Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul Instituto De Biociências Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Genética E Biologia Molecular

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Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul Instituto De Biociências Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Genética E Biologia Molecular Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Instituto de Biociências Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular EVOLUÇÃO MOLECULAR, DIVERGÊNCIA FUNCIONAL E ASPECTOS ESTRUTURAIS DA FAMÍLIA GÊNICA DA ÁLCOOL DESIDROGENASE Claudia Elizabeth Thompson Tese submetida ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular da UFRGS como requisito parcial para a obtenção do grau de Doutor em Ciências. Orientadora: Francisco Mauro Salzano Co-orientadora: Loreta Brandão de Freitas Porto Alegre. Maio, 2009. INSTITUIÇÕES E FONTES FINANCIADORAS Essa Tese foi desenvolvida no Laboratório de Evolução Molecular (LEM) do Departamento de Genética da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) e no Laboratório de Bioinformática, Modelagem e Simulação de Biossistemas (LABIO) da Faculdade de Informática da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. As fontes financiadoras foram PRONEX (Programa de Apoio a Núcleos de Excelência), CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico), FAPERGS (Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul), PROPESQ-UFRGS (Pró-Reitoria de Pesquisa da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul) e PRPPG-PUCRS (Pró-Reitoria de pesquisa e Pós-Graduação da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul). 2 Dedicado a meus pais e irmãos, a Ricardo e a meus orientadores Salzano, Loreta e Osmar. 3 Sumário RESUMO .............................................................................................................................. 5 ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................... 6 CAPÍTULO 1 ....................................................................................................................... 7 INTRODUÇÃO ............................................................................................................................ 7 Evolução Molecular de Famílias Multigênicas .................................................................. 8 Divergência Funcional ........................................................................................................... 14 Modelagem Molecular no estudo da Evolução de Proteínas ...................................... 28 Família Gênica da Álcool Desidrogenase ........................................................................ 33 CAPÍTULO 2 ..................................................................................................................... 39 OBJETIVOS ............................................................................................................................... 39 Geral ........................................................................................................................................... 40 Específicos ............................................................................................................................... 40 CAPÍTULO 3 ..................................................................................................................... 41 Artigo 1 ...................................................................................................................................... 41 CAPÍTULO 4 ..................................................................................................................... 55 Artigo 2 ...................................................................................................................................... 55 Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... 57 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 58 Materials and methods .......................................................................................................... 61 Results ....................................................................................................................................... 64 Discussion ................................................................................................................................ 68 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................ 72 References ................................................................................................................................ 73 Electronic Supplementary Information ............................................................................. 94 CAPÍTULO 5 ................................................................................................................... 105 Artigo 3 .................................................................................................................................... 105 Abstract ................................................................................................................................... 107 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 109 Materials and Methods ........................................................................................................ 111 Results and Discussion ...................................................................................................... 115 Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................. 124 References .............................................................................................................................. 125 Electronic Supplementary Material .................................................................................. 140 CAPÍTULO 6 ................................................................................................................... 150 DISCUSSÃO ............................................................................................................................ 150 REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS ................................................................................... 163 4 RESUMO A álcool desidrogenase é uma família gênica classicamente conhecida como pertencente à via glicolítica, dimérica em animais e plantas, mas tetramérica em fungos e alguns invertebrados. A proteína ADH (álcool desidrogenase) possui dois domínios principais: o domínio de ligação da coenzima, formado por um motivo estrutural conhecido como Rossman fold (seis fitas betas paralelas ligadas por alfa hélices); e o domínio catalítico. Análises filogenéticas mostraram que essa família estrutura-se formando três clusters principais, correspondentes a sequências de animais, plantas e fungos. As classes 1 e 2 de ADH de Caenorhabditis elegans agruparam-se próximas ao cluster monofilético das ADHs de fungos, muito provavelmente porque também são tetraméricas. Em animais e plantas, houve a formação de clados de acordo com o tipo de ADH, já em fungos os agrupamentos devem-se ao tipo de ADH e gênero do organismo. O padrão de evolução dessa família gênica pode ser explicado através do modelo por nascimento e morte. Estudos teóricos de divergência funcional conduzidos nos três grupos de organismos previamente citados indicaram os sítios que, provavelmente, estão submetidos a processos de surgimento de novidades funcionais após a duplicação gênica. As regiões onde foram encontrados os maiores números de aminoácidos divergentes incluem a região de ligação do segundo átomo de zinco, o segmento de interação entre os monômeros e o sítio ativo. Foram construídos dezessete modelos da estrutura tridimensional de ADH em plantas pertencentes a quatro famílias botânicas, a partir da modelagem molecular comparativa. Os resíduos funcionalmente divergentes foram localizados nas estruturas modeladas, tendo sido também encontradas diferenças no potencial eletrostático e no pI (ponto isoelétrico). 5 ABSTRACT Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) is a gene family known to function in the glycolytic pathway, being dimeric in animals and plants, but tetrameric in fungi and some invertebrates. This protein presents two main domains: one which binds to the coenzyme, formed by a structural motif known as Rossman fold (six parallel beta sheets connected by alpha helices); and the catalytic domain. Phylogenetic analyses showed that this family is structured in three main clusters, corresponding to animal, plant, and fungi sequences. Caenorhabditis elegans ADHs 1 and 2 are placed near the fungi ADH monophyletic cluster, probably because they are also tetrameric. In mammals and plants clade formation occurs by ADH type, while in fungi it follows ADH type and organism genera. The evolutionary pattern of this gene family can be explained by the birth and death model. Theoretical functional divergence studies conducted in the three previously cited groups of organisms indicated the sites that probably are being submitted to processes involving the emergence of functional novelties after gene duplication. The largest numbers of sites of divergent amino acids were found in the second zinc binding region, the monomer interacting segment, and the active site. Seventeen models of ADH tridimensional structure in plants from four botanical families were built by Comparative Molecular Modeling. The functionally divergent residues were located in the modeled structures and electrostatic and pI (isoelectric point) differences found.
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