Managing Arthropod Pests in Strawberries A Twenty Year Odyssey
Frank Zalom Dept. of Entomology University of California, Davis
ENTOMOLOGY Key Arthropod Pests Spider Mites Lygus Bugs Lepidoptera corn earworm beet armyworm cutworms Thrips Occasional/Unusual Arthropod Pests Cyclamen Mite Greenhouse Whitefly Vinegar Flies Light Brown Apple Moth
My approach to pest management
Crisis - Management - short term longer term
Lygus bug
Lygus bug
Management - Sampling Thresholds Phenology model Control - Manage alternate hosts Insecticides Bug-vacs
Lygus bug
Management - Sampling Thresholds Phenology model
Lygus bug
Control - Manage alternate hosts Insecticides Bug-vacs??
Lygus - issues and needs Loss of Lannate (methomyl) Pyrethroid and OP resistance New products and combinations Rimon (novaluron) - Section 18 Clutch (clothianidin) - IR-4 Beleaf (flonicamid) - IR-4 Monitoring and treatment timing Lygus life cycle and seasonal cycle - Oxnard Application methodology (bioassays) Lygus species composition
Lygus - issues Pyrethroid resistance Weeds
Danitol - fenpropathrin First Year Prunedale, July, 2008 Second Year Lygus collected from - Weeds First Year Field Second Year Field 10.67 oz in 100 gal
2007 sprays - 1 Brigade + 2 Danitol 2008 sprays - 3 Brigade + 1 Danitol
Two spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae
Two spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Management - Chemicals - monitoring and thresholds Varietal susceptibility (20+ years) Plant vigor - vernalization, day-neutral varieties Biological controls - predatory mites
Two spotted spider mite Acaricides - new products registered since 1995 Product Active Ingredient Primary Target Site of Action IRAC # Kelthane Dicofol Unknown mode of action Uncl. Vendex Fenbutatin oxide Oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor 12B Omite Propargite Oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor 12C Agri-Mek Abamectin Chloride channel activator 6 Savey Hexythiazox Unknown mode of action (mite growth regulator) 10A Zeal Etoxazole Unknown mode of action (mite growth regulator) 10B Acramite Bifenazate Neuronal inhibitor (unknown mode of action) 25 Oberon Spiromesifen Inhibitor of lipid synthesis 23 Kanemite Acequinocyl Site III electron transport inhibitor 20B Fujimite 1 Fenpyroximate Site I electron transport inhibitor 21 Ecotrol Organic oils Botanicals, exempt from tolerance Uncl. GC Mite Organic oils & Botanicals, exempt from tolerance Uncl. extracts
1 Not registered for use on strawberries
VarietalVarietal susceptibilitysusceptibility SelvaSelva
3500 Day Neutral Varieties 3000 Treated Varietal susceptibility Untreated 2500
UC Davis Strawberry 2000
Field Station, 1500 Watsonville, 2008 1000
500 Total avg yield (g/season/plant)
0
3.114-3 3.149-8 3.92-6 Albion Portola DiamanteMonterey San Andreas
4500 Short Day Varieties, 2008 4000 Treated 3500 Untreated
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500 Total avg yield (g/season/plant) 0
4.2-5 4.38-4 4.9-5 2.132-6 4.44-603 CaminoPalomarVentana
Predatory mites Almost 30% of California strawberry growers release or conserve predatory mites.
Acaricide selectivity is important
Phytoseiulus persimilis
Acaricide selectivity Contact and residual bioassays on leaves of treated strawberry plants up to 37 days after application Direct and side effects of - Acaramite = Bifenazate Agri-mek = Abamectin Kanemite = Acequinocyl Oberon = Spiromesifen Zeal = Etoxazole Fujimite = Fenpyroximate NR
Mean ± SD percent P. persimilis female mortality 72 h after exposure strawberry leaflets treated with the label dose.
Mean ± SD % mortality Days after treatment Trea tme nt 3 6 10 >14 IOBC Control 0a 0a 0a 0a A Bifenaz a te 0a 0a 0a 0a A Etoxazole 0a 0a 0a 0a A Spirom esifen 0a 0a 0a 0a A Abam ectin 26.4±1 2.3b 26.4±1 2.3b 0a 0a A Fenpy roxima te 100c 100c 100b 0a B Acequino cyl 100c 0a 0a 0a A
Within columns means (±SD) followed by the same letter do not differ significantly at P=0.05 by LSD. IOBC categories: A = short lived (<5 d), B = slightly persistent (5-15 d), C = moderately persistent (16-30 d), D = persistent (>30 d)
Mean ± SD P. persimilis fecundity (eggs/female/day) recorded 72 h after exposure to strawberry leaflets treated with the label dose of formulated products.
Days after treatment Trea tment 3 6 10 14 17 24 30 37 Contro l 4.2±0.3a 4.1±0.3a 4.1±0.2a 4.0±0.3a 3.8±0.3a 4.3±0.2a 4.3±0.1a 4.0±0.3a Bifenazate 0.0±0.0c 1.9±0.1b 1.6±0.1b 2.9±0.2b 4.4±0.2a 4.5±0.2a 4.4±0.1a 4.0±0.3a Etoxazo le 1.8±0.2b 1.5±0.2bc 1.2±0 .2b 3.1±0.2b 4.4±0.2a 4.4±0.2a 4.4±0.1a 4.0±0.1a Sp iromes ifen 0.1±0.0c 0.8±0.2cd 1.1±0.1b 4.1±0.2a 4.1±0.2a 4.2±0.2a 4.0±0.3a 4.0±0.3a Abamect in 1.2±0.1b 1.7±0.4b 1.7±0.3b 3.3±0.2b 4.1±0.2a 4.1±0.1a 4.1±0.1a 4.2±0.2a Fenpy roximate 0.3±0.1c 0.4±0.2d 0.2±0.1c 1.7±0.1c 1.3±0.1b 1.3±0.2b 4.2±0.2a 4.1±0.2a Acequ inocy l 1.4±0.3b 3.9±0.2a 3.9±0.3a 4.1±0.3a 4.4±0.2a 4.4±0.1a 4.3±0.1a 4.3±0.1a
Within column means (±SD) followed by the same letter do not differ significantly at P=0.05 by LSD.
Mean ± SD P. persimilis fertility recorded 72 h after exposure to strawberry leaflets treated with the label dose of formulated products.
Days after treatment Trea tment 3 6 10 14 17 24 30 37 Contro l 96.7±1.4a 98.3±0.8a 98.0±1.0a 97.8±1.3a 97.4±1.3a 99.0±1.0a 100±0.0a 97.8±1.4a Bifenazate 0.0±0.0b 99.0±1.0a 100±0.0a 97.9±3.4a 62.5±3.4c 99.1±0.9a 99.2±0.8a 98.5±0.9a Etoxazo le 0.0±0.0b 0.0±0.0b 0.0±0.0b 0.0±0.0b 0.0±0.0d 0.0±0.0b 0.0±0.0b 0.0±0.0b Sp iromes ifen 0.0±0.0b 0.0±0.0b 3.9±2.4b 97.7±1.1a 76.7±5.3b 97.3±1.1a 99.2±0.8a 97.4±1.4a Abamect in 0.0±0.0b 99.1±0.9a 99.2±0.9a 98.6±0.6a 97.0±0.9a 98.1±1.2a 99.2±0.8a 97.9±1.3a Fenpy roximate 0.0±0.0b 0.0±0.0b 0.0±0.0b 0.0±0.0b 0.0±0.0d 0.0±0.0b 0.0±0.0b 0.0±0.0b Acequ inocy l 99.2±0.8a 100±0.0a 99.1±0.8a 99.2±0.8a 99.0±0.6a 98.7±0.8a 99.1±0.6a 97.2±1.4a
Within column means (±SD) followed by the same letter do not differ significantly at P=0.05 by LSD.
Total effects (E) of acaricide residues on P. persimilis recorded 72 h after exposure to strawberry leaflets treated with the labeled dose of formulated products.
Days after treatment Treat ment 3 6 10 14 17 24 30 37 IOBC Bifena zate 100 54 61 29 26 0 0 0 B Etoxa zole 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 D Spiromes ifen 100 100 99 0 12 0 0 0 B Abamect in 100 70 59 19 3 2 1 2 B Fenp yroximate 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 D Aceq uinocyl 100 5 6 0 0 0 0 0 A
IOBC categories: A = short lived (<5 d), B = slightly persistent (5-15 d), C = moderately persistent (16-30 d), D = persistent (>30 d)
Lepidoptera Damage Fruit feeding Crown damage Processing corn earworm beet armyworm cutworms
Lepidoptera Issues and needs Lannate alternatives Sampling Phenology models corn earworm beet armyworm cutworms
Lepidoptera Corn Earworm Control, Orange County H zea damaged Treatment Rate (form/A) fruit per 20 plants Untreated -- 12.75 ± 5.68 Lannate 1.0 bl 3.67 ± 0.58* Intrepid 12.0 fl oz 4.67 ± 3.06* Rimon1 12.0 fl oz 3.00 ± 1.41* Synapse 24WG 2 2.0 oz 3.00 ± 2.65* Synapse 24WG 2 3.0 oz 4.33 ± 1.53* Radiant SG 6.0 fl oz 4.00 ± 2.65*
1 Section 18 emergency registration 2 Not registered for use on strawberries Application date 4/13/2007 Harvest date 5/2/2007 ANOV statistics - F=4.0938, df=6,20, P=0.0140
Western Flower Thrips Frankliniella occidentalis Damage - • 'bronzing' from fruit feeding • flower abortion from feeding on strawberry blossoms
Threshold - 10 thrips per flower
Type I Bronzing
Bronzing 3 types identified
Type I Type III
Type II Watsonville Bronzing Experiment (Impact sprinklers and no sprinklers with 6 treatments)
I II I Treatments Exp. I: 1. center strip/Mar. 1 4 ex1 5 3 1 4 2 5 3 6 1 4 ex2 5 3
2. clear plastic/Dec. 2 5 ex1 4 1 2 5 1 6 2 5 2 5 ex2 4 1 3. gray/green mulch 6 3 ex1 6 2 3 6 4 3 1 4 6 3 ex2 6 2 4. shadecloth hoops 5. deficit irrigation 3 5 ex2 1 4 1 6 3 5 6 3 3 5 ex1 1 4 6. commercial spray 4 1 ex2 2 5 2 5 4 1 2 5 4 1 ex1 2 5
6 2 ex2 3 6 3 4 2 6 4 1 6 2 ex1 3 6 Sprinklers run for 15 minutes (= 1/8 to 1/4 inch precipitation) after each harvest (twice a week) from April 23 to June 21 Deficit irrigation - drip tapes shut off from April 11 to June 4
Type III fruit bronzing as a function of treatments, 2001 Number of bronzed fruit Treatment Sprinkling Mean ± SEM Clear, Full in Dec Not Sprinkled 142.0 ± 6.8 B Clear, Strip in March Not Sprinkled 176.3 ± 32.1 AB Commercial chemical Not Sprinkled 58.5 ± 5.9 CD Gray/Green in Dec Not Sprinkled 168.5 ± 15.8 AB Irrig. Deficit Not Sprinkled 180.5 ± 16.4 AB Shade Not Sprinkled 186.3 ± 14.2 A Clear, Full in Dec Sprinkled 51.3 ± 6.7 CD Clear, Strip in March Sprinkled 76.0 ± 14.8 CD Commercial chemical Sprinkled 41.3 ± 6.5 D Gray/Green in Dec Sprinkled 87.3 ± 15.4 C Irrig. Deficit Sprinkled 78.5 ± 9.2 CD Shade Sprinkled 73.0 ± 7.8 CD
Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different by Student's t at P<0.05
r 35 e Watsonville, 2001 2001 w
o 30 l f UntreatedUntreated r LigninLignin e 25 p
CommercialChemical s p 20 i r h t
f 15
o 5 r 1 Agrimek e Lignin Sprays 10 E-Rase b Agrimek Pesticide Sprays Acidiphactant
m 3
u 5 Lannate Silwet
N Number Thrips per Flower 0 13 26 2 3 8 154 21 28 6 4 11 18 25 AprAgrimek DibromMay Lannate June Pyganic Elevate Silwet AZA Direct Rally Elevate Silwet Acidiphactant Rally Elevate Acidiphactant Rally t 40 o l p
Watsonville,Watsonville , 2001 r e
p Untreated Untreated t
i 30 u
r Lignin f Lignin
d
e CommercialChemical z 20 n o r b
f o
r 10 e b m Numberu of Bronzed Fruit N 0 13 26 1 4 7 10 14 17 21 24 28 1 4 7 11 14 18 21 26 29
Apr May June
Western Flower Thrips - resistance Dow Agrosciences restricted spinosyn labels Mortality of a spinosad susceptible population @ 40 ppm - 100% @ 200 ppm - 100% @ 1000 ppm - 100% (label rate is 37 - 225 ppm) Mortality of a spinosad resistant population @ 40 ppm - 5.7% @ 200 ppm - 8.2% @ 1000 ppm - 13.4% (label rate is 37 - 225 ppm)
Western Flower Thrips Studies, 2009 • Bioassays of insecticide rotations and resistance development • Field efficacy trials With Mark Bolda, Jianlong Bi, Robert Yu Yi, and Jim Mueller (Dow Agrosciences)
Cyclamen Mite Phytonemus pallidus Occasional but serious problem
Eggs
Immatures
Adult
Cyclamen Mite Phytonemus pallidus
Management - production fields • Start with clean transplants • MONITORING!!! • Rogue out any plants that are infested • Treat infested fields - use a high volume of water (300-500 gal/acre) Management - work with nurseries
False Cyclamen Mite No flange on femur Tarsonemus setifer IV of the male Tarsonemus (B) - Tarsonemus confusus flange present on femur IV of the cyclamen mite (A)
Cyclamen mite
Greenhouse Whitefly
Oxnard, Fall, 2002
Greenhouse Whitefly - sources
Infested New second year planting plantingplanting
DoDo greenhousegreenhouse whiteflieswhiteflies reducereduce yield?yield? Watsonville,Watsonville, 2002-032002-03 FieldField SiteSite
Do greenhouse whiteflies reduce yield?
6000 Adult whiteflies and yield 5000 R=0.576 P=0.0063 4000 n=21
3000
Jan2000 29-Jun 5
Cumulative whitefly-days 1000
0 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000 3200 3400
18.0 Greenhouse Whiteflies, Watsonville 16.0 Untreated 14.0 Admire at planting Admire at planting + Esteem (3/26) 12.0 Esteem (3/19) 10.0
8.0
Adults6.0 per leaf
4.0
2.0
0.0
1/1/031/8/03 2/5/03 3/5/03 4/2/034/9/03 5/7/03 6/4/03 12/4/0212/11/0212/18/0212/25/02 1/15/031/22/031/29/03 2/12/032/19/032/26/03 3/12/033/19/033/26/03 4/16/034/23/034/30/03 5/14/035/21/035/28/03
Vinegar flies - Drosophila spp. An export phytosanitary/ processing concern Quality assurance protocol for export to Japan - Cultural controls More frequent harvests Sanitation Chemical controls
Spotted Wing Drosophila Drosophila suzukii
New species in North America Attacks sound fruit Problem for fresh market
Drosophila melanogaster and others Always present Attacks older fruit Problem for processing
Spotted Wing Drosophila Drosophila suzukii Male
California Invasion • Native to Asia (Japan, Korea & China) Female • Invaded Hawaii • Officially was found in California in 2009 but has been found earlier • Confirmed in coastal counties from San Diego to Humboldt, and in the central valley from about Stanislaus to Yolo counties
Spotted Wing Drosophila Drosophila suzukii
Now in Oregon, Washington, British Columbia, and Florida • Identified in the field from Cherry, Strawberry, Raspberry, Blackberry, Blueberry, Nectarine • Elsewhere: Grape, Peach Research action plan meeting - November 2, will include research and extension specialists from UC, OSU, WSU, and USDA-ARS-Corvallis
Light Brown Apple Moth Epiphyas postvittana
First detected in California March, 2007 in Berkeley Native to Australia, specifically the southeastern quarter of Australia Introduced into Tasmania, New Zealand, United Kingdom, Ireland, New Calendonia, and Hawaii
LBAM Mating Disruption Blackberries, October, 2009 3 ground-applied products (Isomate, Hercon Disrupt, SPLAT) plus untreated 10 acres per replicate 3 replicates
Phytosanitary certification?
LBAMLBAM MatingMating DisruptionDisruption Blackberries,Blackberries, 20092009
Insecticides and acaricides used in strawberries Chemical 1995 1998 2004 2008 acequinocyl 0 0 0 643 avermectin (Agri-mek) 653 655 249 522 bifenazate (Acramite) 0 0 10167 15318 dicofol (Kelthane) 10151 4169 634 567 mites etoxazole (Zeal) 0 0 1 1313 fenbutatin-oxide (Vendex) 5524 1028 201 2 hexythiazox (Savey) 0 1183 2896 1869 propargite (Omite) 7394 174 11 2 spiromesefen (Envidor) 0 0 0 4366 acetamiprid (Assail) 0 0 0 60483 bifenthrin (Brigade) 0 774 1412 4305 fenpropathrin (Danitol) 0 2524 7590 8274 Lygus bug malathion 98287 70276 91496 103632 methomyl (Lannate) 11099 11889 20852 10848 naled (Dibrom) 10723 15729 16092 32864 thiamethoxam (Actara) 0 0 0 730 imidacloprid (Admire) 0 63 1198 1642 whiteflies pyriproxifen (Esteem) 0 0 367 161 Bacillus thuringiensis 4884 5820 16092 25583 caterpillars carbaryl (Sevin) 25073 22211 3813 1054 + methoxyfenozide (Intrepid) 0 0 0 2168 spinetoram (Radiant) 0 0 0 2149 thrips spinosad (Entrust) 0 0 4582 2081
Future Issues Life Without Soil Fumigants? Reduced plant vigor - spider mites Soil invertebrates - Root weevils Symphylans Increase in multi-year plantings - has been a factor in whitefly problem, Lygus resistance, etc.
Future Issues ‘New’ pests - what next? greenhouse whitefly light brown apple moth spotted wing Drosophila Loss of pesticides Omite - propargite Lannate - methomyl Spinosyns - New pesticides/ pesticide resistance bifenthrin and fenpropathrin
Support for Strawberry IPM UC Strawberry IPM Manual UC Pest Management Guidelines CSC Production Guidelines
Scientific literature contributions - Zalom, F.G., C. Pickel and N. Welch. 1990. Recent trends in strawberry arthropod management for coastal areas of the western United States, pp 239-259. In L.T. Wilson, N.J. Bostanian and T.J. Dennehy, [eds.], Monitoring and integrated management of arthropod pests of small fruit crops. Intercept Press, LTD. Winborne, England. Zalom, F.G., C. Pickel, D.B. Walsh and N.C. Welch. 1993. Sampling for Lygus hesperus Knight (Hemiptera: Miridae) in strawberries. J. Economic Entomology. 86(4):1191-1195. Pickel, C., F.G. Zalom, D.B. Walsh, and N.C. Welch. 1994. Efficacy of vacuum machines for Lygus hesperus Knight (Hemiptera: Miridae) control in coastal California strawberries. J. Economic Entomology. 87(6):1636-1640. Walsh, D.B., F.G. Zalom, D.V. Shaw and N.C. Welch.1996. Effect of strawberry plant physiological status on the translaminar activity of avermectin B1 and its efficacy against the twospotted spider mite (Acari: Tetranychidae). J. Economic Entomology. 89(5):1250-1253. Walsh, D.B., F.G. Zalom, N.C. Welch, C. Pickel, and D.V. Shaw. 1997. Pretransplant cold storage of strawberries: effects on plant vigor, yield and spider mite (Acari: Tetranychidae) abundance. J. Economic Entomology. 90(3):818-823. Walsh, D.B., F.G. Zalom and D.V. Shaw. 1998. Interaction of the two spotted spider mite (Acari: Tetranychidae) with yield of day-neutral strawberries in California. J. Economic Entomology. 91(3):678-685. Zalom, F., D. Walsh, C. Tobia and C. Ingels. 1999. Spider mite control on central valley strawberries with acaricides and predatory mite. Arthropod Management Tests. 24:C27. Zalom, F., C. Tobia, K. Larson, N. Toscano, and G. Ballmer. 2000. Acaricide efficacy against spider mites on south coast strawberries. Arthropod Management Tests. 25: 75-76. Walsh, D.B., F.G. Zalom, D.V. Shaw and K.D. Larson. 2002. Yield reduction caused by twospotted spider mite feeding in an advanced-cycle strawberry breeding population. J. American Society of Horticultural Sciences. 127(2):230-237. Walsh, D. and F. Zalom. 2002. Winter horticultural and agricultural mineral oil treatments for control of two-spotted spider mite on California strawberries. pp. 481-491, In A. Beattie, D, Watson, M. Stevens, D. Rae and R. Spooner-Hart (eds.). Spray Oils Beyond 2000: Sustainable Pest and Disease Management. Veritage Press. Lisarow, New South Wales, Australia. Shaw, D.V., F.G. Zalom and K.D. Larson. 2003. Relative differences in yield for strawberry (Fragariaxananassa Duch.) genotypes are stable over differing levels of infestation by twospotted spidermites (Tetranychus urticae Koch.). J. American Society of Horticultural Sciences. 128(5):678-681. Scientific literature contributions - Larson, K.D., S.T. Koike and F.G. Zalom. 2005. Bed mulch treatment affects strawberry fruit bronzing and yield performance. HortScience. 40(1):72-75. Larson, K.D., S.T. Koike, and F.G. Zalom. 2006. Polyethylene mulch, deficit irrigation, overhead sprinkling and strawberry fruit bronzing. Acta Horticulturae. 708:51-57. Zalom, F.G., P. Thompson, K. Larson, C. Smith and J. Palacios. 2006. Central of beet armyworm and western flower thrips with reduced-risk insecticides. Arthropod Management Tests. 31:C19. Zalom, F.G., P. Thompson, N. Nicola and K. Larson. 2006. Evaluation of miticides against the carmine spider mite. Arthropod Management Tests. 31:C20. Zalom, F.G., D.V. Shaw, and K.D. Larson. 2006. Strawberry insects and mites in California, ecology and control. In: Encyclopedia of Pest Management. Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York. Saenz de Cabazon Irigaray, F.J., F.G. Zalom, and P.B. Thompson. 2007. Residual toxicity of acaricides to Galendromus occidentalis and Phytoseiulus persimilis reproductive potential. Biological Control. 40:153-159. McKee, G.J., F.G. Zalom, and R.E. Goodhue. 2007. Management and yield impact of the greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) on California strawberries. HortScience. 42(2):280-287. Bolda, M.A., O. Daugovish, S.A. Fennimore, S.T. Koike, K.D. Larson, D.B. Marcum, and F.G. Zalom. (technical coordinators) 2008. Integrated pest management for strawberries, 2nd ed. University of California, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources Publication 3351. Zalom, F.G. 2008. Challenges of managing Lygus in strawberry plantations on the central coast of California. J. Insect Science. 8(49):26-37. McKee, G.J., R.E. Goodhue, F.G. Zalom, C.A. Carter, and J.A. Chalfant. 2009. Population dynamics and the economics of invasive species management: the greenhouse whitefly in California-grown strawberries. J. Environmental Management. 90:561-570. McKee, G., and F.G. Zalom. 2009. A model of greenhouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) population development and management on Camarosa variety strawberry plants. J. Asia-Pacific Entomology. 12:117-122.
Managing Arthropod Pests in Strawberries A Twenty Year Odyssey
Frank Zalom Dept. of Entomology University of California, Davis
ENTOMOLOGY