mich , no ; and 1 92 6, no .

H APLOTREMATIDAE

Although the radula ( cf . Thiele , text fig . 7 ) in this fam ily also appears to indicate a close relationship with the

Z onitidae ( rather than with the Achatinidae ) , the absence of pedal grooves separates it decidedly from the Sy str o phiida e ( see below) .

H a p l otr ema , subg . G eom ene P ils . ( Apr . 2 2 , 1 92 7 , P roc . ’

i 1 . Cal . Acad . S c . 6 , p 1 69 ) author s type H eli x concava S ay . ’ ’ P il sbr y s name is probably prior to Thiele s P r os el eni tes 31 3 ( pp . 31 2 , ; December , with the same genotype

( now chosen) .

S YS TROP H IIDAE

Now that Dr . Thiele has proven the position O f S ys tr o p hia , this family name is much preferable to my term ,

S col odontida e , which was founded on an admittedly dubious group . -fi 6 s hi Pf . . . . . S y tr op a r , s s Dr Thiele (text g ) shows con s s tr o ha elusively that the radula of S . y p , with the formula

126 THE NAUTILUS ex a act d te of publication ) , it had best be included in H appia

B gt. ( March ,

H a ia . P r oha pp , sect ppia Thiele ( 1 92 7 , p . monotype k i D Z H e i x bes c e k r . 4 4 l ( 1 8 7 , eit . Mal . , p . from Bra zil . This group seems to combine a S hell and animal S imilar to

H a ia s . s . . that of pp , with a radula ( Theile , p 309 ) like that f O the next group .

H . . H a ia . H a i e lla . pp , sect pp B B In this group , Thiele s O f H give brief descriptions and figures his . gr a ta from

H b r r ima . B razil and . gla e from Venezuela Unfortunately , he neglects to compare them with any of the previously de s cr ibed species , and certa inly presents no chy a r a cter s that r ima will keep H . gla ber out of the synonymy of H . gu i ld ingi

( Bland ) . Gu es ti er i a Crosse Thiele uses this ver y dis H a tinct genus as a subdivi sion of ppi a , which it antedates by 1 7 years .

H . . . l 92 5a i Ta may oa B B ( ) w th section T a ma y op s , new : type H appi a ba nghaa s i Thiele ( 1 92 7 , p . from

E spirito S anto , Brazil (type locality) . The radula ( Thiele ,

- fi 4 T . ba n ha a si text g . ) and general form of g are much as

. l 92 5a . in T a ma y oa s . s ( , p but the absence of the spiral keel , which constricts the umbilicus of T . tr i ni tar ia

( Smith) , would seem to require more than specific recog

1 . niti on. As I have already pointed out ( . c ) the fimbr iate laterals of Ta ma yoa immediately separate this genus from any other in the Sy str ophiida e ; G u es ti er i a also has multi f cuspid inner teeth , but they are apparently quite di ferent in form . ? M a r tinella Jou ss . Thiele describes a new species , M .

r is 1 8 p ca ( p . 3 ) from B razil ; the systematic position of the genus still remains dubious .

S TREPTAXIDAE

s e : . S tr ep ta xis Gray , S . s . Thiele adds two new p cies S i i totostr i a tus and S . j her ing (both on p . 3 1 7 ) the latter s from B razil .

N A UTI LU S X L I P l at e 2

1 . A MP T n 2 T A E N I i o L S I LI S S R EC K E R I Fri e rso E LL I P IO S J S S Fr e rs n . 3 L A M PS I L I S W R IG H T I A NA F r i e rso n

THE NAUTILUS 127

r e t mo tr e taxis . S t a r te n S p , sect p Kobelt . In my 1 92 5a 39 -4 1 ( pp . 1 6, ) discussion, I placed this sectional name in donta r mon Ffr the synonymy of O te . , on the bas is of ’ Ance 1 884 y s ( ) choice of type for the latter . As s hown ’ e e n b low, Kobelt s prior typ desig ation saves S tr eptar temon for the S outh American group of H eli x s tr ep todon Mori n ca d .

nt o fr B 1. 2 a . O do r tem n P . ( 1 855 , Mal . , p 1 7 2 ) type chosen h i n h nc l e b . 1 880 . Co uc by Kobelt ( Ill y , p S . dis

o : i i to h 42 - t r tus H el x d s r ta P . 1 8 Abb . 1 3 ( , , p . from

Guinea . Apparently , this name must replace G ona xis Tay 1 87 7 O f tr e taxida e S . P lor , ( ) for a genus African p ( Cf ils H 4 bry ; 1 9 1 9 , B ull . Amer . Mus . Nat . ist . 0, p . 1 7 6 )

d . E a f onta r temon us tr e t xis F r . 1 8 O , subg p ( 7 8, Nomen .

H el . Viv . , p . 1 5 ) type chosen by Kobelt ( l . S tr epta xi s ’ ob is 1 83 Lo H n i l Gray ( 7 , udon s Mag . Nat . ist . , p .

1 92 . from S ierra Leone ( West Africa ) . In my 5a review ( p 1 5) I carelessly treated this group as an a bsolute synonymy of S tr ep ta xis . Attention is called to the appearance of the ” - i Ffr . Cl ess n Nomenclator in parts , between 1 87 8 and

- 1 881 . Apparently , title pages were printed with both the il first and last issues , as the copy that Tryon and P sbr y have used bears the former , while most specimens bear the latter date . hO e A n w R ecta r temon H . B . B . I p that r temo ill be made a nomen conser vend um , but still believe that , according to

tr e ta xis . the rules , it is an absolute synonym of S p ( Cf

4 . 3 1 6 l 92 5a , pp . 1 , Thiele ( p ) proposes two new specific names ( in Ar temon) R . mil ll er i from Brazil and

e si anus . R . ma r t n , type locality Caracas , Venezuela When of one considers the variation between two specimens R . 2 . l 9 5a . 1 1 j ess ei H . B . B ( , pl , figs , A , B ) from the same Of hillside , one doubts the necessity for the separation Mar ’ 2 2 - 1 66 . . m l l . . tens specimen ( 1 87 3 , B innen o . Ven , p , pl , fig ) “ ”

d eu s Pfr . of R . conoi ( ) as a new species -fi 1 308 . i . ?S col od onta DOr ng . Thiele ( p , text g ) proves “ conclusively that the radula of S col odonta inter r u pta ” m i S . s e S uter is Str eptax d , but the systematic position of

er i . p , the genotype , is still open to doubt 128 THE NAUTILUS

E NDODONTIDAE

Dr . Thiele , with the description of H eli codi s cus ther esa from Brazil , greatly ext ends the previously known range i of this genus . H owever , h s figures look so much like the a form of H . p r a l l elus ( S ay ) from Texas and New Mexico i 0 . . . P . 1 9 6 P . S c . P ( Cf ils ; , roc Acad Nat hiladelphia 58, p . 1 56 ) that one wonders if this is not a case of artificial dis semination . ” H e a lso proposes 9 new s pecies of E nd odonta from

: or du r as ensi s hexin i anei r ens is d eli ci osa Brazil g , j g , j , ,

’ s ii cla m di s coi d ea m oe a up er ba , gbld , , and a n . Of course , E nd odonta he must realize that none of these belong in , but apparently is satisfied to use that name as most conchol o gists used H eli x in the first half of the last century: H ow ever , it is to be hoped that his present descriptions are only preliminary , and that he plans to study this very interest ing series O f species under a compound microscope , which will enable him to describe fully and figure the details of “ ”

. E their sculpture From his present account , . j hexi ngi “ n t ” P u c um E . a ei e looks suspiciously like a , while j n r ns is o a i might almost pass for my C ha n mp h l us p ls br yi , from Mexico ; the beautiful ornamentation in either of these gr oups would easily escape a cursory examination . Inci d eli ci osa a di o dentally , E . should be compared with my R

’ o o di d E a m oena Ol ii . a dis cu s ( R a di c nus ) tzl er i ; E . g and p

d . E di s coi d e s . p a r ently belong in Ra i odis cus s . ; a ( poorly C r figured ) resembles a R otad is cus ; while E . l a a has some ’

il br tr i a luna . what the facies of P s y s group S , from Jamaica

I hope he will pardon the presumption of these suggestions , but one tires of guessing at the identity of minutiae , the types of which are thousands of miles away .

VERONICELLIDAE

I cannot understand how the same author who makes such invaluable contributions to our knowledge of the S y str ophiida e could permit himself to add to the synonymy of this family ( already almost hopelessly encumbered )

130 T HE NAUTILUS

r s a a ll a ppea in practic lly the horizons , it was found neces sary to evaluate the two above named species and the result i s the decision that T . bis ecta has so far been found only in dis n the Miocene at Astoria , and that T . j u cta is a distinct s pecies to which must be referr ed the recent form found living Off the Alaska P eninsula and southwor d to the coast of Oregon. T h a si r a dis uncta e 4 y j was well figur d by Gabb a nd , under a f 5 6 7 the n me o T . bis ecta , by Dall , Arnold and Oldroyd . A comparison of these figures , even without the actual mate bis ecta 8 rial , with those of T . figured by Conrad will show the decided difference in the anterior truncation which dis

ti . T e ngui shes the two species . bi s cta has the anterior mar gin below the lunule proj ecting forward while T . dis j uncta “ shows this area as distinctly flattened ; quoting G abb , an ” ter i or end abruptly and angularly truncated . E xamination of a large series of individuals from the Tertiary of the West Coast shows other differences such as in outline and size of adult forms , but the outstanding con trast is the feature j ust described . O f T h a si r a T The Oligocene species y is closer to . dis j uncta of the P liocene and recent but there are some small b c a individuals which resemble the Miocene T . is e t . I have in preparation a more complete , illustrated , discussion of these relationships and their interpretation . BIBLIOGRAPHY t l nc a abb P a . . . 2 9 . hocel e di s u G . 9 1 . Conc j , Calif , vol , p , pl

4 a 1 869 . P 7 , figs . 48 , 8 , ( liocene , Deadman Island ,

California . ) 1 P . . . . 7 2 r od on bis ectu s U S . . . C yp t Dall , roc Nat Mus , vol , 4 ff 2 5 1 89 . O pl . 2 6, figs . , , ( Recent , the south coast

of the Alaska Peninsula . )

E x e . . 1 0 . E x l . d 3 . Venus bis ecta Conrad , Wilkes p p , vol , p 4 1 0 l oa 1 8 9 . 7 2 4 , pl . 1 7 , figs . , , ( Miocene , Astoria ,

Oregon . )

b . Ga b , O p . cit

w . Dall , O p . cit a 3 ci . . s T hyas i r a bi s ecta Arnold , Mem . Calif . Acad . S , vol , 3 Pl ocene 5 1 90 . p . 1 35 , pl . 1 5 , fig . , ( , Deadman

Island , California . ) T H E NAUTILUS 131

h as i r s ecta T a bi . . 7 . S P y Oldroyd , Ida , ubl . P uget S ound 4 ta . . . . Biol . S Univ Wash , vol , p . 37 , pl . 6 , fig . 1 , 1 82 4 Off March , ( Recent Brown Island , Washing

. U . P . . ton ) Stanford niv ubl Geol S ci . , vol . 1 , no . 1 ,

p . 1 2 0, pl . 1 0 , fig . 1 . ( S ame figure . )

8 . Conrad , Op . cit .

T H E TE C D O MB EYANA l DA OF PU BLI ATION O F UNIO Va .

BY BRYANT WALKER

This species was published by Valenciennes in H um ’ ’ i boldt and Bonpland s Recueil d Obser vat ons &c, II , p . 2 2 7 , L - 1 pl . III , figs . 1 b . f The date O publication is given by B inney ( Bib . Am . t 1 Con. , P . II , p . 6) as 833 and in this he was followed by

S impson both in his S ynopsis and Descriptive Catalogue . ’ The fact that Va l enci ennes s paper was referred to by Barnes and L ea in 1 82 8 and 1 82 9 has raised a question a s to the correctness of this date in the minds O f several

American conchologists . l Through the kindly offices of Mr . J . R . eB . Tomlin the question was laid before Mr . C . D . S herborn , the eminent E nglish bibliographer , with the following result , which definitely settles the matter . i . 2 Z eu l i Vol II of part ( ool . ) O f the R ec down to and n 2 cluding p . 56 was issued in 1 82 7 . Beginning with p . 2 57

( where a new signature commences) it appeared in 1 832 . Presumably the volume was completed in 1 833 and the H title page consequently bears that date . ence the er r one

ous quotation by Binney and others . ’ It follows that Valenciennes S pecies was published four ’ years prior to Lea s Uni o tr a p ez oi d es ( 1 831 ) and therefore S fi m takes precedence over it as the proper peci c na e . 1 32 THE NAUTILUS

D ES CRIPTION OF N EW VARIETIE S OF LAN D AND FRE S H WA TE R MOLLU SK S FRO M PLE I ST OCENE DE PO SIT S IN I LLINOI S $

BY FRANK COLLI NS BAKER

During the summer of 1 92 7 the Illinois Geological S ur vey carried on rather extensive investigations into P leistocene formations in Fulton County , Illinois , Dr . H ar old R . Wanless having charge of the field work . The ani ma l life in these d eposits , consisting almost entirely of mollusks , has been referred to the writer for determination and a paper is in preparation describing the entire fauna , e which included material from Aftonian , Yarm outh , P o rian and E arly Wisconsin intervals . A large amount of material was collected which has made possible a more satisfactory study of variation among the S pecies of this latest of geological horizons . Included in this material were several species and varieties which appeared suf fici ently characteristic to warrant designation in a formal L manner . The writer is indebted to Dr . M . M . eighton ,

Chief of the Geological S urvey , for the Opportunity of studying the collections .

P OLYGYRA M ULTILI NEATA WANLESSI nov . var .

S hell differing from recent mu l ti linea ta in being smaller , the body whorl somewhat gibbous , of greater diameter as compared with height , the aperture somewhat narrower , and the base flatt ened and indented about the umbilical region , which may be narrowly perforate or completely closed . It may be distinguished from variety a lgonquinensi s S Nason , by its usually larger ize , more gibbous whorls , especially the body whorl , and the deeper indentation of the umbilical region . There are faint indications of color lines

nt t h t t n Co ribu ion from t e Museum of Na ural His ory , U iversity of n 4 Illi ois , NO . 8 .

134 T HE NAUTILUS

T e l oca li t : P 1 3 s yp y eorian loess , miles east and 4, mile T es : L . south of ewiston , Liverpool Township , Illinois yp P r a t es : NO P 2 367 . a Museum Natural H istory , Univ . yp i 4 8 Acad . Nat , S c . Phil . , NO . 1 5 1 0 .

M a cclin o hi er s ecti va f t c is related to p p , di fering in being smaller , having a more convex spire , a smaller umbilicus , a rounder aperture , and finer sculpture , the ribs being more numerous and closer together , almost disappearing on the base . It has been confused with s him ekii , which is smaller , has fewer whorls which are wider , and the sculpture is f coarser . The spire , also , is quite dif erent . It has been er s ecti va i s seen only from deposits of P eorian age . As p p not at present known from P leistocene deposits earlier than Late Wisconsin ( at least in Illinois ) it is thought that thi s species may be ancestral to the large , widely umbilicated form so common in Illinois and other parts of the United

States in the recent fauna .

G ONYODIS CU M L S ACC I C K I no . NTO ANGULATA v . var

S hell differing from typical m a ccli ntoclt i in having a more depressed somewhat flattened spire , flatter base and shal lower umbilicus , and a subangulated periphery . On the average rather larger than the typical form .

H H eight diameter mm . olotype .

H . P eight d iameter mm aratype .

H . eight diameter mm P aratype .

T e l o a li t : yp c y Fulton County , Illinois , east of Havana , in T es : loess of Yarmouth age . yp Museum Natural H istory ,

t s : U . . . P2 5 . P a r a e NO . niv Ill , No 3 9 yp Acad . Nat . S ci . Phil 4 1 4 92 2 . This race differs uniformly from the more abundant ma cclintocki O f the P eorian interval in its depressed spire , wide umbilicus , and subangulated periphery . This angulated form persisted throughout the Yarmouth interval and died out in the Peorian , a few scattered specimens having been seen among a large number O f the rounded -whorled Peorian THE NAUTILUS 1 35

form . What the S angamon form may have been like is not at present known , none being in our collection from this P horizon . The species is named in honor of Dr . aul Mac a Clintock , of the Dep rtment of Geology , University of P Chicago , a ca reful student of leistocene phenomena .

E E I VERTIGO GOULDI I LO SS NS S nov . var .

S hell differing from recent gou ldii in being more ventri cose , especially on the last whorl , having the apical whorl s wider and more obtuse , the outer lip more auricled causing the aperture to have its longest diameter more diagonal i ii . oul di than in goul d There are five denticles placed as in g , but more delicate than in the typical form ; the palatal denticles are long and subequal .

H Length diameter mm . oloty pe .

Length diameter mm . P aratype .

L ength diameter mm . Paratype .

1 3 T e l oca li t : 3 ) 1 f yp y A, miles east and 4, miles south o L L ewistown , Fulton County ( iverpool township ) , Illinois, in : loess of P eorian age . Typ es Museum Natural H istory ,

U . P 2 3 6 N . niversity of Illinois , No 6 . P ar a typ es : Acad . at

i . 4 S c . Phil , NO . 1 5 1 07 . This Vertigo has been listed as goul dii but is different from the typical species as living today . It has also bee n ventr i osa listed as c , and some small , wide specimens do r e L e semble this S pecies . oes s nsis strongly resembles Ver tigo a r el tio Sterki , and Sterki has referred cer tain forms found H in loess at New armony , Indiana to this species . They lack the strong palatal callus so characteristic of ela ti or and are f the same as the Illinois variety here di ferentiated . It is probable that the Vertigo listed as gou ldii by H anna

S . . . . 4 (Kansas cience B ull , VII , p 1 2 0 , pl xviii , fig ) is also

this variety . It is found in the P leistocene from Yarmouth E to arly Wisconsin time . The form is here considered a marked variety of gou ldii but it might be advisable to con

sider it a distinct S pecies . 136 THE NAUTILUS

E E T S UCCIN A R TUSA FUL ONENS IS var . nov .

l S hell e ongately ovate , compressed , spire long , conic, sutures well impressed ; whorls three , somewhat Oblique , narrow, the second whorl much swollen as compared with the first whorl which appears above the second whorl as a small knob ; aperture narrow, ovate , narrowed above , wide ly rounded below ; columella somewhat incurved . H eight diameter aperture height diameter

mm . Holotype . H eight diameter aperture height di a meter P mm . aratype . H eight diameter aperture height diameter

mm . P aratype . T e l oca li t : t 2 1 yp y Ful on County , Illinois , 4, miles west and 3 L E 4 mile south of ewiston , in deposit of arly Wisconsin

T es : . age . yp Museum Natural H istory , Univ . No P 2 a N 1 4 368 . P r a typ es : Acad . Nat . S ci . Phil . , O . 5 1 09 . This narrow S u ccinea is related to the recent d ecampii

Tryon , differing in its smaller S ize , with less compressed whorls , longer spire , deeper sutures , rounder whorls , and shorter aperture . The presence of specimens resembling small d eca mpii indicate that the fossil form is a variant of the recent variety . It is much narrower than gr osvenor i

eli a . g d and also larger It has been seen from the Yarmouth , P E P eorian , and arly Wisconsin intervals of the leistocene and apparently was widely distributed . It has been previ ously reported from Illinois deposits as both r etus a and d eca m ii to p . It appears be ancestral to the recent r etus a since that species has not yet been seen in P leistocene strata in Illinois .

E E a r no VALVATA L WIS II PR CURS OR v . v .

l ewis ii S hell somewhat larger than , S pire elevated , scalar ifor m , the sutures deeply impressed , the whorls notably rounded and set one above another in turban fashion ; whorls rather more than four with four full coils visible in front View , the two upper whorls proj ecting well above each

188 THE NAUTILUS

lli o s eo o i a u I n i G l g c l S r vey, and wa s pal eontologist of the New er s o o a - J ey Ge l gic l S urvey from 1 899 1 907 . H e be am c d the U c e conne te with niversity of Chicago in 1 895 , a nd wa s r o e p f ssor of paleontology since 1 9 1 5 , and geologist the o a r of Ge logic l S u vey of Kentucky S ince 1 92 0 . While o a engaged in ge logical rese rch he passed a way, August 5 , 1 2 9 r r . 7 , nea Ma ion , Kentucky H e was t he autho r of ma ny report s and papers pertaining to paleontology and geol ogy .

e t . E E . H In a l t er from Mr dwin and of Chica go , he sa ys : I have not yet recovered from the sudden dea th of my friend Stuart Weller . I had a most delightful and ‘ ’ u e Wr ather val abl three weeks with him in July at Camp , o St . Genevieve C o. , Missouri , the ge logical camp of the

Univers ity of Chica go . We lunched together ever y day, then to Ozora ( 2 miles) for the mail . Then two or three H hours of intensive snail hunting . e was greatly inter ested in the work and a ver y efficient collector . In the l Ozarkian Mollusca , by Pi sbr y and Ferriss , 1 903 , you wi ll ” find hi s name as a collector of many species .

C . W . J .

ILLU STRATION S OF UNIONIDAE

E S BY L . S . FRI R ON

The mussels illustrated in plates 1 , 2 and 3 were recently “ described in the writer ’ s Classified and Annotated Check List of the North American Naiades

The types are in my collection . Cotypes have been pre sented to the Academy of Natural S ciences O f Philadelphia . 1 fe L S RA E E l 1 . AMP ILIS FI N S QU ANA Frierson , p . , fig ( T HE NAUTILUS 139

S male ) , 2 (male ) . The type of this fine pecies is from

. Moodys , Oklahoma ; others are from the Black River , Ark ,

M . Dona l d o. O and Indian Creek , Mc C , It is the western

ctor osa . . analogue O f L . p e ( Con ) of the Tennessee drainage

LAMP S ILIS S TREC KERI , pl . 2 , fig . 1 , from the L ittle Red

S . River , Ark . , is a handsome rayed pecies , named for Mr

of . John K . Strecker Waco , Texas

I I A . 2 . 3 o. LAMPSILIS WR G H T AN , pl , fig , is from Volusia C ,

H . m da lu m . . to L . a Florida , and is related yg Named for B

Wright . I 2 2 H k E LLI PTI O S AJENS S , pl . , fig . , was collected by in ley in the S aj a River , Guatemala , and distributed by him under

ni o d s 'oni Lea the name U y , from which it differs by being larger , shorter and more biangular behind . E LLIP TI H ARI TTI O C O 3 . 2 2 a , pl . , fig , , is from Guatemala . P LE B URO EM FI T M 3 L . A C U Frierson , pl . 3 , fig . , Check ist , p 43 , is from the Cahaba River , Alabama , where it appears to be not uncommon . PLEUROBEM A M AR H ALL I S , pl . 3 , fig . 3 , was collected by the

. H . l late A A inkley from the Tombigbee River , Boligee , A a . P LEUROBEM AL A DRIC H I . 3 1 , pl , fig . , from S elma , Ala . , is H from the collection of on. T . H . Aldrich , in whose honor it is named .

NOTE S AND N EW S

E UROPEAN LAND S NAILS I N NEW ORLEANS — For about ten years we have been awa re of the fact that H eli x ( O ta la ) ver mi c l t ll u a a Mii . was established in Jackson Square , New

O rleans , which square is opposite the Natural H istory

B uilding in which we are located . There is also established there H eli x (H eli cogena ) as p er s a and R u mina d ecol la ta

L . E , all uropean species . The H elices seem to have been imported for food purposes by an Italian delicatessen which was formerly located about one square from Jackson S quare . A number of the Older residents state that these snails were imported in the hibernating condition for many 140 T HE NAUTILUS years and that occasionally individuals would revive in the warm winter climate of New Orleans and crawl around the neighborhood .

el x er About two years ago, we located H i asp s a in one Of the S panish gardens a few blocks away , and a year ago ’ we found them abundant and quite a pest at a flor i st s about three miles from Jackson S quare . This importation seems c t to be separate , as this florist , who is a de ora or by trade and a florist by hobby , has imported hundreds of plants from all parts of the world . Ru mina d ecoll a ta seems to have been a separate importa tion and was abundant all over the city of New Orleans where it was destructive to violet beds . It has decreased and almost disappeared during the last ten years , perhaps due to paving of streets , and consequent better drainage which leaves the soil much drier than formerly , and also to the fact that the hobby of raising violets has practically disappeared in New O rleans and there are very few violet beds any longer . It may have been the abund ance of this snail , as well as the difficulty of raising violets in a drier soil , that may have discouraged most people from raising this plant in the gardens . I remember R . d ecol l a ta as a boy . We are at present raising H eli x as p er s a in cages at our live materials establishment about five miles from thi s

— New I O A R . H office PERCY V SC , J , Natural istory Building ,

La . Orleans ,

— D . I n DONAX FOS SOR , NOT oNAx VARIABILIS the interesting study of the Marine Mollusca of Cape May County , N . J in ’ the April number of this volume , page 1 0 , the author s r e cord for D ona x va r i a bi li s S ay should undoubtedly read

D ona x o s or f s S ay . the common species of the New Jersey i coast . D . var i a bi l s is not to my knowledge found north of ’ L Cape H atteras . A . P . Jacot s ong Island , N . Y . , record is

— on D . os s or certainly based a form of f . C . W . J .

T H E S E . Li r a r 4 OY T R DRILL In the te y Diges t for Feb . , “ 1 92 8 2 3 , page , under the name of oyster burglar the peri ” “ winkle and also referred to as the drill that infests the

1 42 T HE NAUTILUS

S pecies of Mollusca which bore their way through the shells of others to obtain their food and in other species , one would not find the condition in young examples or in the

- embryonic radula of these species of fresh water snails .

Illustrations tend to be misleading , except in camera lucida models ; as it is impossible to bring the denticles , cones , crown and basal plate into focus at the same time . A careful study of the radula of B u li nus tr opi cus ( Krauss) , 2 ( 1 ) in the early embryonic stage , ( ) j ust before hatching , 3 4 ( ) a few days after hatching has taken place , and ( ) in

o the fully mature examples , would seem t show a gradual development of the cones , as the radula enters more and more into use . From this study it would appear that the absence of cones from the anterior rows is due to lack of development , that the tricuspid laterals are formed as a result of the coalescence of irregular proj ections from the edge of the crown of the embryonic laterals , and that from time to time the laterals increase in number because of the O f tendency the d enticles of the marginal teeth to coalesce . I have counted close on 5 00 separate teeth in the radula

O f B u linus tr o i p cus at the time of hatching . Within a few weeks this number has increased to from seven to ten thousand , which number would appear to remain fairly

constant throughout the life of the animal . The great number of teeth in these broad radulae would seem to be

provided , not , as in some species , to allow for constant ” wear and tear , but to enable the radula to cover a large

— F . . surface of vegetable food G CAWS TON , M . D . , Natal ,

S outh Africa .

L — E . . S NAILS FROM ROCK BLUFF , IB RTY C o , FLORIDA The w P follo ing species were taken by rof . C . R . Crosby P olygyr a xu geli P a xa vi tr ea ca ps ell a l a cteod ens

r a a — S u ccinea a p a S y E . G . VANATTA .

— L X . IMA FLAVUS L . IN ALABAMA S pecimens of this intro

d uced S pecies have been sent from University , Ala . , collected

by P rof . E mmett B . Carmichael , H ead of the Dept . of

Physiological Chemistry in the S chool of Medicine .

H . A . P . THE NAUTILUS 1 43

POLYGYRA MB L O S new - COLU IANA PI A , subspecies . The S e s e P c hell agr e in shap with typical . olu mbi ana (Lea ) except the o e a that last wh rl is som wh t less depressed . The umbili s e n P i ni cola cu . is much wid r tha in p Berry . The surface is densely covered with short curved hairs which in part stand e Th in forwar dly desc nding series . e peristome is moderate fle e e The l y re cted and thick n d within . basal margin is some s e or s what traighten d indistinctly ubdentate . A small short parietal tooth is present typically but in many lots there is e s a e e non , thi ch ract r som times varying in the same colony . 14 Height diam . . 7mm . , 6 whorls . e s A an F C This rac range from laska to S rancisco Co. , al . Th 1 1 142 A t i P e . Na . c . type is cad S , hila paratype in coll .

n F — o Sa s . H Univ . of C lo , , from ranci co JUNIUS ENDERSON .

PUBLICA TI ON S RE CE IVE D

S SS S OF MOLLU CAN A OCIATION WH ITE LAKE, MICHIGAN : A S TUDY OF A S MALL I NLAND LAKE FROM AN E COLOGICAL AND S S E E . E Y T MATIC VI WPOINT By Frank C . Baker . ( cology ,

- 8 . 353 3 0 vol . , pp 7 , An interesting and exhaustive O f study the mollusks of a small area .

S TUDIES ON T H E LIFE CYCLES OF T wo S PECIES OF FRES H E S SE E WAT R MU LS B LONGING TO T H E GE NUS ANODONTA . By

- E . . 1 2 Mary Tucker ( Biol . B ull . , vol . 54 , pp . 1 1 7 7 ,

L ’ CONTRIBUTION A ETUDE DE LA FAUNE DU CAMERUN , S h Da P . n utz e b r . MOLLU CA , par e g . ( Faune Colonies Franc ,

4 - 6 . 82 52 2 I , fas . , pp , This part covers the marine

species .

A CLAS S IFIED AND ANNOTATED CH ECK LIS T OF TH E NORTH

E DE . AM RICAN NAIA S . By L . S . Frierson This is one of the most important contributions to systematic Uni ol ogy of

recent years . The author has been an ardent collector and student of the family for many years and has accumulated 144 THE NAUTILUS a collection well nigh perfect as regard s the North ” r i American fo ms . H s Opinions on synonymy , therefore , are entitled to the most careful consideration . H e has always been a strenuous advocate of the r eha bil i ’ tati on fin e of the many of Ra esq u s species which , however , have not always met with general acceptance . But he has “ ” the cou rage of his convictions and this Check List em on bodies his final conclusions that subj ect .

Many new subgenera are propos ed , unfortunately with out diagnoses , the author contenting himself with the “ designation of a type species , whose chief characters will forever give such diagnosis ”

S ixteen new S pecies are describ ed or differentiated , the latter based on the erroneous identifications O f earlier authors . The Check List S hould be in the hands of every collector

— of North American Unionidae . BRYANT WALKER .

E EX L D H MINUT M ICAN AN SNAILS . By . Burrington Baker . P A P 1 2 A roc . . N . S . hila Vol . 79, 9 7 . consideration of th e anatomy of snails most of which have been included in or Th sa no P u i soma medi a mer ca confused with y phor a . In p ( i num P comi cole ils . and nse n . sp . ) inferior tentacles are pres r hur ethr ous ent ; it is o t ; penis with an appendix . The author i i n suspects that it is near the ancestral stock of the Ver t g ni ae.

The little group Tolteci a turns out to belong to P u nctu m . Like that and various other Endodontidae it has a U-shaped ota di scu s P kidney . R ils . is segregated in a new subfamily , R t discin o a ae, unique in having the apical limb of the modi fied U-shaped kidney much shorter than that along the in testine . In R a di odi scu s the apical limb is far the longer , as H eli co i scus ha ha lu s Th sano ho also in d and C nomp . In the y p rinae the following new subgenera O f Thy sanophor a are pro T la i o t eti i sc s T hoxnii L xoconu s . posed : S d u for . , y for p g p y l cha , Mi xoconu s for T . p a eosa . Mi cr oconu s , hitherto thought ano hor a to be endodontid is shown to stand very near Thys p . A Ap er elli a Tr i cho key to the groups concerned is given . ( i s di sci na ) cor dovana is the only helicid group dissected . It “ ” t o ta fi related rather closely to L ep axi n . Many dif cult points in Mexican malacology are cleared up in this paper .

H . A. P.

144 TH E NAUTI LUS

a s u l c d n tes s ell a t C . i e ta ta o r and C . s te gaar di . Three are 82 S presumably extinct out of fossil pecies , eight are ex tinct in H awaii but living elsewhere and three are on the verge of extinction . The emergent limestones of Oahu are

P — e . . considered leistocen C W . J

E E OF L I N H RITANC S INIS TRALITY IN YM NAEA P EREGRA . By

. P l . L E . oc . 4 2 A . Boycott ( roc Royal S ondon , vo . 1 0 , p . 7 9 ,

Abstract will be given later .

E COLORATION OF MOLLUS CA I N R LATION T O LIGHT . By

E . . . . . Z . W Bennett ( Rec Canterbury Mus , N . ealand , vol n e 3 , o. 3 , The int nsity of coloration of both the shell h o and t e animal is due t the degree of exposure to light , in the natural habitat of the particular species .

T H E RECE NT AND TERTIARY C AS S IDS OF NEW ZEALAND

A D D H D Z . . . N A S TU Y IN YBRI I ATION B . A . W . B . P owell ( Trans

- - of the New Zealand Inst , vol . 5 9 , pp . 62 9 642 , pl . 7 4 7 6 , A resumé of the classification of the Cassididae is given with full keys to all gen e ra and S pecies found in New ix Zealand . S species , three recent and three fossil , are

— E . described as new . W. J . CL NCH

- NON MARI NE MOLLUS CA FROM WES T AFRICA . By Geo .

l -2 o 1 8 . 2 1 1 1 6 2 C . S pence . ( Jour . Conch . , v . , pp , pl . , Two new species including an interesting form of n n i om o e s s e . Melaniidae , P ota d a ny g a re described and figur d

- L T H E NO N MARI NE MOLLUS CA OF S IERRA EONE . By M .

- H . . . 5 1 0 . 52 9 51 Connolly . ( Ann . Mag . Nat . ist , ser , vol I , pp ,

S . pl . 1 8 , Apr . ixteen new species are described

P E E S TREP H OBAS I S : A S ECTION OF L UROC RA . By Calvin 2 Z . . NO 1 9 P . U . . Goodrich ( Occas . apers Mus ool niv Mich , ,

- 1 6 . 1 . pp . 1 , pl , Mar An intensive study of this group , the complication of which may be expressed by the fact that some 2 3 recorded species are includ ed in the nens e Lea H P . T oa synonomy under P l eur ocer a cu r tu m ald . S P is considered a variety of cu r tu m . A new pecies , .

wa l ker i , is described and figured .