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Heinrich Heine and the German Middle Ages

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Heinrich Heine and the German Middle Ages Heinrich Heine and the German Middle Ages by Andrew William Warren A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Germanic Languages and Literatures University of Toronto © Copyright by Andrew William Warren 2020 Heinrich Heine and the Middle Ages Andrew William Warren Doctor of Philosophy Department of Germanic Languages and Literatures University of Toronto 2020 Abstract Heinrich Heine famously identified German Romantic authors with the “resuscitation of the Middle Ages”. This identification has long been read as foundational to Heine’s critique of German Romanticism and what he saw as its political and cultural failings. It has long been assumed that Heine, whose own early poetry was heavily inspired by late Romantic authors such as Ludwig Uhland, rejected the German Middle Ages alongside his rejection of German Romanticism. Through an examination of Heine’s work, from his earliest poetry up to and including his long mock-epic poems Deutschland: Ein Wintermärchen and Atta Troll, I argue that Heine’s fascination and interest in the German Middle Ages is enduring and deeply important to his literary project. I argue that, far from rejecting the Middle Ages, Heine attempts to recast the German Middle Ages in such a way that preserves it as a vital source of poetic inspiration. In addition, Heine’s re-evaluation of the German Middle Ages serves a foundational role in his attempts, primarily in De L’Allemagne (his overview of German culture, religion and philosophy), to develop a counter-narrative of the German Middle Ages that exposes pantheism as the core faith of the German peoples, as well as charts a path towards a politically progressive and emancipated Germany. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This project has a lot to do with how the past shapes our presents and our futures. When I first suggested some kind of relationship between Heine and the Middle Ages in a (not great) paper back in the Spring of 2010, it certainly didn’t occur to me at the time that I would be finishing up a dissertation on a similar, but also very different project on the same topic nearly a decade later. Living with something like this for a decade has a way of involving many people and institutions, and I would like to take this opportunity to thank as many of them as possible (any omissions are entirely my fault). Thanks to the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council, the Joint Initiative in German and European Studies and the School of Graduate Studies, I was able to do research at the Herzog August Bibliothek in Wolfenbüttel, Germany on two separate occasions (2012 and 2014). In December 2017, the Heinrich-Heine-Institut enabled me to present a much earlier version of my first chapter at the 20. Junge Heine Forschung in Düsseldorf, where I received feedback on my work from some of the most important Heine scholars in the world. These opportunities were invaluable in giving me the space and time to develop this project. I cannot overstate how important Willi Goetschel, my dissertation advisor, has been to guiding this project to completion. Professor Goetschel’s infectious enthusiasm for Heine, his insightful comments, and his support, without which I literally could not have continued, has earned him my eternal gratitude. My committee members Christine Lehleiter, John Noyes and Markus Stock have been fantastic and supportive interlocutors during this process. Each of them has contributed to giving depth, breadth and clarity to my thoughts and I cannot thank them enough for their help in getting my work to this stage. I would also like to thank Christian Liedtke of the Heinrich-Heine-Institut for his encouragement and the great conversation we had over coffee about Heine on a snowy morning in Toronto. His advice at that time was greatly appreciated. I would be remiss to not thank a number of close friends who patiently endured my attempts to explain to them what “Heine and the Middle Ages” meant, when it was clear that I didn’t entirely iii know myself. John Koster and Jason Lieblang, both former graduate students at the Department of Germanic Languages and Literatures at the University of Toronto, who were close to finishing when I began, provided crucial support and encouragement. Christopher Miller and Tadhg Morris, both of whom I met during a Middle High German class in Toronto during my MA in Toronto, have not only become life-long friends, but also helped me to understand the ways in which this project was not really about the Middle Ages at all, but about how the past gets used by every new generation. I would also like to thank my comrade-in-arms, Yasmin Aly, who has endured so much, but who always found a way to encourage me to finish when I felt I no longer had it in me to do so. My parents and my sister have relentlessly encouraged me over the years, and I am both happy and relieved that they no longer have to ask me how my dissertation is coming along, something that everyone knows one isn’t supposed to ask – but that never stopped them. The fact that they are around to celebrate the completion of this project is not lost on me, and it is difficult to articulate how important their influence has been on me. To the people who have had to live with me all these years: Our sickly little dog Pepper, who has somehow managed to hang on until I have finished this work, you have proved more of an inspiration that any of us could have imagined. My wife Marlo, whom I met in this program, you have been for me everything that I hope I am to you – I really cannot express how much your support and encouragement has meant. I am looking forward to the next decade. To my son Nathaniel, who has quite literally grown from a kindergartner to a young man during my doctoral studies, I hope one day that you will forgive me for resigning from a good paying government job to write a dissertation in the Humanities. This project has shaped both of us in ways that I still don’t fully understand, but I dedicate this work to you. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ..................................................................................................................... iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................................v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................................ vii INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................1 CHAPTER ONE – FROM MINNESÄNGER TO RITTER: EARLY POETRY AND PROSE, 1815-1823 ............9 The Middle Ages of the Adolescent Heine ...............................................................................12 Deutschland ...............................................................................................................................14 The Letter to Christian Sethe ....................................................................................................15 Heine’s Minnelieder ..................................................................................................................20 Minne encounters Das Mittelalter – Heine and his Studies with August Wilhelm Schlegel ....31 Die Romantik ............................................................................................................................35 Bonn Poetry ...............................................................................................................................39 “Ritterliche” Poems ...................................................................................................................42 CHAPTER TWO – FROM BONN TO PARIS: HEINE AND THE GERMAN MIDDLE AGES IN THE 1820S ...53 The Vanishing Minnesänger .....................................................................................................54 Heine’s Identity and the Circumstances Around his Disillusionment with Romanticism ........58 Heine’s April 14th, 1822 Letter to Sethe ..................................................................................60 Almansor (1820-23) ..................................................................................................................63 The Lyrical Nightingale ............................................................................................................70 Der Rabbi von Bacharach .........................................................................................................74 Reisebilder: Ideen. Das Buch Le Grand ....................................................................................82 Die Bäder von Lucca and Die Stadt Lucca ...............................................................................93 Die Bäder von Lucca .................................................................................................................94 v Gumpelino..........................................................................................................................96 Franscheska and Die Stadt Lucca ...........................................................................................101 CHAPTER THREE – DE L’ALLEMAGNE: HEINE’S PROGRESSIVE HISTORY OF GERMAN CULTURE .111 Zur Geschichte der Religion und Philosophie in Deutschland ...............................................114 Die romantische Schule...........................................................................................................134 Elementargeister
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