Lasiorhinus Latifrons Common Name(S): Southern Hairy-Nosed Wombat TAXONOMY Provide Any Relevant Detail on the Species' Taxonomy (E.G

Threatened Species Nomination 2020

Details of the nominated species or subspecies NAME OF SPECIES (OR SUBSPECIES) Scientific name: Lasiorhinus latifrons Common name(s): Southern hairy-nosed wombat TAXONOMY Provide any relevant detail on the species' taxonomy (e.g. authors of taxon or naming authority, year and reference; synonyms; Family and Order). Species authority: Owen, 1845 Family: Vombatidae Order: Diprotodontia CONVENTIONALLY ACCEPTED Is the species’ taxonomy conventionally accepted? Yes No

If the species is not conventionally accepted please provide the following information required by the EPBC Regulations 2000:  a taxonomic description of the species in a form suitable for publication in conventional scientific literature; OR  evidence that a scientific institution has a specimen of the species, and a written statement signed by a person who is a taxonomist and has relevant expertise (has worked with, or is a published author on, the class of species nominated), that the species is considered to be a new species.

DESCRIPTION Provide a description of the species including where relevant, distinguishing features, size and social structure How distinct is this species in its appearance from other species? How likely is it to be misidentified? The southern hairy-nosed wombat is a large (19-36 kg), mostly nocturnal, herbivorous, fossorial marsupial, and one of the world's largest burrowing herbivores. It is found in semi-arid areas of grassland, open plains, shrublands, savanna, and open woodland (IUCN 2013), in areas with soil structure and substrate conducive to warren architecture (Shimmin et al. 2002) and which provides reliable grazing (Wells 1978a).

Although similar in appearance to the northern hairy-nosed wombats (Lasiorhinus krefftii), the southern hairy-nosed wombat is smaller (average weight of 26 kg as compared to 32 kg for L. krefftii) and is geographically separated from its northern relative. DISTRIBUTION Provide a succinct overview of the species’ known or estimated current and past distribution, including international/national distribution. Provide a map to aid in the rigour and reliability of spatial data. The provision of a map and related data will help facilitate the decision making by the Department. Is the species protected within the reserve system (e.g. national parks, Indigenous Protected Areas, or other conservation estates, private land covenants, etc.)? If so, which populations? Which reserves are actively managed for this species? Give details. Please see this link for guidelines on supplying biological and survey data. Figures, tables, data and maps can be included at the end of the form or provided as separate electronic files or hardcopy documents (referenced as appendices or attachments in your nomination). The southern hairy-nosed wombat is endemic to Australia. It is patchily distributed throughout southern South Australia, in the Murraylands west of the Murray River, on the Yorke Peninsula and Eyre Peninsula; also present across the Nullarbor Plain into Western Australia (Shimmin et al. 2002; IUCN 2013). In addition, are two colonies in New South Wales in the south-western corner between the Anabranch and the South Australian border (New South Wales Scientific Committee 1997; IUCN 2013). Much of the species current range is in pastoral lands (Taggart and Temple- Smith 2008).

Figure 1 (see Appendix) shows the known national distribution of the southern hairy-nosed wombat. An interactive Page 2 of 18 version of this map is available at https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/40555/21959203 (Accessed on 24 March 2020).

The following estimates of population number were published on IUCN's Red List (2013) with the exception of those for Yorke Peninsula which are from Sparrow (2009).

Nullarbor Plain  Most abundant in this region  Estimates of between 50,000 and 100,000 in the South Australia portion.  No population estimates for the Western Australia portion.

Murraylands  Estimates of 10,000 – 15,000 individuals.

Eyre Peninsula  Fragmented, remnant populations.  Eyre Peninsula populations include: with about 10,000 individuals (but this estimate is about 25 years old); with around 100 – 1,000; with approximately 3,000; and with about 100 individuals.  There is an introduced population on of around 100 individuals.

Yorke Peninsula  Highly fragmented, remnant populations.  696 wombats, spread over 25 colonies (estimated using a conversion factor (0.43 wombats per active burrow and 2523 active wombat burrows).  Only 3 of the 25 colonies have >100 individuals ).  19 colonies with <10 individuals.

The nominator is unaware of the extent the southern hairy-nosed wombat is protected within reserve system. BIOLOGY/ECOLOGY Provide a summary of biological and ecological information. Include information required by the EPBC Regulations 2000 on:  life cycle including age at sexual maturity, life expectancy, natural mortality rates  specific biological characteristics  habitat requirements for the species  for fauna: feeding behaviour and food preference and daily seasonal movement patterns  for flora: pollination and seed dispersal patterns The southern hairy-nosed wombat becomes sexually mature at about 3 years of age and longevity is at least 15 years in the wild (Taggart and Temple-Smith 2008). Males are polygynous; however, females are thought to be monogamous (Taggart and Temple-Smith 2008). The species has a low reproductive rate, both in the wild and within captivity (Hogan et al. 2010).

Southern hairy-nosed wombats have a distinct breeding period between July and December, with most births occurring in October (Gaughwin et al. 1998). Breeding coincides with the germination and growth of native pasture but not with non-native plants (Wells 1995). Under ideal conditions, wild female L. latifrons generally produce only one offspring every two years (Gaughwin et al. 1998; Taggart and Temple-Smith 2008). However, in drought years reproduction may cease until rainfall and pasture growth improves (Gaughwin et al. 1998; Taggart and Temple-Smith 2008). The young remains in the pouch for six to nine months and is weaned at 11–13 months of age (Taggart et al. 2007).

During the breeding season, southern hairy-nosed wombat males undergo distinct seasonal changes in body weight, semen quality, testicular and accessory gland weight, and androgen concentration (Taggart et al. 1998, Taggart et al. 2005). Male reproductive function peaks in August–September and is followed by a marked decline in November (Taggart et al. 2005). Females are polyestrous, exhibiting at least to 2–3 cycles per breeding season (Hogan et al. 2010). However, females are only receptive to intromission for a short period and a male may spend up to seven days courting, mating and guarding a single oestrus female (Hogan et al. 2010; Hogan et al. 2013).

Southern hairy-nosed wombats are strict herbivores and are hindgut fermenters (Treby 2005). The diet consists of perennial native grasses (especially Austrostipa spp. and Austrodanthonia spp.), often of low nutritive value (Treby 2005; Camp 2013). However, during severe drought, the diet is extended to include more forbs and dicots (grassland

Page 3 of 18 habitats) and more woody shrubs (bluebush shrubland and mallee woodland habitats) (Treby 2005). When foraging, the southern hairy-nosed wombat grazes closely in a circular pattern around its warren. The diameter of each circle increases as wombats graze further from the warren, forming concentric circles of regrowth at different heights (Wells 1978a).

Southern hairy-nosed wombats live in colonies within extensive burrow systems, with each warren containing several animals and a preference for one or two particular warrens (Finlayson et al. 2005, Taggart and Temple-Smith 2008). In contrast to most mammals, males are philopatric while females disperse, with dispersal occurring either before or after females breed (Walker et al. 2007; Walker et al. 2008b). Therefore, in any warren, males are more likely to have been born locally, while females are more likely to have immigrated.

Female bias in dispersal in southern hairy-nosed wombats is suggested by spatial genetic structure, assignment tests, parentage data, and pairwise relatedness with respect to burrow–sharing and association (Walker et al. 2008b). Males preferentially share burrows and warrens with close relatives in associations lasting for years whereas females associate less with close female relatives and do not form matrilineal groupings (Walker et al. 2008b).

The social organisation and relatedness structure of southern hairy-nosed wombats is affected by the soil type in which burrows and warrens are dug. In the Murraylands of South Australia, a hard calcrete layer close to the surface appears to represent a constraint against digging by wombats, causing an increase in warren and group size (Walker et al. 2007). Conversely, in the friable substrates of the Nullarbor, warrens are less clumped and group sizes smaller. However, despite substrate and population density differences between the Murraylands and Nullarbor populations, several features remained in common: female-biased dispersal, female demographic bias, absence of a sex difference in warren and space-use, warren-sharing by parent–offspring and by previously mated pairs (Walker et al. 2006; Walker et al. 2007).

Both captive and free-ranging southern hairy-nosed wombats are nocturnal and exhibit a daily activity pattern characterised by a strong circadian cycle (Hogan et al. 2009; Hogan et al. 2011). They spend 66-75% of their time underground and have exceptionally small home ranges centred around their warrens (Finlayson et al. 2005; Hogan et al. 2011). They do not seem to modify their ranging behaviour during periods when food quality is poor and in low abundance (Finlayson et al. 2005).

The southern hairy-nosed wombat lives predominantly in a semiarid environment where water conservation is the key to survival (Shimmin et al. 2002). For their size, these wombats have a low basal metabolic rate, they do not sweat or pant to dissipate heat, and are slow to respond physically to changing ambient temperature. At air temperatures above 25 degrees C, a wombat’s ability to regulate its body temperature diminishes with hyperthermia occurring when air temperatures exceed 30 degrees C (Wells 1978b).

As a result, southern hairy-nosed wombats are dependent primarily on behavioural adaptations to facilitate thermoregulation, much of which is centred on the warren environment (Wells 1978b). At peak surface temperatures, the internal temperature inside a tunnel is around15 degrees C cooler than ambient temperatures (Shimmin et al. 2002). Tunnel conditions range between 13 degrees C and 25 degrees C over the course of a year - well within the wombat's thermal-neutral zone (Shimmin et al. 2002).

Southern hairy-nosed wombats only seem to come close to the surface when the outside temperature suits them. Wells (1978b) noted that a wombat might be found in an antechamber close to its burrow entrance at different times depending on daily temperature - well after nightfall on extremely hot days, by 1100-1200 on warm days in autumn and winter, and late afternoon at other times. In addition, burrows and tunnels have elevated humidity which would significantly reduce respiratory water loss and aid water conservation (Shimmin et al. 2002).

For all fossorial species, burrows provide a stable microclimate with regard to light, temperature and humidity, helping to reduce an animals’ dependence on water and energy reserves for thermoregulation (Kinlaw 2006). While southern hairy-nosed wombats exhibit other behavioural energy and water conservation strategies, such as nocturnal feeding, reduced feeding bouts and longer periods of inactivity during summer (Wells and Green 1998; Hogan et al. 2009), their intensive use of warrens emphasises the importance of their warrens for energy conservation. Finlayson et al. (2005) have suggested that maintaining a conservative home range around preferred warrens is an effective strategy which enables survival, particularly through drier months of the year, in a semi-arid and unpredictable environment. Needing to forage over a larger range may represent high and possibly untenable energy costs for this species.

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Threats IDENTIFICATION OF KNOWN THREATS AND IMPACT OF THE THREATS Identify in the tables below any known threats to the species, under the provided headings indicate if the threat is past, current or future and whether the threats are actual or potential. Past threats Impact of threat Sarcoptic Mange See relevant section in Current threats. Sarcoptic mange has likey been present in Australia since the red fox was introduced in 1850 (a known host to S. scabiei), and been impacting on wombat populations for several decades (Fraser et al. 2016). Drought See relevant section in Current threats. Drought impacts on southern hairy- nosed wombats have occurred in the past. Licensed Culling See relevant section in Current threats. Licenced southern hairy-nosed wombat culling has been occurring in South Australia for decades. Habitat Loss and Fragmentation See relevant section in Current threats. Habitat loss and fragmentation has occurred historically across the southern hairy-nosed wombat’s range. Habitat Degradation and Resource See relevant section in Current threats. Habitat degradation and resource Depletion depletion has occurred historically in the southern hairy-nosed wombat’s range. Current threats Impact of threat Sarcoptic Mange Sarcoptic mange (Sarcoptes scabiei) is an external parasite commonly associated with mange in animals and scabies in humans. It is an emerging infectious disease which was most likely introduced to Australia by European settlers and their domestic animals (Skerratt 2001). Mange has since spread to many native mammals; however the disease has had the strongest impact on wombats and remains the most significant disease threat to southern hairy-nosed wombats to date (Martin et al. 1998; Hartley & English 2005).

Sarcoptic mange in wild populations is often debilitating and causes significant morbidity and mortality (Martin et al. 1998). Wombats can exhibit mild to severe clinical signs, depending on the degree of exposure (Skerratt 2003). Mange in wombats can progress quickly in instances of high exposure and the individual rarely recovers naturally (Skerratt 2003).

Sarcoptic mange is an obligate parasite of mammals, although it can survive outside of the host for up to three weeks (Arlian et al. 1989). Mature mites burrow into the epidermal layer of the host to lay their eggs resulting in erythema, hyperkeratosis and alopecia. The keratinised skin is prone to cracking, which can cause haemorrhage and pyoderma. This is turn makes the individual susceptible to infection and myiasis (Skerratt 2001). The mite consumes living cells and tissue fluid, causing anaemia, bacterial infections in organs, secondary infections in skin fissures, and liver cirrhosis in affected individuals (Pence & Ueckermann 2002; Ruykys et al. 2013). Diseased southern hairy-nosed wombats have been observed to take less heed of their surroundings, and to feed during daylight hours rather than at night, making them more vulnerable to predators and heat stress (Ruykys et al. 2009).

Epizootic outbreaks of mange have the potential to bottleneck small populations, resulting in reduced abundance and variance (Skerratt 2003). This is particularly threatening in small, isolated and genetically compromised populations with high environmental stochasticity such as the Eyre and Yorke Peninsula subpopulations of L. latrifrons (Ruykys et al. 2009). In populations in the Murraylands in South Australia, severely diseased adult wombats were visibly emaciated and had an average bodyweight 9.86 kg lower than those without mange (Ruykys et al. 2009). At present, mange outbreaks only occur sporadically in southern hairy-nosed wombat populations, yet mortality can be extremely high, with around 80-90% of affected groups dying from the disease (Ruykys et al. 2009; IUCN 2013). Reproductive failure is common in moderate to severe cases of mange, and infected wombats are generally in a non- reproductive condition (Skerratt et al. 1999).

Southern hairy-nosed wombats are already impacted by habitat loss and Page 5 of 18

fragmentation, persecution by farmers, and vehicle collisions, and are more susceptible to the disease in times of drought (Ruykys et al. 2009). In the Murraylands of South Australia, the population has declined by about 70 percent since 2002, most likely due to a combination of drought and sarcoptic mange (IUCN 2013). Any further stressors, such increases in habitat loss and fragmentation, or any effects from climate change, may mean that outbreaks of this disease are likely to tip the balance in the decline and/or possible extinction of many populations of the southern hairy-nosed wombat. Drought Drought has a significant impact on successful reproduction for southern hairy- nosed wombats (IUCN 2013). In drought years, reproduction may cease completely, and three consecutive years of ample rainfall are needed for there to be an increase in a population (Taggart and Temple-Smith 2008). In addition, suitable forage quality is poor and in low abundance during drought and the southern hairy-nosed wombat seems to lack the flexibility to modify its ranging behaviour during these periods (Finlayson et al. 2005). This may be due to its high reliance on behavioural adaptations to reduce the use of its water and energy reserves for thermoregulation. Traits such as maintaining a conservative home range around preferred warrens, foraging nocturnally, and reducing time spent foraging in hot weather (Wells and Green 1998; Finlayson et al. 2005; Hogan et al. 2009) currently seem adaptive, or at least not detrimental. However, should periods of drought increase over the coming decades, such behavioural adaptations may be insufficient or inappropriate, leading to reduced survival for the species.

In pastoral regions of South Australia, higher temperatures, reduced rainfall, and a greater frequency and intensity of droughts is projected as climate change and agricultural water demands increase (MSSI 2015). Although arid species like the southern hairy-nosed wombat are adapted to withstand dry conditions, this change in environment will introduce new pressures to already fragmented populations.

Both mange and malnutrition present clinical signs like hair loss, weight loss and daytime emergence, therefore it can be difficult to distinguish the cause of morbidity in southern hairy-nosed wombats (Taylor 1998; Ruykys et al. 2009). Licensed Culling Southern hairy-nosed wombats often occur on pastoral lands, where their digging behaviour is viewed as a nuisance for landowners. Pastoralists cite broken fences, damaged pastures, risk of injury to stock and damage to farm machinery as consequences of wombats living on their properties (Stevens 2010; Billows 2018). As a result, the South Australian Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources issues Permits to Destroy Wildlife to pastoralists to cull wombats on their land. During the 2016-17 financial year, 44 permits were issued to destroy southern hairy-nosed wombats, with a total of 803 wombats culled in that time (Billows 2018).

Culling relatively large numbers of individuals in a fragmented population has effects far beyond the loss of those individuals. For example, the proposed culling of 200 wombats in the Yorke Peninsula announced in February 2020 would have had long-running consequences for the genetic variation and population dynamics of this highly fragmented subpopulation (Swinbourne in Lysaught & Culliver, 2020). In addition, the impacts of culling on southern hairy- nosed wombat populations are poorly studied but are thought to play a role in observed population declines (Tartowski and Stelmann 1998; Taggart et al. 2008).

Current permit allocations are not based on evidence or knowledge of populations, rendering the culling program ineffective for conservation or management outcomes (Taggart et al. 2008). In addition, many landholders resort to illegal shooting which results in inadequate data on the number of wombats killed (Taggart et al. 2008). Habitat Loss and Fragmentation The range of the southern hairy-nosed wombat has declined dramatically through past conversion of suitable habitat to agricultural land (Taggart and Temple-Smith 2008). Although mostly a historic threat, the major consequence

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of clearing is a marked fragmentation of remnant subpopulations, with many now isolated subpopulations small and possibly non-viable (Sparrow 2009).

Habitat fragmentation has been found to alter dispersal and within-population processes in an isolated, high density population of southern hairy-nosed wombats at Kulpara, South Australia (Walker et al. 2008a). In this population, females no longer disperse, female relatives (primarily parent-offspring pairs) preferentially share burrows and warrens, and inbreeding avoidance appears to be stronger than in less isolated populations (Walker et al. 2008a). While these behavioural strategies may avoid inbreeding depression in the short term, continued isolation and inhibition of dispersal will decrease an individual’s ability to avoid inbreeding, leaving only the choice to mate with kin or not mate at all (Tainaka and Itoh 1996). Habitat Degradation and Resource Habitat degradation and resource depletion has already occurred as a result of Depletion actions by livestock and feral herbivores; for example, understorey plant species composition has changed due to impacts of rabbits and livestock (Taggart and Temple-Smith 2008). Farming and other human activities have introduced non- native plants into the habitat and these compete with the native perennial native grasses essential to the wombats diet. The southern hairy-nosed wombat breeding season may not coincide with the germination and growth of these introduced plants, which would lead to a lack of forage for young wombats and their possible starvation (Wells 1995).

In addition, the southern hairy-nosed wombat is currently threatened by direct competition for grazing with domestic stock and introduced rabbits (Taggart and Temple-Smith 2008). A plant DNA analysis of scats from the adult population in the Murraylands found that a lack of native pasture had led to the consumption of plants containing alkaloid poisons. In particular, autopsied stomach and gut samples from animals found already dead revealed the presence of Heliotropium europaeum, a plant that has cumulative and irreversible toxicity effects even at low levels (Camp 2013). It is probable that poor diet is contributing to the decline of this native wombat population. Actual future threats Impact of threat Sarcoptic Mange See relevant section in Current threats. The threat of sarcoptic mange is actual and ongoing, and in the absence of significant resource allocation to understand and attempt to tackle the problem is likely to cause future conservation and welfare issues for southern hairy-nosed wombats. Drought See relevant section in Current threats. Future droughts may be inevitable and avoiding them beyond the scope of this potential listing, but they will continue to impact southern hairy-nosed wombat populations. Potential future threats Impact of threat Licensed Culling See relevant section in Current threats. The waning social appetite for wildlife culling programs is showing signs of influencing landholder behaviours (the Yorke Peninsula culling licence being withdrawn in February) and it is hoped that with continued pressure and a potential threatened listing resulting from this nomination, licenced culling will not be an actual future threat for much longer. Habitat Loss and Fragmentation See relevant section in Current threats. Continued habitat loss and fragmentation does not have to be a forgone conclusion with appropriate planning laws and development restrictions, but in the absence of change it remains a serious threat to southern hairy-nosed wombats. Habitat Degradation and Resource See relevant section in Current threats. Depletion THREAT ABATEMENT Give an overview of recovery and threat abatement/mitigation actions that are underway and/or proposed. SARCOPTIC MANGE Sarcoptic mange can be treated in wild populations of animals using the avermectin drugs, ivermectin in particular. Treatment relies on being able to capture the affected individual, and for social species and those animals that share living quarters, the treatment must extend to the entire group and be sustained (Pence and Ueckermann 2002).

In southern hairy-nosed wombats, a preliminary trial found that while a single dose of ivermectin was successful in Page 7 of 18 treating mild, moderate, and severe mange in captive populations, its efficacy was limited to mild cases in wild animals (Ruykys et al. 2013). However, the recapture rate of the wild animals in this study was very small (only two of the seven animals treated). In addition, the captive population were maintained in a controlled environment where they were not consistently re-exposed to mites, and where food and water were ad libitum.

Treatment of southern hairy-nosed wombats with ivermectin needs to be approached with caution as safe dosage levels have not yet been established. Some neurologic effects have been reported in common wombats treated at the dose recommended for domestic animals (Skerratt 2001). It may be possible to combine treatments (for example, ivermectin with a topical, pour-on acaricide) but again, there is a possibility of adverse drug interactions (Skerratt 2001). It is also possible to treat sarcoptic mange by washing the animals with an insecticide (Ruykys et al. 2009); however, this option is only viable when managing single animals (Ruykys et al. 2013).

Given that treatment of an individual is not likely to be fully effective unless its burrow mates are also treated (Pence and Ueckermann 2002), and that safe dosage levels, efficacy of known treatments on wild populations are not yet established, there is currently no reliable abatement strategy for this threat.

Wildlife rehabilitation centres such as Sleepy Burrows Wombat Sanctuary are likely to have a wealth of information regarding the treatment of mange, with many actively partnering with research institutions to tackle the disease. Although many of these centres focus on bare-nosed wombats, the impacts of mange appear not to discriminate.

South Australia also maintains a Wombat Health Working Group, an initiative established to monitor and manage southern hairy-nosed wombat populations in the Murraylands in conjunction with other non-government organisations and university programs. Many universities are currently working to monitor wombat populations and the effects of mange, however a national funding and implementation scheme would provide a more comprehensive and directional approach to research.

DROUGHT The nominator is not aware of any abatement strategy for drought impacts on wombat populations aside from simple and direct management actions such as the provision of water in extreme drought.

LICENSED CULLING A recent survey conducted by O’Brien (2019) found that the majority of landholders in South Australian pastoral lands support southern hairy-nosed wombat conservation and only half believe that lethal control is effective for reducing damage. Landholders ranked additional research and education as a high priority activity in the management of southern hairy-nosed wombats and many showed strong support for non-lethal alternatives to culling.

There are several alternative management strategies available for pastoralists, although none are used widely (O’Brien 2019). The Wombat Mitigation Program, developed by the Wombat Awareness Organisation (WAO), provides free non-lethal alternatives to landholders wishing to manage southern hairy-nosed wombats on their land (Stevens 2010). Strategies include incorporating “wombat walkways” into fences, establishing exclusion areas for wombats on properties, eradicating feral rabbits and managing erosion of waterways.

HABITAT LOSS AND FRAGMENTATION The nominator is not aware of any current abatement strategy for habitat loss and fragmentation. Impacts on wombats should be considered in relevant developments, and would be required to through to a threatened listing.

HABITAT DEGRADATION AND RESOURCE DEPLETION The nominator is not aware of any current abatement strategy for habitat degradation and resource depletion.

Listing category CURRENT LISTING CATEGORY What category is the species currently listed in under the EPBC Act? (If you are nominating the species for removal from the list, please complete the nomination form for removal from the list).

Not Listed Extinct Extinct in the wild Critically Endangered Endangered Vulnerable Conservation dependent

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NOMINATED LISTING CATEGORY Note: after answering the questions below relating to the eligibility again the criteria sufficient evidence should be available to determine the category for listing. Refer to the indicative threshold criteria in the guidelines.

Extinct Extinct in the wild Critically Endangered Endangered Vulnerable Conservation dependent

Transferring a species to another category in the list Note: If the nomination is to transfer a species between categories in the threatened species list, please complete this section. If the nomination is for a new listing please skip this section and proceed to the Eligibility section below. If the nomination is to remove a species from the list, please use the nomination form for removal from the list. REASON FOR THE NOMINATION TO TRANSFER TO ANOTHER CATEGORY Please mark the boxes that apply by double clicking them with your mouse. What is the reason for the nomination: Genuine change of status New Knowledge Mistake Other Taxonomic change – ‘split’ newly described ‘lumped’ no longer valid

INITIAL LISTING Describe the reasons for the species’ initial listing and if available the criteria under which it was formerly considered eligible. N/A CHANGES IN SITUATION With regard to the listing criteria, how have circumstances changed since the species was listed that now makes it eligible for listing in another category? N/A

Eligibility against the criteria

CRITERION 1 Population size reduction (reduction in total numbers) Population reduction (measured over the longer of 10 years or 3 generations) based on any of A1 to A4 Critically Endangered Endangered Vulnerable Very severe reduction Severe reduction Substantial reduction A1 ≥ 90% ≥ 70% ≥ 50% A2, A3, A4 ≥ 80% ≥ 50% ≥ 30% A1 Population reduction observed, estimated, inferred or suspected in the past and the causes of the reduction (a) direct observation [except A3] are clearly reversible AND understood AND ceased. A2 Population reduction observed, estimated, inferred (b) an index of abundance appropriate to or suspected in the past where the causes of the the taxon reduction may not have ceased OR may not be based understood OR may not be reversible. (c) a decline in area of occupancy, on any extent of occurrence and/or quality of A3 Population reduction, projected or suspected to be of the habitat met in the future (up to a maximum of 100 years) [(a) following cannot be used for A3] : (d) actual or potential levels of A4 An observed, estimated, inferred, projected or exploitation suspected population reduction where the time period must include both the past and the future (up to a (e) the effects of introduced taxa, max. of 100 years in future), and where the causes of hybridization, pathogens, pollutants, reduction may not have ceased OR may not be competitors or parasites understood OR may not be reversible.

Please identify whether the species meets A1, A2, A3 or A4. Include an explanation, supported by data and information,

Page 9 of 18 on how the species meets the criterion (A1 – A4). If available include information required by the EPBC Regulations 2000 on:  whether the population trend is increasing, decreasing or static  estimated generation length and method used to estimate the generation length You must provide a response. If there is no evidence to demonstrate a population size reduction this must be stated The southern hairy-nosed wombat has declined historically in population size, number of subpopulations and area of occupancy. Both Taggart and Robinson (2008) and Hogan et al. (2010) report decline in the species, and its habitat has reduced in both size and quality through past conversion of suitable habitat to agricultural land (Taggart and Temple-Smith 2008). There is a marked fragmentation of remnant subpopulations, with many now isolated subpopulations consisting of small (< 100 individuals) and possibly non-viable colonies (Sparrow 2009).

There is limited information on population trends, especially for the large Nullarbor subpopulations, but estimates for the Murraylands, South Australia from 2002 to 2008 suggest a 70% decline (Taggart and Robinson 2008). Mortality from outbreaks of sarcoptic mange has been reported at around 80-90% of affected populations (Ruykys et al. 2009; IUCN 2013). Furthermore, both drought and mange are known to reduce or halt reproduction in the southern hairy-nosed wombat, therefore an unmanaged population is likely to continue to decline (Taggart & Temple-Smith 2008; Ruykys et al. 2009). Due to the already limited genetic variation of the species, further significant declines could result in an unsustainable population unable to recover from environmental stressors.

The nominator submits that with the pressures of ongoing threats the species is projected to undergo a substantial reduction in population and is eligible for a Vulnerable listing under the criterion.

CRITERION 2: Geographic distribution is precarious for either extent of occurrence AND/OR area of occupancy Critically Endangered Endangered Vulnerable Very restricted Restricted Limited B1. Extent of occurrence (EOO) < 100 km2 < 5,000 km2 < 20,000 km2 B2. Area of occupancy (AOO) < 10 km2 < 500 km2 < 2,000 km2 AND at least 2 of the following 3 conditions: (a) Severely fragmented OR Number of = 1 ≤ 5 ≤ 10 locations (b) Continuing decline observed, estimated, inferred or projected in any of: (i) extent of occurrence; (ii) area of occupancy; (iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat; (iv) number of locations or subpopulations; (v) number of mature individuals (c) Extreme fluctuations in any of: (i) extent of occurrence; (ii) area of occupancy; (iii) number of locations or subpopulations; (number of mature individuals

Please refer to the ‘Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria’ for assistance with interpreting the criterion particularly in relation to calculating area of occupancy and extent of occurrence and understanding the definition and use of location. Please identify whether the species meets B1 or B2. Include an explanation, supported by data and information, on how the species meets at least 2 of (a) (b) or (c). Please note that locations must be defined by a threat. A location is a geographically or ecological distinct area in which a single threatening event can rapidly affect all individuals of the species present. If available include information required by the EPBC Regulations 2000 on:  Whether there are smaller populations of the species within the total population and, if so, the degree of geographic separation between the smaller populations within the total population  Any biological, geographic, human induced or other barriers enforcing separation You must provide a response. If there is no evidence to demonstrate that the geographic distribution is precarious for either extent of occurrence AND/OR area of occupancy this must be stated. The nominator estimates that the area of occupancy of southern hairy-nosed wombats is <2,000km2 and therefore considered limited. However, due to a lack of data this has not been accurately determined. The species is severely fragmented and known to exist at limited locations (IUCN 2013), and HSI submits that it may be eligible for a Vulnerable listing under the criterion.

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CRITERION 3

Small population size and decline

Critically Endangered Endangered Vulnerable Very low Low Limited Estimated number of mature individuals < 250 < 2,500 < 10,000 AND either (C1) or (C2) is true C1 An observed, estimated or projected Very high rate High rate Substantial rate continuing decline of at least (up to a 25% in 3 years or 20% in 5 years or 10% in 10 years or max. of 100 years in future 1 generation 2 generation 3 generations (whichever is longer) (whichever is longer) (whichever is longer) C2 An observed, estimated, projected or inferred continuing decline AND its geographic distribution is precarious for its survival based on at least 1 of the following 3 conditions: (i) Number of mature individuals in ≤ 50 ≤ 250 ≤ 1,000 each subpopulation (a) (ii) % of mature individuals in one 90 – 100% 95 – 100% 100% subpopulation = (b) Extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals

Please identify the estimated total number of mature individuals and either an answer to C1 or C2. Include an explanation, supported by data and information, on how the species meets the criteria. Note: If the estimated total number of mature individuals is unknown but presumed to be likely to be >10 000 you are not required to provide evidence in support of C1 or C2 just state that the number is likely to be >10 000. You must provide a response. If there is no evidence to demonstrate small population size and decline this must be stated. It is the opinion of the nominator that the southern hairy-nosed wombat is not eligible for a threatened listing under this criterion due to more than 10,000 mature individuals existing.

CRITERION 4:

Criterion 4. Number of mature individuals

Critically Endangered Endangered Vulnerable Extremely low Very Low Low (Medium-term future)1

Number of mature individuals < 50 < 250 < 1,000

D21 Only applies to the Vulnerable category Restricted area of occupancy or number of D2. Typically: area of locations with a plausible future threat that - - occupancy < 20 km2 or could drive the species to critically number of locations ≤ 5 endangered or Extinct in a very short time

1 The IUCN Red List Criterion D allows for species to be listed as Vulnerable under Criterion D2. The corresponding Criterion 4 in the EPBC Regulations does not currently include the provision for listing a species under D2. As such, a species cannot currently be listed under the EPBC Act under Criterion D2 only. However, assessments may include information relevant to D2. This information will not be considered by the Committee in making its recommendation of the species’ eligibility for listing under the EPBC Act, but may assist other jurisdictions to adopt the assessment outcome under the common assessment method.

Please identify the estimated total number of mature individuals and evidence on how the figure was derived. You must provide a response. If there is no evidence to demonstrate very small population size and decline this must be stated. It is the opinion of the nominator that the southern hairy-nosed wombat is not eligible for a threatened listing under this criterion due to more than 1,000 mature individuals existing.

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CRITERION 5

Quantitative Analysis

Critically Endangered Endangered Vulnerable Immediate future Near future Medium-term future ≥ 50% in 10 years or 3 ≥ 20% in 20 years or Indicating the probability of extinction in the generations, 5 generations, ≥ 10% in 100 years wild to be: whichever is longer whichever is longer (100 years max.) (100 years max.)

Please identify the probability of extinction and evidence as to have the analysis was undertaken. You must provide a response. If there has been no quantitative analysis undertaken must be stated. It is difficult to calculate probability of extinction on a species whose population trends are unknown. What is known however is that the coming years will present the southern hairy-nosed wombat with at least three substantial threats.

1. Sarcoptic mange leading to death and/or reduction in breeding (Ruykys et al. 2009) 2. Continued habitat degradation and resource depletion from the effects of introduced animal and plant species (Taggart and Temple-Smith 2008) leading to detrimental dietary challenges for both juvenile and adult wombats (Wells 1995; Camp 2013) 3. Possibility of increased drought due to climate change with subsequent reduction in successful breeding (Taggart and Temple-Smith 2008; IUCN 2013) and increase in stressors leading to sarcoptic mange (Pence and Ueckermann 2002)

Any of these three threats would likely result in the extinction of the small subpopulations on the Eyre and Yorke Peninsulas, and in New South Wales, which are already suffering the effects of fragmentation and reduced genetic diversity. A combination of these threats could result in the extinction of the Murraylands population, and lead to a severe reduction in numbers in the Nullarbor population, possibly producing a situation similar to that currently faced by the critically endangered northern hairy-nosed wombat, Lasiorhinus krefftii.

SUMMARY OF CRITERIA UNDER WHICH THE SPECIES IS ELIGIBLE FOR LISTING Please mark the criteria and sub-criteria that apply.

Criterion 1 A1 (specify at least one of the following) a) b) c) d) e); AND/OR A2 (specify at least one of the following) a) b) c) d) e); AND/OR A3 (specify at least one of the following) b) c) d) e); AND/OR A4 (specify at least one of the following) a) b) c) d) e)

Criterion 2 B1 (specify at least two of the following) a) b) c); AND/OR B2 (specify at least two of the following) a) b) c)

Criterion 3 estimated number of mature individuals AND either C1 or C2 either a or b C1 OR 2 of C2 a(i), a(ii) or b C2 a (i) a (ii) C2 b)

Criterion 4

Criterion 5

For conservation dependent Criterion 1 nominations only: Criterion 2

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Conservation Dependent Considerations Only complete this section if nominating for consideration under the conservation dependent category, or if nominating a fish (or harvested marine species) with a management plan answer either the first or second question below, whichever is more appropriate. Please note that the currently only fish species that have been listed under this criterion. However it can be applied to other species. CONSERVATION PROGRAM (if species is a fish or harvested marine species, answer the question below instead) a) Give details of the conservation program for which this species is a focus. b) Provide details of how the species would become Vulnerable, Endangered or Critically Endangeredshould the program cease. a) b) FISH MANAGEMENT PLANS a) Give details of the plan of management that focuses on the fish. b) Provide details of how the plan provides for management actions necessary to stop the decline of and support the recovery of the species, so that its chances of long term survival in nature are maximised. c) Explain the effect on the fish if the plan of management ceased a) b) c) MANAGEMENT PLAN’S LEGISLATIVE BASIS Is the plan of management (or some component/s of it) in force under Commonwealth or State/Territory law? If so, provide details.

Other Considerations INDIGENOUS CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE Is the species known to have cultural significance for Indigenous groups within Australia? If so, to which groups? Provide information on the nature of this significance if publicly available. Southern hairy-nosed wombats are associated with lands where traditional Aboriginal communities have lived for thousands of years. They are valued by Aboriginal people both as a food source and as an important part of their culture (Davies 1998). For these indigenous communities, wombats are seen as having always been a part of the land, even before the arrival of the Aboriginal people, and Aboriginal hunters avoid hunting on the land they own in order to preserve their local wombat populations (Davies 1998). Southern hairy-nosed wombats are called wardu in the Wirangu language of the Eyre Peninsula Aborigines (https://www.scotdesco.com.au).

Wombats in general feature in traditional Aboriginal dreaming stories, for example, the story of Mirram and Wareen (Roberts and Mountford 1974), or the Milky Way creation tale of Wej, Jooteetch and Wardu (Ker Wilson 1972). Wombats also feature in Aboriginal art (e.g. Trevor 'Turbo' Brown: Three Wombats, National Gallery of Australia). The Scotdesco (Tjilkaba) community in the northwest corner of the Eyre Peninsula have also built a 'big' wombat in honour of the southern hairy-nosed wombat (https://www.scotdesco.com.au). CONSERVATION THEME The conservation theme for the 2020 nomination period is: ‘Listed threatened species which require reassessment to harmonise their listing status across range states and territories’. Explain how the nomination relates to this theme. Note that nominations which do not relate to the theme will still be considered. Despite being listed as Endangered under the New South Wales Threatened Species Conservation Act, 1995 (TSC Act), the southern hairy-nosed wombat occurs predominantly in South Australia as well as in Western Australia, where it is not listed (Shimmin et al. 2002; IUCN 2013). A national listing under the EPBC Act would therefore ensure the full extent of the species is considered where appropriate, and more effectively address population decline.

Page 13 of 18 FURTHER STUDIES Identify relevant studies or management documentation that might relate to the species (e.g. research projects, national park management plans, recovery plans, conservation plans, threat abatement plans, etc.). No further relevant documents were identified during preparation of this nomination. ADDITIONAL COMMENTS/INFORMATION Please include any additional comments or information on the species such as survey or monitoring information, maps that would assist with the consideration of the nomination.

Image removed due to Copyright

Figure 1: Indicative distribution the southern hairy-nosed wombat (IUCN 2013) Further detail available at: https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/40555/21959203

IMAGES OF THE SPECIES Please include or attach images of the species if available. See cover page. IMAGE CONSENT STATEMENT The Department is seeking permission to use the image(s) provided with the nomination. The Department may choose to use the image in a variety of ways including (but not limited to) printed and online content, social media and press releases. The owner of the image will be attributed if the image is used. If you own the copyright to the image(s) please select the appropriate box to state your preference. For images sourced from others, include the copyright owner’s details. If the source of the image is unknown, please indicate this as well.

I own the copyright and give permission for the Department to use the image(s) I own the copyright and do not give permission for the Department to use the image(s) I do not own the copyright. Permission should be sought from: Jason Pratt

Reviewers and References REVIEWER(S) Has this nomination been peer-reviewed? Have relevant experts been consulted on this nomination? If so, please include their names, current professional positions and contact details. The research for this nomination was undertaken voluntarily by .

was consulted during preparation of the nomination, but not involved in its review.

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REFERENCE LIST Please list key references/documentation you have referred to in your nomination.

Arlian, L.G., Vyszenski-Moher, D.L. and Pole, M.J. (1989). Survival of adults and developmental stages of Sarcoptes scabiei var. canis when off the host. Experimental & applied acarology, 6(3), 181-187

Billows, W. (2018). A summary of the number of ‘Permits to Destroy Wildlife’ by species issued by the Department from July 2016 to 30 June 2017. Obtained under the Freedom of Information Act from the South Australian Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources (DEWNR). Reference number: F0001488301

Camp, A. (2013). Southern hairy-nosed wombat diet reconstruction from scats using Next Generation Sequencing reveals toxic weed species. Masters Thesis, University of Adelaide.

Davies, J. (1998). Who Owns the Animals? Sustainable Commercial use of Wildlife and Indigenous Rights in Australia. Presentation at "Crossing Boundaries", 7th annual conference of the International Association for the Study of Common Property, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, 10–14 June 1998.

Finlayson, G. R., Shimmin, G. A., Temple-Smith, P. D., Handasyde, K. A., and Taggart, D. A. (2005). Burrow use and ranging behaviour of the southern hairy-nosed wombat (Lasiorhinus latifrons) in the Murraylands, South Australia. Journal of the Zoological Society of London, 265, 189-200.

Fraser, T. A., Charleston, M., Martin, A., Polkinghorne, A., & Carver S. (2016) The emergence of sarcoptic mange in Australian wildlife: an unresolved debate. Parasites & Vectors, 9, 316

Gaughwin, M. D., Breed, W. G., and Wells, R. T. (1998). Seasonal reproduction in a population of southern hairy-nosed wombats Lasiorhinus latifrons in the Blanchetown region of South Australia. In ‘Wombats’ (Eds. R. T. Wells and P. A. Pridmore). pp. 109–112. (Surrey Beatty & Sons: Chipping Norton.)

Hartley, M. and English, A. (2005). Sarcoptes scabei var. wombati infection in the common wombat (Vombatus ursinus). European Journal of Wildlife Research, 51(2), 117-121

Hogan, L. A., Johnston, S. D., Lisle, A. T., Horsup, A. B., Janssen, T., and Phillips, C. J. C. (2011). The effect of environmental variables on the activity patterns of the southern hairy-nosed wombat (Lasiorhinus latifrons) in captivity: onset, duration and cessation of activity. Australian Journal of Zoology, 59, 35-41.

Hogan, L. A., Phillips, C. J., Lisle, A., Horsup, A. B., Janssen, T., and Johnston, S. D. (2009). Remote monitoring of the behaviour and activity of captive southern hairy-nosed wombats (Lasiorhinus latifrons). Australian Mammalogy, 31, 123-135.

Hogan, L., Phillips, C., Janssen, T. and Johnston, S. (2013). Wombat reproduction (Marsupialia; Vombatidae): an update and future directions for the development of artificial breeding technology. Reproduction, 145, R157-R173.

Hogan, L., Phillips, C., Lisle, A., Horsup, A., Janssen, T. and Johnston, S. (2010). Reproductive behaviour of the southern-hairy nosed wombat (Lasiorhinus latifrons). Australian Journal of Zoology, 58, 350–361.

IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature). 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.

Ker Wilson, B. (1972). 'Tales told to Kabbarli: Aboriginal legends collected by Daisy Bates'. Angus and Robertson, Australia.

Kinlaw, A. E. (2006) Burrows of semi-fossorial vertebrates in upland communities of Central Florida: their architecture, dispersion and ecological consequences. PhD Thesis, University of Florida.

Lysaught, G. and Culliver, P. (2020). Wombat cull approved by SA Government following request from local Lands Trust. ABC News, accessed 24/03/2020 at: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-03-02/wombat-cull-approved-by-sa-government-following- request/12016388

Martin, R.W., Handasyde, K.A. and Skerratt, L.F. (1998). Current distribution of sarcoptic mange in wombats. Australian veterinary journal, 76(6), 411-414

MSSI (2015). Appetite for Change: Global Warming Impacts on Food and Farming Regions in Australia. Melbourne Sustainable Society Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic.

New South Wales Scientific Committee. (1997) Southern hairy-nosed wombat – endangered species listing. http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/determinations/SouthernHairyNosedWombatEndSpListing.htm

O'Brien, C. (2019). Understanding the causes of human-wombat conflict and exploring non-lethal damage mitigation strategies for the southern hairy-nosed wombat (Lasiorhinus latifrons) (Doctoral dissertation).

Pence, D. B., and Ueckermann, E. (2002). Sarcoptic mange in wildlife. Revue Scientifique et Technique Office International des Epizooties, 21, 385–398. Page 15 of 18

Roberts, A. and Mountford, C. P. (1974) 'The Dreamtime Book'. Reader's Digest/Rigby, Sydney/Adelaide, Australia.

Ruykys, L., Taggart, D. A., Breed, W. G., and Schultz, D. (2009). Sarcoptic mange in southern hairy-nosed wombats (Lasiorhinus latifrons): distribution and prevalence in the Murraylands of South Australia. Australian Journal of Zoology, 57, 129-138.

Ruykys, L., Taggart, D. A., Breed, W. G., and Schultz, D. (2013) Effects and treatment of sarcoptic mange in southern hairy-nosed wombats (Lasiorhinus latifrons). Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 49, 312–320.

Shimmin, G. A., Skinner, J., & Baudinette, R. V. (2002). The warren architecture and environment of the southern hairy‐nosed wombat (Lasiorhinus latifrons). Journal of Zoology, 258, 469-477.

Skerratt LF. (2001). Sarcoptic mange in the common wombat, Vombatus ursinus (Shaw, 1800). PhD Thesis, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia, 290 pp.

Skerratt, L.F. (2003). Clinical response of captive common wombats (Vombatus ursinus) infected with Sarcoptes scabiei var. wombati. Journal of wildlife diseases, 39(1), 179-192

Skerratt, L. F., Middleton, D., and Beveridge, I. (1999). Distribution of lifecycle stages of Sarcoptes scabiei var. wombati and effects of severe mange on common wombats in Victoria. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 35, 633–646

Sparrow, E. (2009). The effect of habitat fragmentation and population isolation on the genetic diversity, reproductive status and population viability of the southern hairy-nosed wombat (Lasiorhinus latifrons) in South Australia. Ph.D. thesis. The University of Adelaide.

Stevens, B. (2010) Wombat Mitigation Program. Wombat Awareness Organisation. Presented at the National Wildlife Rehabilitation Conference 2010.

Tainaka, K., and Itoh, Y. (1996). Glass effect in inbreeding-avoidance systems — minimum viable population for outbreeders. Journal of the Physical Society of Japan, 65, 3379–3385.

Taggart, D. A., Finlayson, G. R., Shimmin, G., Gover, C., Dibben, R., White, C. R., Steele, V. and Temple-Smith, P. D. (2007). Growth and development of the southern hairy-nosed wombat, Lasiorhinus latifrons (Vombatidae). Australian Journal of Zoology, 55, 309-316.

Taggart, D.A., Olds, L., Ostendorf, B. (2008). A land based management plan for southern hairy-nosed wombats. South Australian Soil Board Land Care Committee, Adelaide, SA.

Taggart, D.A. and Robinson, T. (2008). Lasiorhinus latifrons, IUCN 2013 Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.1. Accessed 19/02/2018 at: www.iucnredlist.org

Taggart, D. A., Shimmin, G. A., Ratcliff, J. R., Steele, V. R., Dibben, R., Dibben, J., White, C. and Temple‐Smith, P. D. (2005). Seasonal changes in the testis, accessory glands and ejaculate characteristics of the southern hairy‐nosed wombat, Lasiorhinus latifrons (Marsupialia: Vombatidae). Journal of Zoology, 266, 95-104.

Taggart, D. A., Steele, V. R., Schultz, D., Dibben, R., Dibben, J. & Temple Smith, P. D. (1998). 'Semen collection and cryopreservation in the southern hairy-nosed wombat Lasiorhinus latifrons: implications for conservation of the northern hairy-nosed wombat Lasiorhinus krefftii. In ‘Wombats’ (Eds. R. T. Wells and P. A. Pridmore). pp. 180-191. (Surrey Beatty & Sons: Chipping Norton.)

Taggart, D.A. and Temple-Smith, P.D. (2008). Southern hairy-nosed wombat. In 'The Mammals of Australia'. (Eds. R. Strahan and S. van Dyck.) pp. 204-206. (Reed New Holland: Chatswood)

Tartowski, S. and Stelmann, J. (1998). Effect of discontinuing culling on the estimated number of Southern Hairy-nosed Wombats Lasiorhinus latifrons. 206-217.

Taylor, G.K. (1998). A long-term population study of the southern hairy-nosed wombat Lasiorhinus latifrons at Moorunde Wildlife Reserve, South Australia. Wombats’. (Eds RT Wells and PA Pridmore.), 198-205.

Treby, D. (2005). Southern Hairy-Nosed Wombat (Lasiorhinus latifrons) Husbandry Manual. Australasian Society of Zoo Keeping Husbandry Manual. www.aszk.org.au/docs/shw_husbandry_manual.pdf

Walker, F. M., Sunnucks, P. and Taylor, A.C. (2008a). Evidence for habitat fragmentation altering within-population processes in wombats. Molecular Ecology, 17, 16741684.

Walker, F. M., Taylor, A. C., & Sunnucks, P. (2006). Genotyping of captured hairs reveals burrow-use and ranging behavior of southern hairy-nosed wombats. Journal of Mammalogy. 87, 690-699.

Walker, F. M., Taylor, A. C., & Sunnucks, P. (2007) Does soil type drive social organization in southern hairy‐nosed wombats? Molecular Ecology 16, 199-208.

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Walker, F. M., Taylor, A. C., & Sunnucks, P. (2008b). Female dispersal and male kinship–based association in southern hairy‐nosed wombats (Lasiorhinus latifrons). Molecular Ecology, 17, 1361-1374.

Wells, R. T. (1995). Southern Hairy-nosed Wombat Lasiorhinus latifrons., In ‘The mammals of Australia’. (Ed. R. Strahan.) pp. 20-21. (Reed Books: Sydney.)

Wells, R. T. (1978a). Field observations of the hairy-nosed wombat (Lasiorhinus latifrons). Australian Wildlife Research, 5, 299–303.

Wells, R. T. (1978b). Thermoregulation and activity rhythms in the hairy- nosed wombat (Lasiorhinus latifrons). Australian Journal of Zoology, 26, 639–651.

Wells, R. T. and Green, B. (1998). Aspects of water metabolism in the southern hairy-nosed wombat Lasiorhinus latifrons. In ‘Wombats’ (Eds. R. T. Wells and P. A. Pridmore). pp. 61-66. (Surrey Beatty & Sons: Chipping Norton.)

Nominator's Details Note: Your details are subject to the provisions of the Privacy Act 1988 and will not be divulged to third parties, except for state and territory governments and scientific committees which have agreed to collaborate with the Commonwealth on national threatened species assessments using a common assessment method. If there are multiple nominators please include details below for all nominators. TITLE (e.g. Mr/Mrs/Dr/Professor/etc.)

FULL NAME

ORGANISATION OR COMPANY NAME (IF APPLICABLE)

CONTACT DETAILS Email: Phone: Postal address: DECLARATION I declare that, to the best of my knowledge, the information in this nomination and its attachments is true and correct.

Signed

Date: 30/03/2020

Where did you find out about nominating species?

The Committee would appreciate your feedback regarding how you found out about the nomination process. Your feedback will ensure that future calls for nominations can be advertised appropriately. Please tick Department website Web search The Australian newspaper word of mouth Journal/society/organisation web site or email? If so which one...... Social media? If so which ...... Other – Past experience

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Lodging your nomination

Completed nominations may be lodged either: 1. by email in Microsoft Word format to: [email protected], or 2. by mail to: The Director Species Information and Policy Section Department of the Environment and Energy GPO Box 787 CANBERRA ACT 2601 * If submitting by mail, you must include an electronic copy on a memory stick.

NOMINATIONS CLOSE AT 5PM ON 31 MARCH 2020.

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