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Redalyc.A Methodology for Assessing Poverty in Moldavia (Romania) Revista de Geografía Norte Grande ISSN: 0379-8682 [email protected] Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Chile Tudora, Daniel A methodology for assessing poverty in Moldavia (Romania) Revista de Geografía Norte Grande, núm. 57, mayo, 2014, pp. 193-211 Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago, Chile Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=30030855013 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Revista de Geografía Norte Grande, 57: 193-211 (2014)193 Artículos A methodology for assessing poverty in Moldavia (Romania)1 Daniel Tudora2 ABSTRACT Community poverty, analyzed as the sum of several types of social and territorial deprivation, is the geographical expression of various processes and phenomena, commonly the object of sociological and economic studies. In this paper we per- formed a statistical compaction of a series of synthetic indicators, generating an indicator called the index of community development. The statistical validation of these results is accompanied by a spatial validation, which identifi es the legitimate social structures in rural areas, emphasizing that obtaining valid results in the im- plementation of territorial development strategies depends more on the consisten- cy of the scientifi c methods used to interpret statistical analysis. Key words: community poverty, regional disparities, statistical methods. RESUMEN La pobreza comunitaria, analizada como la suma de varios tipos de privación social y territorial, es la expresión geográfi ca de distintos procesos y fenómenos, y comúnmente es objeto de estudios sociológicos y económicos. En el presente estudio se realizó la condensación estadística de una serie de variables primarias, generándose un indicador sintético, superior desde el punto de vista informativo, que se denomina índice del desarrollo comunitario. La validación estadística de los resultados está acompañada por una validación espacial, identifi cando el com- portamiento de estructuras sociales legítimas en áreas rurales, destacando que la obtención de resultados válidos en la implementación de estrategias de desarrollo territorial dependen más de la consistencia de los métodos científi cos utilizados que de interpretaciones estadísticas certeras. Palabras clave: Pobreza comunitaria, disparidades regionales, métodos estadísti- cos. 1 Artículo recibido el 2 de diciembre de 2011, acep- 2 Departamento de Geografía, Universidad Alexandru tado el 24 de julio de 2012 y corregido el 28 de Ioan Cuza (Rumania). junio de 2013. E-mail: [email protected] 194 R EVISTA DE GEOGRAFÍA NORTE GRANDE From a classic perspective, sciences such and the corresponding indices have a com- as economy and sometimes sociology ana- posite structure. They get closer to the concept lyze poverty based on information regarding of standard of life without eluding that of population’s income and consumption levels. standard of living: the multidimensional pov- Beyond the numerous discussions on how erty index, indices adjusted to the inequality we should accurately define poverty, most index, or the index of basic unsatisfi ed needs sources point out the data regarding income (the latter is frequently used in Latin America). sources as the starting point in the study of the phenomenon (Nolan & Whelan, 2007; The concerns for the spatial dimensions Atkinson, 2002). of poverty are even more recent, and the geo- graphic analysis on the phenomenon is, most By taking into account the exhaustive of the times, integrated in economic or socio- character of surveys collecting data on in- logic studies. These studies derive from the come to various degrees, both economy and need to explain the emergence of localized sociology have sought to identify statistic forms of poverty, sometimes at the initiative thresholds to classify the population ac- of UN-affi liated structures, in their intention cording to its fi nancial or even by its social to outline the profi les of poverty (Lok-Desal- possibilities. Two such thresholds are most lien, 2004). Such an example is rural poverty, often accepted in the literature: the absolute which aims to explain the particularities of poverty threshold, determined depending on the widest diffused type of poverty. Hence, the minimum expenditures necessary for the the studies following the processes, causes normal functioning of the individual in the and effects of the occurrences when poverty society (Townsend & Gordon, 1991; Jansson, associates with the rural setting are present in 2000) and the relative poverty threshold (Sen, all specialized schools in the world (Jazairy et 1983). Sen believes that poverty should be al., 1995). analyzed from the perspective of the individu- al’s society, thus using statistic distances from The development of data computation certain central values, among which the most methods allowed modern geography to de- common is the median income (Townsend, velop its own analysis methods for poverty 1979; Mack & Lansley, 1985). repartition. For geography, the map turns from a simple visualisation solution for statistic The more recent forms of poverty analysis information into a research method; this dis- draw attention to the fact that the fi eld is not cipline is called spatial analysis. By focusing suffi ciently covered and they seek to establish on the study of distances, contiguity, disconti- more complex approaches. The delimitation nuities and accessibility, spatial analysis pro- of poverty classes according to the income poses several study methods for the reparti- levels is currently labelled as reductionist due tion of poverty, among which the best-known to the fact that it tends to ignore the presence are circumscribed by the centre-periphery of other needs, which are considered vital for models, as well as by the spatial diffusion of the vertical mobility of the individual. Among innovation and by vicinity models, each of these, the feeling of security, the freedom them with several analysis techniques, such of speech, the access to education and the as spatial autocorrelation, geographic weight- health care system, to a natural health-pro- ed regression and spatial interaction (Anselin, moting environment, etc., were designated 2005). by the Indian economist Amartya Sen as com- modities. Subsequently, the regarding these The spatial sciences benefi t from the ad- methods has greatly developed, thus complet- vantage of integrating the social and econom- ing various niches in the study of poverty or ic information to the horizontal architecture, attempting to create synthetic indicators with thus assimilating the individuals to strictly a vast coverage of the phenomenon: child- localized human groups, but subtly described hood poverty (Minujin, 2006), female poverty through topologic indicators, such as relays, (Daly, 1989), relative poverty (Smeeding & point-described masses and volumes, infor- O’Higgins, 1990). mation networks, and emission and reception relations described through lines, surfaces, From this epistemological perspective, capitals and patrimonies described through poverty becomes a multidimensional theme polygons. A METHODOLOGY FOR ASSESSING POVERTY IN MOLDAVIA (ROMANIA) 195 Within these concrete reference points, Methodology the geographer has the necessary skills to discriminate certain inequalities generated Methodologically speaking, the social by society through repetitiveness/self-re- state of the Moldavian3 rural population is generation, flexibility/ rigidity, simplicity/ structured on four assessment levels, progres- complexity, thus mixing methods and models sively elaborated, with a bottom-up type of from economy, sociology, history, which he integration: integrates in a synergic matter in a volume of map-ready information called spatial capital. 1. Identifying the life quality compart- The absence/lack of spatial capital produces ments, with concrete relevance for the a geographic species of underdevelopment socio-economic inspection of rural com- called community poverty. munities. 2. Elaborating partial indicators, applied to The difference between community pov- each segment of life quality, analysing erty and the other types of poverty comes, the composition of low redundancy sim- fi rst, from the spatial dimension ascribed by ple parameters. geography to the phenomenon. In this case, 3. The synthesis of partial indicators statistic individuals are no longer social, but through means of statistical integration, they become topologic. The person (or fami- in order to obtain a general index of ly) is replaced by locality, which, through its community development, capable of position from certain commodities/needs, will emitting classifi cations/hierarchies. personify the individual needs within those of 4. Extracting, from the deductive plan (ob- the social-spatial group. tained through modelling), the spatial expression mandatory character of rural The hypotheses of this study come from communities, with the purpose of under- the diffi culties of circumscribing the indica- standing the ameliorative/ degenerative tors that analyze the problems of rural com- fi elds of rural societies in crisis. munity underdevelopment, regardless of the nature of approach – economical, sociologi- The community development index cal, or geographical. The community underdevelopment anal- The relations
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