INSECT and MITE MANAGEMENT in GREENHOUSES Table of Contents

PB 1594 INSECT AND MITE MANAGEMENT IN GREENHOUSES Table of Contents

Pest Management...... 3 Pest Management Basics...... 3 Identification ...... 3 Sanitation...... 3 Illustrations of Common Insect and Mite Pests of Greenhouse Crops...... 4 Exclusion...... 6 Management...... 6 Scouting for Insect and Mite Pests in the Greenhouse...... 6 Sticky Cards...... 6 Aboveground Plant Parts and Roots...... 7 Pest Thresholds...... 7 Excluding Insect Pests Using Micro-Screening...... 7 Management of Insects and Mites of Greenhouse Crops...... 8 Biological Control...... 8 Types of Commercially Available Biological Control Agents...... 8 Table 1. Biological Control Agents of Insect and Mite Pests of Greenhouses...... 9 Alternative Pest Control Materials...... 11 Insect Growth Regulators...... 11 Microbials ...... 11 Neem Products...... 11 Horticultural Oils...... 11 Insecticidal Soaps...... 11 Selective Feeding Blockers...... 11 Conventional Pest Control Materials...... 11 Selecting a Pest Control Material...... 11 Rate or Dosage...... 12 Application Frequency...... 12 Phytotoxicity...... 12 Pest Control Materials Labeled for Use in Greenhouses for Control of Insect and Mite Pests ...... 12 Abbreviations Used in Table 2...... 12 Table 2. Pest Control Materials Labeled for Use in Greenhouses for Control of Insect and Mite Pests...... 13

Originally Developed by Elizabeth Will, Graduate Student, James Faust, Assistant Professor, Ornamental Horticulture and Landscape Design, and Frank A. Hale, Associate Professor, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Agricultural Extension Service, University of Tennessee

Insect and Mite Management In Greenhouses

Frank A. Hale, Professor, Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee Extension, and Raymond A. Cloyd, Associate Professor, Extension Specialist in Ornamental Entomology Integrated Pest Management, Department of Entomology, Kansas State University

Pest Management for greenhouse producers to avoid spraying Pest Management (PM) is a term that an inappropriate pest control material such as refers to the use of various strategies to manage an insecticide or miticide. When greenhouse greenhouse insect and mite pests. The focus of producers know exactly which pests are present PM is to use a variety of management strategies and the plants they are present on, then the to deal with existing pest problems, rather than appropriate insecticide or miticide can be applied. relying solely on pest control materials such as An extremely valuable pictorial guide for pest insecticides and/or miticides. PM involves the use identification is “Identification of Insects and of cultural, physical, biological and/or chemical Related Pests of Horticultural Plants” by R.K. management strategies. Lindquist and R.A. Cloyd, which is published by PM programs typically require growers to O.F.A. Services, Inc. The University of Tennessee be proactive rather than reactive. An effective Soil, Plant and Pest Center in Nashville is another PM program begins by regularly scouting valuable resource. the greenhouse for insect and mite pests. A PM program may include establishing action Sanitation thresholds for specific insect and/or mite pests and Clean greenhouses provide fewer then implementing a pest management strategy opportunities for insect and mite pests to establish once a threshold has been reached. Greenhouse and thrive. Weeds in pots or underneath benches producers who have successfully implemented serve as reservoirs for many greenhouse insect PM programs indicated that they have reduced and mite pests. Weeds underneath the benches are costs and increased worker safety. As a result, typically sprayed with insecticides and miticides. employees often respond to PM programs with In addition, many weeds serve as a source for increased enthusiasm. The objective of this viruses transmitted by insects such as western publication is to assist greenhouse producers in flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis). Avoid starting a PM program. standing water and allow water to properly drain away from the greenhouse, since excess water provides an ideal environment for fungus gnats Pest Management Basics and shore flies. Remove plant debris and old Identification stock plants from the greenhouse or place into Identifying the insect or mite pest and containers with tight-sealing lids, because winged the number of each species in a greenhouse adult insects will abandon desiccating plant requires diligence, but this information is critical material and migrate onto the main crop.

Illustrations of Common Insect and Mite Pests of Greenhouse Crops

E Mealybug, adult female B

Greenhouse whitefly. A, Adult. B, Eggs. C - E, Nymphs. F, Pupa

Fungus gnat, adult

Fungus gnat, larva

Drawings do not indicate the relative size of the pest; e.g., thrips are much smaller than aphids.

Spider mites

Leafminer, adult Aphid, winged

Thrips, adult Aphid

Drawings do not indicate the relative size of the pest; e.g., thrips are much smaller than aphids.

Exclusion amining sticky cards or visually inspecting plants Preventing insect or mite pests from enter- for the presence of insect and mite pests and de- ing the greenhouse is easier than attempting to termine their numbers. Detecting insect and mite kill them after they have entered the greenhouse. pests when populations are low allows for flex- Many greenhouse producers introduce insect and ibility in selecting pest management strategies such mite pests into greenhouses when they receive as removing infested plants or plant parts, using shipments of infested plant material from another reduced risk insecticides or miticides, and making source. Carefully inspecting new plants before spot applications to infested plants containing placing them into a greenhouse can minimize high numbers of insect and mite pests. The follow- problems with insect and mite pests. Exclusion ing information provides guidance for developing can also be achieved by screening greenhouse an insect and mite pest scouting program. Line openings, including side and ridge vents with drawings of the key greenhouse insect and mite specially designed screening material. Refer to pests are presented on the preceding pages. the section entitled “Excluding Insect Pests Using Micro-Screening.” What should be inspected while scouting for pests: 1) sticky cards Management . ) aboveground plant parts such as leaves, Once insect or mite pest populations are at or stems and flowers above the action threshold, the application of an 3) roots insecticide or miticide may be warranted. Insecti- cides and miticides are expensive, so it is important Sticky Cards to select the appropriate product and follow proper • Place sticky cards just above the plant canopy. application procedures (refer to label). There has Use sticky cards that are 3 x 5 inches. been an increase in the use of alternative pest con- • Thrips may be more attracted to blue cards; trol materials. These materials have relatively low however, yellow sticky cards capture a variety mammalian toxicity and are generally less harmful of insect pests including winged aphids, to biological control agents or natural enemies whiteflies, leafminers, fungus gnats and shore than most conventional pest control materials. Bi- flies. ological control is the use of natural enemies such as predators, parasitoids or pathogens to manage • When scouting for fungus gnat adults, place insect or mite pests. Predators consume their prey sticky cards horizontally on pots or on the (host) either partially or entirely, while parasitoids growing medium surface. lay their eggs inside or on their prey. The imma- • It is not necessary to count all insects on a ture parasitoid then feeds on the internal contents sticky card. Select a 1-inch vertical column of the prey. Eventually, the parasitoid matures and (not horizontal) and be consistent each time the adult either emerges near the dead host or exits sticky cards are monitored. In addition, one from it through a chewed hole. Pathogens work side of a sticky card may be used. similar to parasitoids, since they also consume Place one sticky card per 500 to 1,000 square the inside of target insect host. Biological control • feet of greenhouse space unless the situation requires considerable management skill and edu- requires more, depending on crops grown and cation to be successful in commercial greenhouse virus susceptibility. production systems. • Scout sticky cards weekly, identifying all the Scouting for Insect and Mite Pests insects on sticky cards with a 10X hand lens. Record insect numbers on a worksheet that in the Greenhouse allows you to check changes in populations of Scouting is a key component in developing a individual pest numbers to determine changes in successful PM program. It is not possible to make pest populations at each location through time. pest management decisions without routinely ex-

• Replace sticky cards every week or if they • Examine the main plant stem for scales and become full of insects, which will make mealybugs. identification difficult. • Look at the base of stems, leaves and other • Insect pests that may be captured on sticky protected crevices for mealybug life stages and cards: immature thrips. • Whitefly adults • Leafminer adults • Examine plant roots for the presence of fungus • Thrips adults gnat larvae and root mealybugs. • Scale and mealybug adult males • Fungus gnat adults Pest Thresholds • Winged adult aphids One principle of PM is that insect and/or • Shore fly adults mite pests must be present in numbers that will • Insect and mite pests not captured on sticky cause unacceptable crop damage before action cards: should be taken to control the designated insect • Non-winged aphids or mite pest(s). Currently, there are no discreet • Mites, including twospotted spider mite, action thresholds for greenhouse insect and mite broad mite and cyclamen mite pests. However, greenhouse producers usually • Mealybug immatures and adult females establish a threshold number based on past • Scale immatures and adult females experience. Information obtained from scouting • Egg, larva/nymph and pupa stages of many records maintained in previous years may help greenhouse insect and mite pests to determine action thresholds for the next season. For example, a greenhouse producer may Aboveground Plant Parts and Roots determine that five adult whiteflies per sticky card • Randomly examine plants over an area per week are acceptable. Therefore, whenever more represented by a sticky card. Pay particular than five adult whiteflies, on average, are detected attention to specific plant varieties that tend on a sticky card for one week, a management to see more susceptible to certain insect and strategy should be initiated. mite pests. • Examine leaf undersides, especially young Excluding Insect Pests Using leaves, for the life stages of whiteflies, Micro-Screening mealybugs, aphids, spider mites and scales. Pests can be excluded from greenhouses by • Examine the topside of leaves for: placing screens on greenhouse openings, including • Leafminer tunnels side and ridge vents. The size of the screen mesh • Distortion and discoloration resulting from is determined by the pests to be excluded. For feeding by thrips, aphids, whiteflies, spider example, leafminers can be excluded with 0.025” mites, scales and mealybugs or egg-laying mesh screen, whereas western flower thrips require damage from leafminer females. a 0.0075” mesh screen. • Honeydew – a sticky, clear substance.. . The two major problems with screening are excreted by aphids, soft scales, whiteflies (1) increased resistance to air flow, which results in and mealybugs. reduced cooling capacity in the greenhouse, and • Sooty mold – dark fungal growth that uses (2) protecting the screen from accidental damage honeydew as a food source. by greenhouse equipment or employees. • Examine terminal growth for immature thrips Placing a screen over greenhouse vents will and aphids. restrict air movement into the greenhouse, thus reducing the effectiveness of the fans at pulling • Examine open flowers for thrips larvae and air through the greenhouse. Properly designed adults. screening is necessary to reduce the effect of the

screen on greenhouse cooling. UT Extension personnel must systematically scout for insect and faculty can assist you in designing a proper mite pests on a regular basis to prevent insect and insect-screening system. To do so, the following mite pest populations from reaching damaging information is required: levels. Identification and early detection of insect and/or mite pests are important to determine the Exhaust Fan Information type of natural enemy or enemies needed and Manufacturer when releases should be implemented to maximize Model # effectiveness. Biological control is not a “quick Fan Diameter fix” for control of existing insect and mite pest Power (horsepower) problems, but can be an effective part of a pest Number of Exhaust Fans management program in which the goal is to Greenhouse Floor Area (square feet) reduce reliance on insecticides and miticides. Area of the Vent Opening (square feet) Extension faculty may need to visit your Types of Commercially Available Biological facility to measure the pressure drop when the Control Agents fans are turned on. This procedure takes only 30 The larvae and/or adults of predators minutes. With this information, we can determine including the ladybird beetle, green lacewing the area of screen necessary to avoid severe and minute pirate bug feed on mites, aphids, reduction in the greenhouse cooling capacity, mealybugs and thrips. Each may have a particular and the possibility of burning out greenhouse fan prey preference and require certain environmental motors. conditions such as temperature and relative humidity to be successful (see Table 1). Parasitic Management of Insects and Mite wasps or parasitoids are host-specific and in Pests of Greenhouse Crops general they tend to attack only one type of insect pest or life stage. In addition, they may be Biological Control stage-specific, meaning that parasitoids will insert their eggs into the eggs or other life stages such as Biological control is the use of living larvae or adults of certain insect pests. Immature organisms to reduce the population levels of parasitoids feed in or on the host, eventually insect and mite pests. Biological control agents killing it. Entomopathogenic nematodes are soil- (natural enemies or beneficials) typically will not dwelling, microscopic roundworms that enter entirely eliminate the target insect or mite. Some insect hosts and emit a bacterium lethal to insect beneficials are capable of surviving on alternate hosts, killing them within 48 hours. food sources such as pollen, nectar or other insects The entomopathogenic nematodes enter and/or mite pests when populations of the target an insect through natural openings such as the pest are too low to support continued reproduction mouth, anus or spiracles (breathing pores) and of the given natural enemy. regurgitate bacterium, which paralyzes and kills Biological control must be designed for the insect host. The entomopathogenic nematodes each greenhouse operation based on trial-and- feed on the reproducing bacterium and continue error. A major challenge is to integrate natural to multiply in the insect carcass, eventually enemies into a pest management program exiting to find a new host after the food source that includes pest control material treatments, dissipates. For sources of predators, parasitoids which may be harmful to natural enemies. and entomopathogenic nematodes, see University Alternative insecticides, miticides and application of Tennessee Extension Factsheet SP290-Z, techniques are available that are less likely to have “Commercial Sources of Predators, Parasitoids and detrimental effects on natural enemies. Biological Pathogens.” control is more successful when implemented prior to insect and/or mite pest populations having reached damaging levels. As a result, greenhouse

Comments peach and against green Effective melon aphid. against potato aphid. Effective warm, humid conditions. Requires Kills insect hosts similar to parasitoids. Only attacks citrus mealybug. ability and Excellent searching performs well at low mealybug densities. warm, humid conditions. Requires Kills insect hosts similar to parasitoids. Attack fungus gnat larvae. medium. to growing Apply directly medium must be The growing moist prior to and after applying the entomopathogenic nematodes. Larvae complete development inside leafminer larvae and then adult may Temperatures parasite emerges. influence effectiveness.

Dacnusa sibirica, Steinernema Aphidius colemani Aphelinus Leptomastix (Scanmask, Entonem, Parasites/Pathogens Parasitoid, Parasitoid, Entomopathogenic fungus, Beauvaria bassiana Entomopathogenic fungus, Beauvaria bassiana abdomalis Entomopathogenic nematode feltiae Nemasys and NemaShield) Parasitoids Diglyphus isaea Parasitoid dactylopii , and israelensis subsp. P. persimilis. P. Comments as eggs or larvae. Feed on Introduce insect and mite pest several different in the absence of aphids. Inactive during short days unless light provided. Feed on all aphid life stages. Both predacious. adults and larvae are mite that persists Soil predatory medium. 7-11 day life in growing cycle. Short shelflife. Can incorporate filling media before into growing pots. May be used with Bacillus thuringiensis entomopathogenic nematodes. Both the adult and larva of this rove and feed on predacious beetle are all life stages of fungus gnats. Adults Feed on all mobile and can fly. are mealybug life stages. Feed on all mealybug life stages. when mealybug Primarily effective high. Less effective populations are when exposed to low light conditions. mites. against broad Effective F degrees <80 temperature Requires and humidity between 60 to 80% Only feeds on twospotted be effective. spider mite. warmer and drier conditions Tolerates than of twospotted spider Used for control mite. Table 1. Biological Control of Insects Related Pests and Biological 1. Table

spp. and Hippodamia Hypoaspis miles Neoseiulus Phytoseiulus Mesoseiulus Aphidoletes Atheta coriaria Cryptolaemus Chrysoperla spp. ongipes=Phytoseiulus longipes Predators Lacewings, Chrysopa Aphid midge, aphidimyza beetle, Ladybird convergens mite, Predatory Rove beetle, Lady beetle montrouzieri mite, Predatory barkeri=Amblyseius mckenzei mite, Predatory persimilis mite, Predatory l Pests Aphid Fungus gnat larvae Leafminer larvae Mealybugs Mites

Comments scale. Primarily attacks armored Primarily attacks soft scale. Brown soft scale can encapsulate eggs. warm, humid condiditons. Requires Kills host similar to action of parasitoids. F. >72 degrees temperatures Prefers Adults lay eggs in mid-instar whitefly nymphs and feed on early-instar against nymphs. Most effective whitefly. greenhouse Primarily used against sweet potato whitefly B-biotype (formerly silverleaf whitefly). warm, humid conditions. Requires Kills host similar to action of parasitoids. Aphytis Encarsia Parasites/Pathogens Parasitoid wasp, melinus Parasitoid wasp, Metaphycus helvolus Entomopathogenic fungus, Beauvaria bassiana Parasitoid wasp, formosa Parasitoid wasp, Eretmocerous eremicus Entomopathogenic fungus, Beauvaria bassiana instar immature. instar immature. st instar immature. Can instar immature. st Comments Used Survives longer without prey. of twopsotted spider and for control cyclamen mites. Feeds on twospotted spider mites. adults do predaceous; Only larvae are not feed. Both the adult and larva attack and soft scales. armored Survives on pollen in absence of prey. Only attacts the 1 Only attacks 1 survive on pollen in the absence of prey. Feeds on thrips pupate in growing media. Short shelf life. May be media. incorporated into growing are Both adults and immature Survives on pollen in the predacious. Also feed on aphids, absence of prey. spider mites, and whiteflies. Both adult and larva feed on eggs high whitefly and nymphs. Requires population for survival.

or Table 1. Biological Control of Insects Related Pests and Biological 1. (Cont) Table Orius insidiosus Feltiella acarisuga Feltiella Delphastus Lindorus Neoseiulus Neoseiulus Amblyseius Hypoaspis miles ucumeris=Amblyseius cucumeris Predators mite, Predatory californicus=Ambylseius californicus midge, Predatory beetle Ladybird Rhyzobius lophanthae mite, Predatory degenerans Mite, Predatory c Mite Predatory Minute pirate bug, beetle, Ladybird cetalinae Pests Mites Scale Thrips Whitefly

10 Alternative Pest Control Materials Neem products Alternative pest control materials, in this These insecticides are based on extracts from case insecticides and miticides, are those that have the tropical and subtropical neem tree, Azadi- activity on specific target insect or mite pests while rachta indica. Azadirachtin, the most commonly being less harmful to natural enemies. Proper tim- used material, is derived from the oil of neem tree ing of applications is important to control specific leaves or seeds. It acts as an insect-growth regula- insect or mite pests. tor, insect-feeding deterrent, repellent, oviposition inhibitor, sterilant and/or direct toxin. Insect growth regulators Insect growth regulators or IGRs are used Horticultural oils to kill the young (= immature) stages of plant- These are petroleum or plant-based materials feeding insects including mealybugs, scales and that suffocate insect and mite pests by blocking whiteflies. Insect growth regulators regulate insect the breathing pores (spiracles) and disrupting cell development and are typically placed into three membranes. Horticultural oils have short residual general categories: juvenile hormone mimics or activity. analogs, ecdysone antagonists and chitin-synthesis inhibitors. Juvenile hormone mimics or analogs Insecticidal soaps inhibit development and cause insects to remain in These are derivative of potassium salts of an immature stage, thus preventing insects from fatty acid chains that act by disrupting insect cell completing their life cycle. Ecdysone antagonists membranes. Insecticidal soaps have short residual disrupt the molting process of insects by inhibiting activity. metabolism of the molting hormone ecdysone. Chitin-synthesis inhibitors interfere with enzymes Selective feeding blockers during the molting process that stimulate the These materials inhibit the feeding behavior synthesis and formation of chitin, an essential of insects by interfering with neural regulation of component of an insect’s exoskeleton. As a result, fluid intake through the mouthparts. Insects starve insects fail to reach adulthood because they die to death within 48 hours. in an immature stage, or they mature into sterile adult females. Conventional Pest Control Materials

Microbials Selecting a Pest Control Material These are insecticides containing micro- Once a perceived pest threshold has been organisms such as bacteria or fungi that cause reached, then pesticide control material (insecti- diseases of insects. They are usually very specific cide or miticide) applications may be initiated. . for the targeted insect pest and are slow-acting, A pest control material choice is dictated by: typically requiring repeat applications. Bacillus • Effectiveness on the existing insect or mite thuringiensis (Bt) is an example of a toxin-produc- pest(s) ing bacteria used against the larval stage of moths • Pest control mode of action (caterpillars) and fungus gnats. Beauvaria bassiana • Application method is a fungal pathogen or entomopathogenic fungus • Human toxicity used against aphids, mites, thrips and whiteflies. • Potential phytotoxicity Spores (conidia) of the fungus germinate on the • Potential impact on non-target organisms, surface of the insect and hyphae penetrate the cu- including natural enemies ticle. Similar to paroistoids, the fungus consumes • Cost the internal contents of the host. In addition, the • Restricted entry interval (REI) insect dies from a toxin produced by the fungus. Table 2 lists insecticides and miticides labeled for control of insect and mite pests in greenhouses.

11 Rate or dosage 5. Flowers and bracts are generally more sensitive Most insecticide or miticide labels contain than foliage; therefore, control insect and mite pests a range of rates that may be used. The low rate is prior to plants’ flowering. often considered the preventative rate, while the 6. The spray solution should be agitated frequently; high rate is considered the curative rate. If the otherwise, the solution at the bottom of the tank insect or mite pest population is excessive, then may be at a higher concentration and will result in the curative rate should be used: however, if the phytotoxicity. insect or mite population is relatively low, the 7. Maintain records of observed phytotoxic symptoms preventative rate may be used. of all plants. 8. Tank-mixing two pest control materials may in- Application frequency crease the possibility of phytotoxicity. Application frequency is a very important and 9. Do not use the same sprayer for herbicides and often-overlooked factor in determining the effective- insecticides or miticides. Always have a separate ness of an insecticide or miticide. Many insecticides sprayer for each general type of pest control mate- and miticides have short residual activity. These ma- rial. terials, in general, need to come into direct contact 10. Avoid making frequent applications of insecticidal with insect or mite pests to be effective. Most insecti- soaps and horticultural oils, as this may increase cides and miticides are effective on certain life stages the risk of phytotoxicity. (e.g., larva, nymph and adult). For example, Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (sold as Gnatrol™) Pest Control Materials Labeled for Use only kills the larval stage of fungus gnats; whereas in Greenhouses for Control of Insect the eggs, pupae and adults are not affected. A sec- ond application needs to be applied later as the eggs and Mite Pests hatch into larvae. Meanwhile, unaffected adults lay Abbreviations used in Table 2: additional eggs, which means another application is CLASS: BO = botanical; CA = carbamate; CARB = necessary to control the next generation of larvae. carbazate; CBOX = carboxamide; An application of an adulticide will kill fungus gnat CH = chlorinated hydrocarbon; IGR = insect adults, thus preventing egg-laying. growth regulator; ND = Napthoquinone derivative; MI = microbial; ML = macrocyclic lactone; OP = organophosphate; OR = other; OT = organic tin Phytotoxicity compound; NN = neonicotinoid; PD = pyridazinone; Insecticides and miticides can cause plant injury PL = pyrrole; PP = phenyl pyrazole; PDZ = pyridine if not used properly and according to label directions. azomethine; PY = pyrethroid; SO = soap; SP = It is important to consider the following prior to mak- spinosyn; TA = tetronic acid; TET = tetrazine. ing an insecticide or miticide application: 1. Read the pesticide label to determine if there FORMULATION: are precautionary statements indicating plant A = aerosol (includes total release and directed); species that should not be treated. AS = aqueous suspension; D = dust; DF = dry 2. Always test-spray a small sample of the crop flowable; EC = emulsifiable concentrate; FL = when applying an insecticide or miticide for the flowable; G = granular; L = water soluble liquid; ME first time. Most symptoms will appear within 10 = microencapsulated; P = pelleted; SC = suspension days following application. concentrate; SM = smoke; SP = soluble powder; V 3. Not all plant varieties respond the same. There = vapor; WDG = water-dispersible granular; WG = are often specific varieties of a particular spe- wettable granules; P = wettable powder; WSP = water cies that are more susceptible than others. soluble packets; WSG = water soluble granular 4. The higher the insecticide or miticide concen- APPLICATION METHOD: tration used, the more potential for problems A = aerosol (includes total release and directed); associated with phytotoxicity. Therefore, do not DR = drench; F = fumigant; G = granular; HV = high- apply insecticides or miticides at concentrations volume spray; LV = low-volume spray; SM = smoke; higher than the labeled rate. SSP = spray surface of potting mix; V = vapor.

12 COMMENTS Active primarily on immature activity. stages. Long residual Can be applied as a spray or drench. Primarily active on the larval up to 21 days of stage. Provides Does not have activity. residual translaminar properties. Selective feeding blocker. feeding. insects from Prevents Systemic insecticide with translaminar activity. coverage is necessary Thorough to contact insect and mite pests. before Vent late in day. Treat entry. mites. Also labeled for broad Do not apply to ferns or Shasta derived Insecticide/miticide daisy. Has soil microorganisms. from translaminar activity. Slow-acting. Apply as soil drench of fungus gnat larvae. for control Repeat applications may be needed. insect Need to apply before populations build up. Requires humidity >65%. relative A EC EC SC WP WDG L,WP FORM A HV HV HV HV HV,LV HV,DR APPLIC. METHOD 50 --- and LD 7,193 6,789 4,200 5,000 ORAL >2,000 >1,300 >40,000 4 4 12 12 12 12 12 (hr) REI MI PP PY ML OR BO IGR CLASS L E S Y A B U G X M I L L T E S P A A R R C X X X L E S A C X I T S P R H X X I T E S X X X M I I F L T E E S H X X X X X X W F T S S A U N U N G G X X X I S P A H D X X X X X Table 2. Pest Control Materials Labeled for Use in Greenhouses for Control Pest 2. Greenhouses for Mite in ControlUse of and Pests Insect Labeled Materials Table Adept (diflubenzuron) Akari (fenpyroximate) Aria (flonicamid) Attain (bifenthrin) Avid (abamectin) Azatin (azadirachtin) BotaniGard (Beauveria bassiana) Pesticide

13 COMMENTS Systemic insecticide with translaminar properties. Apply activity. Extended residual as spray or drench. Also labeled for dipterous larvae. leafminer and shorefly rapid knockdown of Provides high thrips populations. Rotate with other insecticides modes of action to different Also labeled for avoid resistance. of leafminers. control by contact activity only. Works May be harmful to natural enemies. Apply to steam pipes; pipes may corrode however, after continued use. Avoid applications to wandering jew, pipe and poinsetta, Dutchman’s chrysanthemums. insect must eat this Target material to be killed. Feeding with death in stops immediately, coverage 2 to 3 days. Thorough of all plant parts is essential. Compatible with most natural enemies. Do not Has translaminar activity. apply to poinsettia after bract development. L AS EC SC WP WSP WSG FORM HV HV HV HV HV,LV SSP,DR DR,SSP APPLIC. METHOD 50 rat 235 and LD 3,900 4,700 3,300 1,793 3,084 ORAL >5000 female >5,000 male rat >15,000 4 4 4 12 12 24 12 (hr) REI MI SP PY OP NN IGR IGR MI + CLASS L E S Y A B U G X X M I L L T E S P A A R R C X X X X L E S A C X X X I T S P R H X X I T E S X M I I F L T E E S H X X X X W F T S S A U N U N G G X X X I S P A H D X X X Table 2. Pest Control Materials Labeled for Use in Greenhouses for Control Pest 2. Greenhouses for Mite in ControlUse of and Pests Insect Labeled Materials (Cont) Table Bacillus thuringiensis Bacillus thuringiensis Celero (clothianidin) Citation (cyromazine) Conserve (spinosad) Decathlon (cyfluthrin) 8 Dibrom (naled) DF Dipel Pro ( subsp. kurstaki) Distance (pyriproxyfen) Pesticide

14 COMMENTS formulation. Micro-encapsulated May be applied as a spray or drench. fungus gnat adults. Is Controls when plants are most effective small. Selective-feeding blocker. feeding. insects from Prevents Systemic insecticide with translaminar activity. Slow-acting. Minimally active stages of certain on immature insects. Systemic insecticide with translaminar properties. Only activity. Extended residual on soft scales, not effective scale. armored Only active on spider mites. up to 4 weeks of Provides Minimal impact activity. residual mites. on most predatory Larvae must ingest material to be killed. Feeding stops occurring death with immediately, best on the in 3 to 5 days. Works early larval instars. Compatible with most natural enemies. up to 30 days of Provides egg the kills Only activity. residual and larval stages with no activity on adult spider mites. Use only cycle. once per crop A AS EC ME WP WG WG WSP FORM A HV HV HV HV HV DR HV,LV APPLIC. METHOD 50 135 630 LD 5,000 ORAL 4,900- >5,000 >5,000 >5,000 >5,000 >15,000 4 4 4 24 24 12 12 12 (hr) REI MI OP NN IGR PDZ CARB CBOX OP+PY CLASS L E S Y A B U G X X M I L L T E S P A A R R C X X L E S A C X X X

I T S P R H X X X I T E S X X M I I F L T E E S H X X X X W F T S S A U N U N G G X X X X I S P A H D X X X X X Table 2. Pest Control Materials Labeled for Use in Greenhouses for Control Pest 2. Greenhouses for Mite in ControlUse of and Pests Insect Labeled Materials (Cont) Table Duraguard (chlorpyrifos) Duraplex (chlorpyrifos + cyfluthrin) Endeavor (pymetrozine) Enstar II (kinoprene) Flagship (thiamethoxam) Floramite (bifenazate) Gnatrol (B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis) Hexygon (hexythiazox) Pesticide

15 COMMENTS than applying more Avoid times in succession or three Short phytotoxicity may result. activity. residual Has translaminar properties. up to 28 days or Provides Minimally activity. residual against adults. effective Compatible with most predatory mites. In addition to twospotted of control spider mite, provides cyclamen mite. Systemic insecticide with translaminar properties. activity. Extended residual on soft scale, not hard Effective scale. May cause Contact activity only. response. allergic respiratory to obtain Spray plants thoroughly adequate coverage. Also may be May leave used for snail control. on plants. residues than applying more Avoid twice in succession or foliar Short discoloration may result. activity. residual insect Need to apply before populations build up. Requires humidity >65%. relative L L L G FL SC WP WP WP, L WP, FORM G HV HV HV HV HV HV HV,LV LV,DR APPLIC. METHOD 50 20 --- and LD 3,060 4,143 2,020 ORAL 10,000 >2,000 >4,870 >10,000 4 4 12 12 12 12 24 12 (hr) REI MI TA PY CA SO SO CH NN CLASS L E S Y A B U G X X X M I L L T E S P A A R R C X L E S A C X X X X I T S P R H X X X X I T E S X X X X X M I I F L T E E S H X X X X X X W F T S S A U N U N G G I S P A H D X X X X X X Table 2. Pest Control Materials Labeled for Use in Greenhouses for Control Pest 2. Greenhouses for Mite in ControlUse of and Pests Insect Labeled Materials (Cont) Table Insecticidal Soap (potassium salts of fatty acids) Judo (spiromesifen) Kelthane (dicofol) Marathon (imidacloprid) Mavrik Aquaflow (fluvalinate) Mesurol (methiocarb) M-Pede (potassium salts of fatty acids) Naturalis (B. bassiana) Pesticide

16 COMMENTS Only active on fungus gnat larvae. fungus gnat Apply before to populations build up. Two applications may be three needed. Slow-acting. Has insect growth anti-feedant and regulator, a Requires activity. repellent spray solution pH between 4 and 8. Has systemic and translaminar Phytotoxic to certain activity. plants, including several 2 chrysanthemum cultivars. Wait weeks for symptoms to appear. of for control mix with Tame Tank thrips. Has translaminar activity. Phytotoxic to certain plants, including several chrysanthemum 2 weeks for cultivars. Wait as Treat symptoms to appear. late in day as possible and vent reentry. before Only active on spider mite eggs. Can only use once per crop cycle. L A SP SC WSP FORM A HV DR HVLV HVLV APPLIC. METHOD 50 --- and LD 5,000 1,127 ORAL >2,000 <5,000 >5,200 688 and 0 12 12 24 12 (hr) REI B OP OP IGR TET CLASS L E S Y A B U G X M I L L T E S P A A R R C X X X L E S A C X X I T S P R H X X I T E S X M I I F L T E E S H X X X W F T S S A U N U N G G X X X I S P A H D X X X Table 2. Pest Control Materials Labeled for Use in Greenhouses for Control Pest 2. Greenhouses for Mite in ControlUse of and Pests Insect Labeled Materials (Cont) Table Nemasys, ScanMask, Entonem (Steinernema feltiae) Ornazin (azadirachtin) Orthene (acephate) Orthene 1300 (acephate) Ovation (clofentezine) Pesticide

17 COMMENTS Only active on nymphal stages. May sterilize adult female whiteflies. Marginal Contact activity only. leaf burn of salvia possible. May on open petals. cause necrosis Only active on larvae or nymphs. insect Must be applied before pest populations build up. Only active on larvae or nymphs. as late in day possible. Treat reentry. before Vent Has translaminar activity. extended residual Provides spraying plants in Avoid activity. of bloom. Also labeled for control and cyclamen mite. broad Short as a contact only. Works activity. residual Not activity. Short residual for use on open recommended blooms or on bracts displaying as late in day Treat color. reentry. before possible. Vent Systemic insecticide with translaminar properties. Very activity. Extended residual Applied as spray water-soluble. Labeled for leafminers or drench. and thrips, but only provide of thrips. suppression L A A LV EC EC SC SG SSP, D,HV, FORM A A HV HV WP HVLV HV,LV APPLIC. METHOD HV, LV, DR LV, HV, 50 560 LD 2,000 1,500 1,500 2,450 ORAL 10,000 10,000 >5,000 12 24 12 12 12 12 12 12 (hr) REI PL PY CA CA NN BO BO IGR IGR+ IGR+ CLASS L E S Y A B U G X M I L L T E S P A A R R C X X X L E S A C X X X X X X I T S P R H X X X X I T E S X X M I I F L T E E S H X X X X X X W F T S S A U N U N G G X X X X X X I S P A H D X X X X X X Table 2. Pest Control Materials Labeled for Use in Greenhouses for Control Pest 2. Greenhouses for Mite in ControlUse of and Pests Insect Labeled Materials (Cont) Table Pedestal (novaluron) Perm-Up (permethrin) Precision (fenoxycarb) Preclude (fenoxycarb) Pylon (chlorfenapyr) Pyreth-it plus PBO) (pyrethrin TR Pyrethrum plus PBO) (pyrethrin Safari (dinotefuran) Pesticide

18 COMMENTS extended residual Provides of Labeled for control activity. mites. broad May be Contact activity only. harmful to natural enemies. of Only labeled for control twospotted spider mite. No translaminar activity. so thorough Contact activity only, coverage of all plant parts is of critical. Also labeled for control mites. broad stages Only active on immature (larvae or nymph). May sterilize adult female whiteflies. Can be Contact activity only. tank-mixed with Orthene for of thrips control effective Active regulator. Mite growth on eggs, larvae and nymphs. No activity on adults. Has translaminar propeties. Active on eggs, larvae (nymphs) and adults. Apply early morning or late evening. Short residual activity. Repeat Contact activity only. applications may be needed every 7 to 10 days. Not for use Only labeled for a on roses. limited number of plants. L L EC EC SC WP WSP WDG WP,FL FORM HV HV HV HV HV HV HV HV,LV HV,LV APPLIC. METHOD 50 632 and LD duck 3,350 2,600 4,500 ORAL 3,020- >5,000 >5,000 >5,000 >5,000 >5,000 mallard mallard 1,089 for for 1,089 4 12 24 12 12 12 24 12 12 (hr) REI PY PY PY PD ND BO OR IGR IGR CLASS L E S Y A B U G X X X X M I L L T E S P A A R R C X X X L E S A

C X X X I T S P R H X X I T E S X X X X X X X M I I F L T E E S H X X X X X X X W F T S S A U N U N G G X I S P A H D X X X X X Table 2. Pest Control Materials Labeled for Use in Greenhouses for Control Pest 2. Greenhouses for Mite in ControlUse of and Pests Insect Labeled Materials (Cont) Table Sanmite (pyridaben) Scimitar (lambda-cyhalothrin) Shuttle (acequinocyl) Talstar (bifenthrin) Talus (buprofezin) Tame (fenpropathrin) TetraSan (etoxazole) Triact (neem oil) TriCon (sodium tetraborohydrate decahydrate) Pesticide

19 Precautionary Statement To protect people and the environment, pesticides should be used safely. This is everyone’s responsibility, especially the user. Read and follow label directions carefully before you buy, mix, apply, store or dispose of a pesticide. According to laws regulating pesticides, they must be used only as directed by the label. Persons who do not obey the law will be subject to penalties.

Disclaimer Statement Pesticides recommended in this publication were registered for the prescribed uses when printed. Pesticides registrations are continuously reviewed. Should registration of a recommended pesticide be canceled, it would no longer be recommended by The University of Tennessee. Use of trade or brand names in this publication is for clarity and information; it does not imply approval of the product to the exclusion of others that may be of similar, suitable composition, nor does it guarantee or warrant the standard of the product.

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