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Assessment of Bacterial Profile of Ocular Infections Among Subjects Undergoing Ivermectin Therapy in Onchocerciasis Endemic Area in Nigeria

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Assessment of Bacterial Profile of Ocular Infections Among Subjects Undergoing Ivermectin Therapy in Onchocerciasis Endemic Area in Nigeria Ophthalmology Research: An International Journal 9(4): 1-9, 2018; Article no.OR.46610 ISSN: 2321-7227 Assessment of Bacterial Profile of Ocular Infections among Subjects Undergoing Ivermectin Therapy in Onchocerciasis Endemic Area in Nigeria Okeke-Nwolisa, Benedictta Chinweoke1*, Enweani, Ifeoma Bessie1, Oshim, Ifeanyi Onyema1, Urama, Evelyn Ukamaka1, Olise, Augustina Nkechi2, Odeyemi, Oluwayemisi3 and Uzozie, Chukwudi Charles4 1Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences and Technology, College of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Anambra State, Nigeria. 2Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Basic Medical Science, University of Benin, Benin-City, Nigeria. 3Department of Medical Microbiology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Anambra State, Nigeria. 4Department of Ophthalmology (Guinness Eye Centre, Onitsha), NAUTH, Nnewi, Nigeria. Authors’ contributions Author ONBC performed the sample collection, processing and data analyses. Author EIB conceived and supervised the research work. Author OIO participated in literature review, manuscript writing and editing. Author UCC was involved in training of the researcher on the collection of conjunctival swab samples. Authors UEU, OO and OAN were also involved in editing and reviewing of the manuscript. Article Information DOI: 10.9734/OR/2018/v9i430094 Editor(s): (1) Dr. Kota V Ramana, Professor, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, USA. Reviewers: (1) Dr. Augustine U. Akujobi, Imo State University Owerri, Nigeria. (2) Engy M. Mostafa, Sohag University, Egypt. (3) Asaad Ahmed Ghanem, Mansoura University, Egypt. Complete Peer review History: http://www.sdiarticle3.com/review-history/46610 Received 12 November 2018 Original Research Article Accepted 30 January 2019 Published 23 February 2019 ABSTRACT Bacteria are the major contributor of ocular infections worldwide. This can damage the structures of the eye with possible blindness and visual impairments, if left untreated. This study was undertaken to determine bacterial agents of conjunctivitis among individuals from onchocerciasis endemic area _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ *Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected] Okeke-Nwolisa et al.; OR, 9(4): 1-9, 2018; Article no.OR.46610 in Anambra State, Nigeria. This was a cross-sectional study involving ninety-two (92) randomly recruited test subjects undergoing ivermectin therapy aged between 11-80 years with signs and symptoms of onchocerciasis infection and bacterial conjunctivitis at Isu-Anaocha community in Anambra state between October and November, 2016. Ninety-two (92) apparently healthy subjects without signs and symptoms of onchocerciasis and bacterial conjunctivitis with normal vision, within the age of 11-80 years from the same community were used as control subjects, making a total of 184 participants. Visual acuity test was conducted on the participants using Snellen’s alphabet chart and illiterate E chart. Phenotypic and antibiotic susceptibility tests of these isolates were carried out according to Kirby - Bauer disc diffusion method guidelines. In the test group, 22 out of 92 conjunctival samples yielded bacterial growth, giving percentage prevalence of 23.9%, with age group 41-50 years having the highest frequency 7(31.8%) among individuals co-infected with onchocerciasis infection whereas 72 out of 92 conjunctival samples in the control group yielded bacterial growth giving percentage prevalence of 78.3%, with age group 41-50 years having the highest frequency 35(37.2%) among individuals that had no signs and symptoms of onchocerciasis infection. The predominant bacteria isolated was Staphylococcus aureus 8(36%) in the test group and 20 (28%) in the control group, giving a total of 28 (30%). Other bacterial isolates were Streptococcus pneumoniae 17 (18%), Staph. epidermidis 15 (16%), Escherichia coli 13(14%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 12(13%) and Salmonella spp. 9(9%). Antibiotic susceptibility testing showed that Gentamicin and fluoroquinolones are most active against Gram positive bacteria in conjunctivitis while Augmentin was found to be the most active against Gram negative organisms, therefore, recommended as first line drug. Visual acuity (VA) test done on the test group showed that 52 (57%) persons had normal vision, 20 (22%) had mild visual impairment, 15 (16%) had moderate visual impairment, 5(5%) had severe visual impairment but none was blind. All forms of visual impairment are not wholly attributable to bacterial conjunctivitis as some could be due to ageing and uncorrected refractive errors. Keywords: Bacterial conjunctivitis; onchocerciasis; visual impairment. 1. INTRODUCTION can cause loss of eye lash [6]. The infection may not remain localized and is known to spread to Bacterial conjunctivitis is the inflammation of the other anatomical sites of the eye [7]. Keratitis, conjunctiva causing redness, discomfort or the most serious eye infection is the leading discharge from the affected eye which is brought cause of corneal blindness. Moreover, the about by bacteria [1]. Normal conjunctival disease can also progress to endophthalmitis if bacterial flora include Staphylococcus not diagnosed early [8]. Exogenous epidermidis, non hemolytic streptococci, endophthalmitis is an infective complication of Neisseriae, Moraxella species, Micrococci and primary cataract, intraocular surgery and ocular aerobic diphtheroids, Staphylococcus aureus and trauma due to the introduction of infectious Haemophilus species [2]. Bacterial conjunctivitis pathogens like bacteria whereas the endogenous are caused by Staphylococcus aureus, one is commonly due to systemic dissemination Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus of the pathogens. Both keratitis and influenzae, Niesseria gonorrhoeae, Niesseria endophthalmitis are potentially devastating meningitides, Moraxella lacunata Gram negative ocular infections if not diagnosed early [9]. enteric flora, and Treponema pallidum [3]. Dacryocystitis is an inflammation of the nasolacrimal duct. During chronicity the disease Chlamydial conjunctivitis is known to be caused is associated with infection, inflammation of the by Chlamydia trachomatis (causes trachoma and conjunctiva, accumulation of fluid and chronic inclusion conjunctivitis of the newborn) [3]. tearing. This can be potentially dangerous to Bacteria are generally associated with many ocular tissues such as the cornea; leading to types of ocular infections such as conjunctivitis, post surgery endophthalmitis [10]. keratitis, endophthalmitis, blepharitis, orbital cellulitis and dacryocystitis manifestations [4]. Onchocerciasis is also not a significant cause of Conjunctivitis, inflammation of the mucosa of blindness according to work carried out by [11], conjunctiva, is the most frequent ocular case with despite the fact that the sample included clusters noticeable economic and social burdens [5]. from areas where onchocerciasis has been Blepharitis which is an inflammation of the eyelid known to be endemic. Previous studies report 2 Okeke-Nwolisa et al.; OR, 9(4): 1-9, 2018; Article no.OR.46610 that onchocerciasis is an important cause of 2.4 Exclusion Criteria blindness in endemic areas of Africa, including Nigeria [12,13] and ocular manifestations of Subjects with history of eyes surgery and those onchocerciasis have been recorded in the within ages 0-10 years (infants and little children. savannah as well as in the rain forest areas. Subjects with acute loss of vision and eye trauma Despite its size, there has been no earlier (mechanical or chemical). Paticipants wearing national estimate of the prevalence and causes contact lenses and who administer eye drop( of blindness and visual impairment in Nigeria. systemic or local antibiotics) or herbal eye drops Data from surveys of special groups or in focal within the previous two weeks prior to sample areas cannot be extrapolated to the entire collection. country, because of its cultural, economic, ethnic and geographical diversity [11]. However, Visual 2.5 Controls acuity should be done on regular basis on this endemic regions, thus providing a mechanism for Ninety-two, (92) apparently healthy individuals monitoring change in prevalence of disease and between the ages of 11-80 years, undergoing visual impairment over time. ivermectin therapy without signs and symptoms of Onchocerciasis or bacterial conjunctivitis 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS within the Isu-Anaocha community were used as control subjects. 2.1 Study Design 2.6 Examinations and Assessment of the This was a cross-sectional study involving ninety- Participants two (92) randomly recruited subjects undergoing ivermectin therapy aged between 11- The physical examination included investigation 80 years with signs and symptoms of of the degree of redness (peripheral,whole onchocerciasis infections and conjunctivitis at conjunctiva or whole conjunctiva and pericorneal, Isu-Anaocha community in Anambra state the kind of discharge(watery, mucuous, between October and November, 2016. purulent), and bilateral involvement. For the control participants, after declaring to participant 2.2 Study Area in the study, visual acuity test, interviewer- administered questionnaire and physical Isu-Anaocha is a town in Awka-North Local examination was completed. The physical Government Area of Anambra State, Nigeria. It is examination included careful investigation of a rural community and a riverine area.
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