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The Legend of La Corriveau: Québécois Folklore and the Politics of Nation-Making in Canada

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The Legend of La Corriveau: Québécois Folklore and the Politics of Nation-Making in Canada The Legend of La Corriveau: Québécois Folklore and The Politics of Nation-Making in Canada by Leslie Savath A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Affairs in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in English Carleton University Ottawa, Ontario © 2021 Leslie Savath ii Abstract This dissertation examines the role played by Québécois folklore in Canadian metanarratives of nation using as a case study “La Corriveau,” a Québécois murderess whose folkloric tale emerged during the pivotal British Conquest of New France in 1760. It analyzes how the figure of La Corriveau expresses and mediates conflicts between English and French Canada in both literary traditions. Reading through intertextual and interlingual lenses francophone and anglophone texts addressing the legend of La Corriveau such as Philippe Aubert de Gaspé’s Les anciens Canadiens (1863), William Kirby’s The Golden Dog (1877), Victor-Lévy Beaulieu’s Ma Corriveau (1973), Anne Hébert’s La cage (1990), and Douglas Glover’s “La Corriveau” (1993), as well as examining La Corriveau’s portrayal in life writing, popular film, and the global marketplace, this dissertation argues that the legend and its reinterpretations are reworked by both Québécois and English-Canadian authors in a desire to recuperate the figure for distinct national metanarratives of Québec and English Canada. For Québécois writers, the legend has provided a semantically flexible focal point for national image-making across a range of historical contexts and ideological positions, from French-Canadian survivance to Québécois nationalism and settler nationalism. For English-Canadian writers, meanwhile, and in constant dialogue with Québécois uses of the legend, La Corriveau has been made to serve an equally complex and often contradictory role in narratives that alternately (and sometimes simultaneously) reinforce, question, and rewrite English-Canadian metanarratives of romantic nationalism. As it traces ongoing conversations among Québécois, English-Canadian, as well as other francophone and anglophone revisions of the legend, this dissertation shows not only how La Corriveau iii has developed as a mediator of French- and English-Canadian identity, but also how its treatment continues to regulate images of Indigenous presence in relation to those national metanarratives. iv Acknowledgements First and foremost, I would like to thank Dr. Elspeth Tulloch for introducing me to Canadian literature. She made what I assumed would be dry material engaging to the extent that it became one of my areas of research. In particular, our courses on the place of Québec in Canada made me think a lot about my place as an anglophone Laotian Canadian pursuing an English degree in a francophone city, in an Anglo-dominated country. I am also grateful to Dr. Jean-Philippe Marcoux, Dr. Brad Kent, Dr. Liani Lochner, and all of my colleagues from Université Laval for sharing with me their passion for literature. I cherish my time in Québec City and the friendships I made there very fondly. Since returning to Ottawa, Carleton University has been my home. The faculty, staff, and students of the English department have created such a warm and welcoming environment. My thanks go out to Lana Keon, priya kumar, Dr. Julie Murray, and Dr. Travis DeCook for their continuous support. Denize Tan and Christine Taylor from the MacOdrum Library also played key roles in helping me locate crucial sources for my dissertation. I am immensely indebted to Dr. Brian Johnson for guiding me through my entire doctoral journey, even before it officially started. It was a privilege to work under such a kind, devoted, and caring supervisor who never hesitated to congratulate me for my achievements and to share comforting words during tougher moments. He has contributed, without a doubt, to me becoming a better scholar and person. I would also like to express my gratitude to Dr. Catherine Khordoc and Dr. Jody Mason. Catherine, you made me discover a wide array of fascinating works and criticism on Québécois v literature, and consequently made me want to shift my research to incorporate Québécois content. You always encouraged me to find my own voice and position within the various debates on nationalism, feminism, and so on. I truly appreciated our numerous conversations and look forward to many more! Jody, you have certainly challenged me with tough questions that pushed me to think even more critically about my work. Thank you for your generosity and patience. I am lucky to have had you on my committee! My family and friends were an invaluable support system and never hesitated to provide me with much needed time to focus on my work. A huge thanks to those who partook in my coffee-and-thesis-writing café sessions! At home, my cuddly little furballs, Aria and Toccata, were the most amazing study companions I could have. Finally, my most heartfelt gratitude to Olivier Jacques, without whom I would not have started my doctoral studies. To say the least, it was comforting to go through the numerous milestones of the bachelor’s, master’s, and PhD with you! Thank you, always, for your unwavering encouragement and love. vi Table of Contents Abstract .............................................................................................................................. ii Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................... iv Table of Contents ............................................................................................................. vi List of Illustrations ......................................................................................................... viii Chapter 1: Introduction .................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Emergence of the Legend in Cultural Imagination......................................................... 2 1.2 Romantic Nationalism and the Metaphors of Nation in English Canada and Québec . 10 1.3 Examining the Legend’s Role in French-Canadian Nationalism ................................. 18 1.4 Examining the Legend’s Sociopolitical Functions in National Frameworks ............... 20 1.5 Chapter Division ........................................................................................................... 29 Chapter 2: Nation Building, Legend Making .............................................................. 33 2.1 Marie-Josephte’s Vilification: Crystallizing Her Infamy ............................................. 37 2.2 Transformations in the Legend and French-Canadian Nationalism ............................. 42 2.3 La Corriveau in the Service of English-Canadian Romantic Nationalism ................... 57 2.4 The French-Canadian Aristocracy and British Political Ascendency in Les anciens Canadiens .................................................................................................................................. 65 2.5 The Flexible Strategy of terra nullius in The Golden Dog ........................................... 88 Chapter 3: WomaNation in Québécois Plays on La Corriveau ............................... 109 3.1 From Indigenous to Québécois: La Corriveau’s New Nationalist Association .......... 119 3.2 From Villain to Vixen: Challenging Québec’s Feminized, Colonial Condition in Ma Corriveau ................................................................................................................................. 124 3.3 Transforming (M)Otherhood through New Af/filiations in La cage .......................... 160 Chapter 4: The Legend of La Corriveau Beyond Québec ....................................... 185 4.1 Satire and Subversion in “La Corriveau” ................................................................... 190 vii 4.2 Reconstructing the Corriveau Genealogy in An Object of Conviction ....................... 216 4.3 “Dessine-moi dans des habits de sorcière divine”: Divinity, Love, and Self-Sacrifice in Poupée de rouille ..................................................................................................................... 229 Chapter 5: Commodifying the Legend of La Corriveau .......................................... 247 5.1 Haunted Canada Stamps: Returning to Old Canadian Landscapes and Debates ....... 252 5.2 The Return of La Corriveau’s Gibbet to Québec City ................................................ 264 5.3 Brewing the Legend of La Corriveau at Le Bilboquet Microbrewery ....................... 280 Chapter 6: Re-Indigenizing La Corriveau in Contemporary Québécois Discourse ......................................................................................................................................... 296 6.1 Battling for Québécois Settler Nationalism in Nouvelle-France ................................ 299 6.2 Going Native and Subverting a Genealogical Fantasy in Le crépuscule des arcanes 312 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 333 Bibliography .................................................................................................................. 344 viii List of Illustrations Illustration 1 Haunted Canada Postage Stamps, Second Collection ............................... 255 Illustration 2 Stamp Depicting La Corriveau .................................................................. 258 Illustration 3 Haunted Canada Postage Stamps, Third
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