From: [email protected] To: [email protected] Cc: [email protected] Date: Wed, Dec 7, 2016 at 10:57 AM Subject: Acceptance Letter for EC Application(DEIAA)
Acceptance Letter for EC F.No.- 4/16 District Environment Impact Assessment Authority Pathanamthitta RDO Office, Adoor P.O., Pathanamthitta District, Kerala, PIN. 691523 Dated: 07 Dec 2016 To, DARSHAN GRANITES PVT LTD , Pathanamthitta Kerala , 691305
Subject : Masonry Stone Mine (Quarry) project of M/s Darshan Granites Pvt. Ltd. at Koodal Village, Kalanjoor Panchayat, Konni Taluk, Pathanamthitta District, Kerala for area of 0.6095 hectare Sir, This has reference to your proposal No. DIA/KL/MIN/3191/2016 dated 05 Dec 2016 regarding grant of Environmental Clearance for the above mentioned proposal.
2.0 This is to acknowledge that the soft copies of reports along with the proposal have been received in the DEIAA. You are requested to submit a hard copy (signed) of the documents in the DEIAA (at the address given below) within a week, along with email alert generated by the system (through speed post). Each page of the application including Annexures should be duly signed by the authorized signatory. Address: RDO Office, Adoor P.O., Pathanamthitta District, Kerala, PIN. 691523
3.0 The project shall be listed for further consideration only after receiving the above desired documents in hard copy. Pathanamthitta DEIAA shall not be responsible for the delay in listing in next agenda meeting due to non-submission of the hard copy of application form by applicant after due date.
4.0 This should be clearly mentioned that reports have been prepared by the accreditated consultants/RQP along with his Accreditation Number. Yours Sincerely DEIAA, Pathanamthitta(Kerala)
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From: [email protected] To: [email protected] Cc: [email protected], [email protected] Date: Mon, Dec 5, 2016 at 10:22 AM Subject: Acknowledgement Slip for EC application
Acknowledgement Slip for EC application
This is to acknowledge that the proposal has been successfully uploaded on the District portal. The proposal shall be examined in the district authority to ensure that required information has been submitted. An email will be sent seeking additional information , if any, within 20 working days. Once verified, an acceptance letter shall be issued to the project proponent .
Following should be mentioned in further correspondence
1. Proposal No. : DIA/KL/MIN/3191/2016 2. Category of : Non-Coal Mining the Proposal Masonry Stone Mine (Quarry) project of M/s Darshan 3. Name of the Granites Pvt. Ltd. at Koodal Village, Kalanjoor Panchayat, : proposal Konni Taluk, Pathanamthitta District, Kerala for area of 0.6095 hectare 4. Date of submission for : 05 Dec 2016 EC 5. Name of the Project proponent along with contact details
a) Name of the proponent : DARSHAN GRANITES PVT LTD b) State : Kerala c) District : Pathanamthitta d) Pincode : 691305
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APPENDIX VIII (See paragraph 6) FORM 1 M APPLICATION FOR MINING OF MINOR MINERALS UNDER CATEGORY ”B2‘ FOR LESS THAN AND EQUAL TO FIVE HECTARE
Basic Information: Name of Mining Lease Site: Masonry Stone Mine (Quarry) project of M/s Darshan Granites Pvt. Ltd. is located at Survey Nos. 129/2, 129/3 of Koodal Village, Kalanjoor Panchayat, Konni Taluk, Pathanamthitta District, Kerala
Location / site (GPS Co-ordinates): Latitude (N) 090 09‘08.42“ to 090 09‘11.01“ N Longitude (E) 760 54‘21.36“ to 760 54‘24.94“ E
Size of the Mining Lease (Hectare): 0.6095 Hectares Capacity of Mining Lease (TPA): 30,000 TPA Period of Mining Lease: About 7 years (Proposed Life of Mine) Expected cost of the Project: Rs. 1.0 Crore
Contact Information: M/s Darshan Granites (P) Ltd., Managing Director, Mr. T.K. Sundaresan, —Aswathy“, Sivankovil Road, Punalur, Kollam District, Kerala-691305. Ph. 0475-2222954 & Mobile 09496003858 E-mail :- [email protected] [email protected]
Environmental Sensitivity
Sl. Areas Distance in Kilometer / Details No. 1. Distance of project site from nearest rail or road Nearest railway bridge near Punalur bridge over the concerned River, Rivulet, Nallah etc. Station at about 22 km towards South over Kalada River & nearest road bridge on Thodu at about 9 km, SW on Rajagiri Estate Road near Koodal Village. 2. Distance from Infrastructural facilities Railway line Auvaneeswaram Station about 19 km, SW National Highway NH-183A, near Adoor about 22 km, West State Highway SH-8, about 7 km, W Major District Road Mancode-Kalleli Road about 3.0 km, E Any Other Road Panchayat Road, about 200m, N Electric transmission line pole or tower Electric line about 1.0 km, towards SE Canal or check dam or reservoirs or lake or ponds Storm water pond within the complex In-take for drinking water pump house Open well available within the complex Intake for Irrigation canal pumps Intake from storm water drain to storage pond for project requirement. 3. Areas protected under international conventions, None within 15 km radius national or local legislation for their ecological, landscape, cultural or other related value 4. Areas which are important or sensitive for ecological Forest: - reasons œ Wetlands, watercourses or other water 1. Teak forest about 500m towards SW bodies, coastal zone, biospheres, mountains, forests 2. Konni Reserve Forest, 6 km, E Water Bodies :- 1. Achankovil River œ 6 km, E 2. Achankovil drain œ 3 km., NE 3. Kallada River œ 15 km., S 4. Thodu / drain œ about 5 km, W 5. Areas used by protected, important or sensitive None within 15 km radius species of flora or fauna for breeding, nesting, foraging, resting, over wintering, migration 6. Inland, coastal, marine or underground waters Water Bodies :- 1. Achankovil River œ 6 km, E 2. Achankovil drain œ 3 km., NE 3. Kallada River œ 15 km., S 4. Thodu / drain œ about 5 km, W 7. State, National boundaries None within 15 km radius 8. Routes or facilities used by the public for access to Roads near site: recreation or other tourist, pilgrim areas NH-183A at near Adoor about 22 km, W S.H.-8 at about 7 km, W Mancode-Kalleli Road about 3.0 km, E 9. Defence Installations None within 15 km radius 10. Densely populated or built-up area, distance from Nearest densely populated area is nearest human habitation Pathanapuram, 12 km, SW and the nearest house is 190 m towards NW. 11. Areas occupied by sensitive man-made land uses Nearest Hospital :- (hospitals, schools, places of worship, community PHC Koodal, 10 km, SW facilities) Nearest School :- GHSS School, Mancode, about 5 km, S Religious Places near the site: Church œ St. George Catholic, Athirunkal, about 6 km, NW Temple œ Sri Subrahmaya Temple, Athirunkal, 6 km, NW Mosque œ None within study area 12. Areas containing important, high quality or scarce None within 15 km radius resources (ground water resources, surface resources, forestry, agriculture, fisheries, tourism, minerals) 13. Areas already subjected to pollution or environmental None within 15 km radius damage. (those where existing legal environmental standards are exceeded) 14. Areas susceptible to natural hazard which could None within 15 km radius cause the project to present environmental problems (earthquakes, subsidence, landslides, erosion, flooding or extreme or adverse climatic conditions) 15. Is proposed mining site located over or near fissure / The project site is private own land and is fracture for ground water recharge rocky area in nature. 16. Whether the proposal involves approval or clearance No approval / clearance required under the following Regulations or Acts, namely: - (a) The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980; Not applicable (b) The Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972; Not applicable (c) The Coastal Regulation Zone Notification, Not applicable 2011; If yes, details of the same and their status to be given. 17. Forest land involved (hectares) Nil 18. Whether there is any litigation pending against the No litigation pending against the project project and / or land in which the project is propose to and / or land in which the project is be set up? propose to be set up. (a) Name of the Court (b) Case No. (c) Orders or directions of the Court, if any, and its relevance with the proposed project.
Mr. T.K. Sundaresan (Managing Director) M/s Darshan Granites (P) Ltd., —Aswathy“, Sivankovil Road, Punalur, Kollam District, Kerala-691305 PROJECT : Masonry Stone Mine (Quarry project) PRE - FEASIBILTY REPORT
APPLICANT : M/s DARSHAN GRANITES PVT. LTD. 1
PRE œ FEASIBILITY REPORT (PFR)
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS & CONSULTANTS PVT. LTD. Managing Director
December, 2016 Mr. T. K. Sundaresan
PROJECT : Masonry Stone Mine (Quarry project) PRE - FEASIBILTY REPORT
APPLICANT : M/s DARSHAN GRANITES PVT. LTD. 2
INDEX S. No. Contents Page No. 1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 4 2.0 INTRODUCTION OF THE PROJECT / BACKGROUND INFORMATION 6 2.(i) Identification of project and project proponent 6 2.(ii) Brief description of the Nature of the project 6 2.(iii) Need for the project and its importance to the Country and or Region 7 2.(iv) Demand œ Supply Gap 7 2.(v) Imports Vs. Indigenous Production 7 2.(vi) Export Possibility 7 2.(vii) Domestic / Export Markets 8 2.(viii) Employment generation (Direct & Indirect) due to the project 8 3.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 8 3.(i) Type of project including interlinked and interdependent projects 8 3.(ii) Location (map showing General Location, Specific Location & Project boundary & 8 Project site layout) with coordinates 3.(iii) Details of Alternate sites considered and the basis of selecting the proposed site, 9 particularly the environmental considerations 3.(iv) Size or magnitude of operation 9 3.(v) Project description with process details (a schematic diagram / flow chart showing 9 the project layout, components of the project etc should be given) 3.(vi) Raw material required along with estimated quantity, likely source, marketing area 12 of final products, mode of transport of raw materials and financial provisions 3.(vii) Resource optimization / recycling and reuse envisaged in the project 13 3.(viii) Availability of water its source, energy / power requirement & source 14 3.(ix) Quantity of wastes to be generated (liquid and solid) and scheme for their 15 management / disposal 4.0 SITE ANALYSIS 15 4.(i) Connectivity 15 4.(ii) Land form, land use and land ownership 15 4.(iii) Topography (along with map) 16 4.(iv) Existing land use pattern (agriculture, non-agriculture, forest, water bodies 16 (including area under CRZ)), shortest distances from the periphery of project. 4.(v) Existing Infrastructure 17 4.(vi) Soil Classification 17 4.(vii) Climatic Data 17 4.(viii) Social Infrastructure Available 18 5.0 PLANNING BRIEF 19 5.(i) Planning Concept (Type of industries, facilities, transportation etc.) Town & 19 Country Planning / Development Authority Classification 5.(ii) Population Projection 19 5.(iii) Land Use Planning (Break-up along with green belt etc.) 19 5.(iv) Assessment of Infrastructure Demand (Physical & Social) 19
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS & CONSULTANTS PVT. LTD. Managing Director
December, 2016 Mr. T. K. Sundaresan
PROJECT : Masonry Stone Mine (Quarry project) PRE - FEASIBILTY REPORT
APPLICANT : M/s DARSHAN GRANITES PVT. LTD. 3
5.(v) Amenities / Facilities 19 6.0 PROPOSED INFRASTRUCTURE 20 6.(i) Industrial Area (Processing Area) 20 6.(ii) Residential Area (Non-processing area) 20 6.(iii) Green belt 20 6.(iv) Social Infrastructure 20 6.(v) Connectivity (Traffic & Transportation Road / Rail etc.) 20 6.(vi) Drinking Water Management (Source & Supply of water) 20 6.(vii) Sewerage system 20 6.(viii) Industrial Waste Management 21 6.(ix) Solid Waste Management 21 6.(x) Power Requirement & Supply / Source 21 7.0 Rehabilitation and Resettlement (R & R Plan) 21 7.(i) Policy to be adopted (Central / State) in respect of the project affected persons 21 including home oustees, land oustees and landless 8.0 PROJECT SCHEDULE AND COST ESTIMATES 22 8.(i) Likely date of start of production and likely date of completion (time schedule for 22 the project will be given) 8.(ii) Estimated project cost along with analysis of economic viability of project 22 9.0 ANALYSIS OF PROPOSAL 22 9.(i) Financial and Social Benefits with special emphasis on the benefits to the local 22 people including tribal population
LIST OF ANNEXURES Annexure No. Particulars 1. Copy of Mine Lease / Letter of Intent (LOI) 2. Photographs of the Site 3. Route Map showing location of the project site 4. Google map showing location of the project site 5. Key map of the project site 6. Topographical Contour Map 7. Production & Development Plan 8. Surface cum Geological Plan
LIST OF TABLES Table No. Particulars 1. List of employees 2. Size or magnitude of operation 3. List of equipments used 4. Year wise production details 5. Land use of lease area 6. Social infrastructure around the project site 7. Expected time schedule for the project 8. Estimated project cost and economic viability
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS & CONSULTANTS PVT. LTD. Managing Director
December, 2016 Mr. T. K. Sundaresan
PROJECT : Masonry Stone Mine (Quarry project) PRE - FEASIBILTY REPORT
APPLICANT : M/s DARSHAN GRANITES PVT. LTD. 4
1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The building Stone Quarry (Minor Mineral) mining project of M/s Darshan Granites (P) Ltd. is situated at Survey Nos. 129/2, 129/3 of Koodal Village, Kalanjoor Panchayat, Konni Taluk, Pathanamthitta District, Kerala in an area of 0.6095 hectares. The project proponent posses Lease for area 0.6095 hectare vide No. 323/2011-12/6241/M3/2044 Dt. 26.08.2011 issued by Mining & Geology Department, Govt. of Kerala and the copy of the same is attached as Annexure No. 1. Mining projects of minor minerals with area less than 50 ha. of mining lease are categorized as category 'B'. As per O.M. dated 24/12/2013 by Ministry of Environment & Forests, Govt. of India, all projects with mining area less than 25 hectares is classified as Category B2. The Eco-friendly Mining Plan prepared by an Indian Bureau of Mine (IBM) approved Recognized Qualified Person (RQP) has been approved by Mining & Geology Department, Govt. of Kerala. This Mining plan is based on the requirements under the Kerala Minor Mineral Concession Rules, 2015. The land for the proposed quarry is a private owned land and the land is possessed in the name of M/s Darshan Granites (P) Ltd. The targeted production of mine will be 30,000 MTA. The estimated project cost will be Rs. 1 Crore. The expected life of mine estimated will be of about 7 years. The mining operation will be carried out by opencast semi-mechanized method as per the approved Mining Plan.
1.1 SALIENT FEATURES & ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING OF THE PROJECT Particulars Details Geographical Location Latitude (N) 090 09‘08.42“ to 090 09‘11.01“ N Longitude (E) 760 54‘21.36“ to 760 54‘24.94“ E
Total Mine Lease area 0.6095 hectare Total area owned by the proponent 18.60 hectare Current status of the quarry Existing Quarry Project Local name of the project area Koodal Project Site Toposheet No. 49 K/16 Production 30,000 MTA Geological Reserves 4,14,630 MT Mineable Reserves 2,02,960 MT Life of Mine About 7 years Estimated project cost Rs. 1 Crore Man Power 12 persons Highest and lowest elevation 205 m MSL to 175 m MSL
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS & CONSULTANTS PVT. LTD. Managing Director
December, 2016 Mr. T. K. Sundaresan
PROJECT : Masonry Stone Mine (Quarry project) PRE - FEASIBILTY REPORT
APPLICANT : M/s DARSHAN GRANITES PVT. LTD. 5
Land use Private land with Rocky land Nearest habitation Nearest house is about 190m towards NW side. Nearest Town Pathanapuram about 12 km, SW Stone Crusher / M sand Available near the complex Width of access road to the site 7m tarred road towards Nearest Airport Trivandrum airport about 94 km, S Nearest Highway NH-183A, near Adoor about 22 km, W S.H.-8 (Main Eastern Highway) about 7 km, W Mancode Padam Kalleli Road about 3.0 km, E Nearest Railway Station Auvaneeswaram Station about 19 km, SW Power supply The total power requirement will be 75 kW for compressors which will be operated by Diesel Engine. Water and its Source The total water requirement is about 15 KLD in which 1 KLD is for domestic which would be sourced from open well, 12 KLD for dust suppression system in mine as well as ancillary units and 2 KLD for plantation will be sourced from storm water pond Nearest Hospital / dispensary PHC Koodal, 10 km, SW Education facility GHSS School, Mancode, about 5 km, S Police Station Koodal Police Station about 10 km, SW Fire Station Adoor about 25 km, W Ambulance Pathanapuram about 12 km, SW Church / temple / mosque Church œ St. George Catholic, Athirunkal, 6 km, NW Temple œ Sri Subrahmaya Temple, Athirunkal, 6 km, NW Mosque œ None within study area Electrical installation like transformer HT & LT Line œ available at about 1 km, SE /HT or LT line Mobile Towers Koodal about 10 km, SW Ecological sensitive zone (National None within the study area Park, Sanctuary, Habitat for Migratory Birds, Tiger Reserve) Interstate Boundary None within the study area Critically Polluted Area as identified None within the study area by CPCB Defense installations None within the study area Archeological Features None within the study area Nearest Forests Forest: - 1. Teak forest about 500m towards SW 2. Konni Reserve Forest, 6 km, E Nearest streams/ rivers/ water bodies 1. Achankovil River œ 6 km, E (from mine boundary) 2. Achankovil drain œ 3 km., NE 3. Kallada River œ 15 km., S 4. Thodu / drain œ about 5 km, W HLWG Report status Not falling in ESA
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS & CONSULTANTS PVT. LTD. Managing Director
December, 2016 Mr. T. K. Sundaresan
PROJECT : Masonry Stone Mine (Quarry project) PRE - FEASIBILTY REPORT
APPLICANT : M/s DARSHAN GRANITES PVT. LTD. 6
1.2 PRODUCTION & RESERVE The estimated annual mining production will be 30,000 MTA and the mineable reserve for the project is 2,02,960 MT. It is expected to employ about 12 persons in the mining operation. The mined material will be transported to a crusher located within complex.
1.3 TOP SOIL & OVER BURDEN A total quantity of 1,274 cu. m. of topsoil is proposed to be removed during the mining operations. The topsoil excavated from the quarry will be dumped / stacked separately at pre-determined place and subsequently will be utilized in spreading over reclaimed areas for plantation as part of eco-restoration. About 849 cu. m. of overburden (OB) will be generated throughout the mine life. This waste will be utilized within the pit for lying of haul roads. At the end use, OB can be reutilized as soil base for plantation.
2.0 INTRODUCTION OF THE PROJECT / BACKGROUND INFORMATION 2.(i) IDENTIFICATION OF PROJECT AND PROJECT PROPONENT The project is for obtaining Environment clearance for building stone mining project (Minor Mineral Quarry). The project is proposed by M/s Darshan Granites (P) Ltd., a private limited company with Mr. T. K. Sundaresan as Managing Director. The lease area is private owned land at Survey Nos. 129/2, 129/3 of Koodal Village, Kalanjoor Panchayat, Konni Taluk, Pathanamthitta District, Kerala in an area of 0.6095 hectares. The project proponent posses Mining Lease for area an area of 0.6095 hectare vide No. 323/2011-12/6241/M3/2044 Dt. 26.08.2011 issued by Mining & Geology Department, Govt. of Kerala and copy of the same is attached as Annexure No. 1. Name and : M/s Darshan Granites (P) Ltd., address of the Managing Director, Mr. T.K. Sundaresan, —Aswathy“, Sivankovil Road, Punalur, Applicant Kollam District, Kerala-691305. Ph. 0475-2222954 Mobile No. 09496003858 / 9995024027 E-mail :- [email protected] [email protected]
2.(ii) BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF NATURE OF THE PROJECT M/s Darshan Granites (P) Ltd. proposes a building stone mine and dealing in mining and trading of mineral. The main objective of the project is to carry the business of prospecting, exploring, operating and working on quarries. The main market for mineral
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS & CONSULTANTS PVT. LTD. Managing Director
December, 2016 Mr. T. K. Sundaresan
PROJECT : Masonry Stone Mine (Quarry project) PRE - FEASIBILTY REPORT
APPLICANT : M/s DARSHAN GRANITES PVT. LTD. 7
is in Pathanamthitta & other nearby districts in Kerala which are utilized in construction works of buildings and roads. 2.(iii) NEED FOR THE PROJECT AND ITS IMPORTANCE TO THE COUNTRY AND OR REGION The major need of building stone is due to its high compressive strength and durability (among the hardest, dimensional & structural stones), it can effectively withstand the vagaries of nature. The mineral-rich colors and the hardness & density, makes it useful for many applications. The proposed mining project will fulfill its end uses in buildings and construction of roads, paving and many other exterior projects. It is also known as the maintenance-free stone. The main market for mineral is in Pathanamthitta & other nearby districts which are utilized in construction works of buildings and roads. The mining and associated activities in the mineral bearing areas bring about gains in gross domestic product, i.e. there is though a minor contribution by the proposed project but will add to gains in G.D.P. (Gross Domestic Product). A total of 12 persons will be employed in the mine. It will create employment (though marginally) for local population. Applicant will pay royalty to Govt. of Kerala for the mineral produced from the mine, direct and indirect taxes will be paid thereby contributing to the regional revenue. The public revenue will further be put for infrastructural development and other sectors like health, education and social welfare. 2.(iv) DEMAND œ SUPPLY GAP Masonry / Building Stone are an important component for the construction / developmental work for all infrastructure development and building construction and road construction activities. Demand of building stone shall be fulfilled by various end users. During last few years, due to sudden increase in real estate activities and in other infrastructural development activities, the demand of the building stone has further enhanced the demand of building stone in the area. Therefore, there is a large requirement of building stone in the project vicinity to meet the demand supply chain. 2.(v) IMPORTS VS. INDIGENOUS PRODUCTION Building stone product is an indigenous production. Therefore, this product is neither exported nor imported. 2.(vi) EXPORT POSSIBILITY The building stone is an indigenous product and hence there are no possibilities of export.
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS & CONSULTANTS PVT. LTD. Managing Director
December, 2016 Mr. T. K. Sundaresan
PROJECT : Masonry Stone Mine (Quarry project) PRE - FEASIBILTY REPORT
APPLICANT : M/s DARSHAN GRANITES PVT. LTD. 8
2.(vii) DOMESTIC / EXPORT MARKETS The rock produced from the quarry will be sent to the Crusher unit available within the complex attached to the quarry. The aggregate produced is sold to the contractors and to the consumers which are finally consumed locally for road (PWD & Panchayat roads, State Highway & National Highway) & building construction works. Fine Material is also sold to the hollow block / solid block manufactures.
2.(viii) EMPLOYMENT GENERATION (DIRECT AND INDIRECT) DUE TO THE PROJECT The total numbers of employees including skilled, semi skilled and un-skilled workers for the quarry project is expected to be about 12 persons which includes workers for mine. The details of the employees / workers including their position in the organization are also given below:- Table 1: List of Employees and their Designations Sr. No. NAME OF THE POST NOS. 1 Mines Manager / Asst. Mines Manager 1 2 Mines foreman 1 3 Other workers 10 TOTAL 12
3.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 3.(i) TYPE OF PROJECT INCLUDING INTERLINKED AND INTERDEPENDENT PROJECTS. This is a semi mechanized open cast stone mining project. Mineral will be used in the construction works. Building construction and other infrastructural facilities are the areas, where the material will be consumed. The quarry will be linked with a crusher unit available near the complex. The fine mineral is sold to the vendors who manufacture hollow block / solid block and hence they are interdependent projects attached to the mining project. 3.(ii) LOCATION (MAP SHOWING GENERAL LOCATION, SPECIFIC LOCATION, AND PROJECT BOUNDARY AND PROJECT SITE LAYOUT) WITH COORDINATES The proposed quarry project is a private owned land at Survey Nos. 129/2, 129/3 of Koodal Village, Kalanjoor Panchayat, Konni Taluk, Pathanamthitta District, Kerala for an area of 0.6095 hectares. The geographical location of the mine with respect to the boundary pillars of the lease area (extreme most points) is given below:- Latitude (N) 090 09‘08.42“ to 090 09‘11.01“ N Longitude (E) 760 54‘21.36“ to 760 54‘24.94“ E
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS & CONSULTANTS PVT. LTD. Managing Director
December, 2016 Mr. T. K. Sundaresan
PROJECT : Masonry Stone Mine (Quarry project) PRE - FEASIBILTY REPORT
APPLICANT : M/s DARSHAN GRANITES PVT. LTD. 9
The photographs of the site will be taken from different locations and directions are provided at Annexure No. 2. The route map showing location of the lease area is provided at Annexure No. 3. The google map superimposed with project boundary showing location of the lease area is provided at Annexure No. 4. The Key map of the project site showing the location of quarry site is attached at Annexure No. 5. The project site with boundary pillars and GPS Coordinates of the boundary pillars are provided in Contour drawing attached at Annexure No. 6.
3.(iii) DETAILS OF ALTERNATE SITES CONSIDERED AND THE BASIS OF SELECTING THE PROPOSED SITE, PARTICULARLY THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS.
Quarrying activities are carried out based on local geology and availability of granite building stone. The proposed site is existing building stone quarry and mineral specific hence no alternate site was examined. Moreover, the land is a private owned land and hence no alternate site considered. 3.(iv) SIZE OR MAGNITUDE OF OPERATION The size and magnitude of the lease area is as given below:-
Table 2 : Size or Magnitude of operation Sr. No. Particulars Details 1. Lease Area 0.6095 hectares 2. Mineable Reserve 2,02,960 MT 3. Annual Production 30,000 MTA 4. Mine Waste Top Soil (1,274 cu. m.) ; OB (849 cu. m) 5. Life of Mine About 7 years 6. Total Man Power (Nos.) About 12 persons
3.(v) PROJECT DESCRIPTION WITH PROCESS DETAILS (A SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM/ FLOW CHART SHOWING THE PROJECT LAYOUT, COMPONENTS OF THE PROJECT ETC.).
The proposed mining operations will be carried out by open cast semi-mechanized method. The process flow diagram given below depicts the mining process:-
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS & CONSULTANTS PVT. LTD. Managing Director
December, 2016 Mr. T. K. Sundaresan
PROJECT : Masonry Stone Mine (Quarry project) PRE - FEASIBILTY REPORT
APPLICANT : M/s DARSHAN GRANITES PVT. LTD. 10
Cutting & Clearing of Shrubs / Trees
Removal & Stacking of Top soil & Overburden
Excavation by Drilling & Blasting
Rock Breaking & Transportation to Crusher
Crushing in Crusher
Segregation & Stacking
Dispatch to the end user
DESCRIPTION OF MINING OPERATIONS ( MANUFACTURING PROCESS) PROPOSED METHOD OF MINING It is proposed to undertake Open Cast Semi-Mechanized Mining which includes blasting, loading, transportation of rubble and dispatch to the crusher. The surface cum geological plan showing the mining steps is attached.
OPEN CAST MINING In the open cast mining, the bench height and width will be maintained at 5 m. Excavated material is transported to the crusher unit located within the complex for further processing.
SALIENT FEATURES OF MINING METHOD . The salient features of proposed mining method are given below. ñ The height and width of the bench will be maintained at 5 m respectively. ñ The mining will be done from top to bottom by slicing of 2.5 m thick. ñ The exploitation of mineral is being done from 205 m to 170m MSL in conceptual phase. ñ Considering the stability of rocks the final slope or say ultimate pit slope is proposed 45° from vertical.
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS & CONSULTANTS PVT. LTD. Managing Director
December, 2016 Mr. T. K. Sundaresan
PROJECT : Masonry Stone Mine (Quarry project) PRE - FEASIBILTY REPORT
APPLICANT : M/s DARSHAN GRANITES PVT. LTD. 11
ñ Haul road will be developed up to point of loading. ñ Transportation of the mineral from pit-mouth to crusher and then to the destination / market will be by tippers / trucks (15T capacity). EXTENT OF MECHANIZATION The details of equipments proposed to be used in mining operation are listed below:- Table 3 : List of equipments used Sr. No. Machine Type Required No. of M/c Size/Capacity 1. Rock Breaker 1 -- 2. Compressor (Chicago) 2 CFM/100 3. Tippers/Trucks 4 15T 4. Hydraulic Excavator 2 32 mm 5. DG set 1 125 kVA
DRILLING The excavation of mineral is proposed by excavators. The mineral is fractured and easily exploitable by rock breakers and excavators. The hard strata are proposed to excavate after drilling and blasting. BLASTING The controlled blasting is proposed by adopting all the safety measures as per Minor Mineral Regulation Act, 1961 (MMR) and with the permission of Director General of Mines & Safety (DGMS). In this area for fragmentation of granite the blasting will be conducted. Multiple blast holes of 1.0 to 1.5 m depth will be drilled with the help of 32 mm drill rod, Jack Hammer and Air Compressor of 100 cfm capacity. It is estimated about 250g of explosives per hole is required. About 7-8 holes per blast are proposed and therefore, the requirement of explosives will be about 2 kg/ blast.
EXPLOSIVE USED Only class 2 and class 6 explosive is proposed for use as given below:- Booster (20%) Slurry explosive Explosive Nitrate Fuel oil (NFO). (Column charge) (80%) The NFO mixture can be readily produced at a site by mixing nitrate (94.5 %) with diesel oil (5.5 %). Initiator Electric detonators
STORAGE OF EXPLOSIVE Considering low consumption, a 100 kg magazine is for storing the explosive. The magazine (explosive storage area) exists within the complex.
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS & CONSULTANTS PVT. LTD. Managing Director
December, 2016 Mr. T. K. Sundaresan
PROJECT : Masonry Stone Mine (Quarry project) PRE - FEASIBILTY REPORT
APPLICANT : M/s DARSHAN GRANITES PVT. LTD. 12
3.(vi) RAW MATERIAL REQUIRED ALONG WITH ESTIMATED QUANTITY, LIKELY SOURCE, MARKETING AREA OF FINAL PRODUCT/S, MODE OF TRANSPORT OF RAW MATERIAL AND FINISHED PRODUCT No raw material will be required for mining of Masonry / building stone. The final product will be sent to consumer based on their demand. The mode of transportation of raw material and finished product will be by road only. Tippers/ trucks will be used for transportation to the end users. MINERAL RESERVES The mineable reserves are arrived after deducting the reserves locked in mines safety (blocked reserve) slope along with boundary in compliance with mineral concession rules. The quantity of such kind of reserves is arrived as follows. BLOCKED RESERVE MINEABLE RESERVE SECTION - A-A' BENCH M2 M DENSITY TON BENCH M2 M DENSITY TON 200 0 44 2.5 0 200 58 44 2.5 6380 195 27 44 2.5 2970 195 192 44 2.5 21120 190 54 44 2.5 5940 190 266 44 2.5 29260 185 98 44 2.5 10780 185 429 44 2.5 47190 180 175 44 2.5 19250 180 359 44 2.5 39490 175 433 44 2.5 47630 175 102 44 2.5 11220 170 0 44 2.5 0 170 0 44 2.5 0 Sub-total 86570 Sub-total 154660 SECTION - B-B' 195 0 20 2.5 0 195 63 20 2.5 3150 190 76 20 2.5 3800 190 138 20 2.5 6900 185 142 20 2.5 7100 185 187 20 2.5 9350 180 169 20 2.5 8450 180 219 20 2.5 10950 175 272 20 2.5 13600 175 235 20 2.5 11750 170 383 20 2.5 19150 170 124 20 2.5 6200 Sub-total 52100 Sub-total 48300 Grand total 138670 Grand total 202960
Summarize the reserves (in MT) Geological reserve (A) 414630 Mineral reserve blocked in 7.5 m buffer zone (B) 0.0 Mineral reserve already excavated(C) 73000 Mineral reserve blocked in benches (D) 138670 Mineral reserve = A- (B+C+D) 202960
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS & CONSULTANTS PVT. LTD. Managing Director
December, 2016 Mr. T. K. Sundaresan
PROJECT : Masonry Stone Mine (Quarry project) PRE - FEASIBILTY REPORT
APPLICANT : M/s DARSHAN GRANITES PVT. LTD. 13
YEAR WISE PRODUCTION DETAILS The applicant is proposed to produce building stone working for period of about 7 years with production of 30,000 MTA. The details of year wise production for the project is given in Table below.:- Table 4 : Year wise production of building stone Minerals (MT) Year Bench
I 200-195 30,000 II 195-190 30,000 III 190-185 30,000 IV 185 30,000 V 185-180 30,000 VI 180-175 30,000 VII 175-170 22,960 TOTAL 2,02,960
MINERAL TRANSPORTATION Loading of mineral from the quarry will be done by excavator and will be sent to the crushing unit near the complex. Trucks / Tippers of 15 MT will be used for transportation of mineral from mine site to the crusher. It is expected that 7 trips will be required on daily basis. For this, movement of truck per hour will be 1 only. Thus, the impact due to movement of trucks from mine will be marginal and well within the carrying capacity of the roads.
3.(vii) RESOURCE OPTIMIZATION/ RECYCLING AND REUSE ENVISAGED IN THE PROJECT Mineral will be utilized and sent for use to different end users for road and building construction works. It is estimated that around 1,274 cu. m. of top soil will be generated from the proposed project site, which will be properly stacked and will be utilized for eco-restoration over the reclaimed areas in the post mine closure phase. Also it is estimated that around 849 cu. m. of over burden is generated which will be utilized in developing internal roads and at the end use the same will be used as soil base for reclamation.
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS & CONSULTANTS PVT. LTD. Managing Director
December, 2016 Mr. T. K. Sundaresan
PROJECT : Masonry Stone Mine (Quarry project) PRE - FEASIBILTY REPORT
APPLICANT : M/s DARSHAN GRANITES PVT. LTD. 14
It is proposed to construct a storm water collection pond and de-siltation unit in the lowest contour of the plot. The water requirement for sprinkling on sources of dust emission, roads and for landscaping purposes can be met from the stored rain water pond and thereby conserve the fresh water. 3.(viii) AVAILABILITY OF WATER ITS SOURCE, ENERGY / POWER REQUIREMENT AND SOURCE WATER The total water requirement for the proposed mining activity is 15 KLD. The detailed breakup of the same is given below:- S. No. Particulars Quantity (KLD) Source 1. Domestic purpose (mine and ancillary) 1 Open well 2. Dust Suppression / Water sprinkling at mine 12 Storm water pond 3. Green belt / Plantation 2 Total 15
The water required will be sourced from the storm water reservoir. However, the drinking water will be sourced from the open well and which will be treated / disinfected before consumption. It is proposed to collect the storm water into the Holding/ Siltation Tank by constructing appropriate channels all around the foot of hill (garland drains). The channels will be constructed with intermediate check dams/silt traps to prevent soil erosion. The sizing of the channels will be 1m x 1m. The daily water balance diagram of the unit is given below:-
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS & CONSULTANTS PVT. LTD. Managing Director
December, 2016 Mr. T. K. Sundaresan
PROJECT : Masonry Stone Mine (Quarry project) PRE - FEASIBILTY REPORT
APPLICANT : M/s DARSHAN GRANITES PVT. LTD. 15
POWER The total power requirement will be 75 kW for compressors which will be operated by Diesel Engine. The source of electricity for domestic consumption within the quarry site is from the supply of Kerala State Electricity Board (KSEB).
3.(ix) QUANTITY OF WASTES TO BE GENERATED (LIQUID AND SOLID) AND SCHEME FOR THEIR MANAGEMENT / DISPOSAL. SOLID WASTE: It is estimated that around 1,274 cu. m. of top soil and 849 cu. m. of over burden (OB) will be generated from the proposed mining operation and which will be properly stacked.
LIQUID WASTE: Domestic Sewage The sewage to a tune of 0.80 KLD generated from the mine office.
3.(x) SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION OF THE FEASIBILITY DRAWING WHICH GIVE INFORMATION OF EIA PURPOSE. Not Applicable
4.0 SITE ANALYSIS 4.(i) CONNECTIVITY S. No. Particulars Distance & Direction 1. Nearest town Pathanapuram about 12 km, SW 2. Connecting Road 7m wide tarred road 3. Nearest Airport Trivandrum airport about 94 km, S 4. Nearest Highway / Roads NH-183A, near Adoor about 22 km, W S.H.-8 (Main Eastern Highway) about 7 km, W Mancode Padam Kalleli Road about 3.0 km, E 5. Nearest Railway Station Auvaneeswaram Station about 19 km, SW
4.(ii) LAND FORM, LAND USE AND LAND OWNERSHIP LANDFORM The proposed building stone mine is covering an area of 0.6095 ha. The lease area is private own land. The lease area is devoid of any transmission lines, streams/ nallahs, forests, habitation, etc.
LAND USE The land use pattern of the existing and proposed mining project is given below:
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS & CONSULTANTS PVT. LTD. Managing Director
December, 2016 Mr. T. K. Sundaresan
PROJECT : Masonry Stone Mine (Quarry project) PRE - FEASIBILTY REPORT
APPLICANT : M/s DARSHAN GRANITES PVT. LTD. 16
Table 5 : Land Use Details of project area Sr. Land Use Category Pre- Operational for Post No. Operational next five years Operational for life of (Ha.) (Ha.) mine (Ha.) 1 Top Soil Dump Nil Nil Nil 2 Over burden Nil 3 Excavation (Voids 0.1849 0.5865 0.6095 Only) ( 0.4135 ha. Reclaimed by plantation & 0.1960 ha. Convert into pond) 4 Road Nil 0.023 Nil 5 Built Up Area Nil Nil Nil 6 Drainage Nil Nil Nil 7 Green belt Nil Nil Nil 8 Undisturbed Area 0.4246 Nil Nil Total 0.6095 0.6095 0.6095 Note :- 7.5 m safety zone left outside the lease area (0.2674 ha.), which will be used for green belt and drainage.
LAND OWNERSHIP The land as per revenue records is a private own land and the site is rocky land with rubber tree plantation and other native species.
4.(iii) TOPOGRAPHY (ALONG WITH MAP) Part of the proposed land is existing quarry area and there is no vegetation in that area. The remaining land in the proposed land is mostly covered with native trees, shrubs, herbs, grass, climbers, bushes etc. The topography of the lease area is hilly terrain. The highest elevation of the lease area is 205 MSL and lowest is 175 m MSL. As the proposed area is hill rock, the drainage of the lease area is towards NE to SW. No habitants are located in the lease area. The topographical contour map of the project site is attached at Annexure No. 6.
4.(iv) EXISTING LAND USE PATTERN (AGRICULTURE, NON-AGRICULTURE, FOREST, WATER BODIES (INCLUDING AREA UNDER CRZ)), SHORTEST DISTANCES FROM THE PERIPHERY OF THE PROJECT TO THE PERIPHERY OF THE FORESTS, NATIONAL PARK, WILD LIFE SANCTUARY, ECO SENSITIVE AREAS, WATER BODIES (DISTANCE FROM THE HFL OF THE RIVER), CRZ IN CASE OF NOTIFIED INDUSTRIAL AREA.
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS & CONSULTANTS PVT. LTD. Managing Director
December, 2016 Mr. T. K. Sundaresan
PROJECT : Masonry Stone Mine (Quarry project) PRE - FEASIBILTY REPORT
APPLICANT : M/s DARSHAN GRANITES PVT. LTD. 17
Land Use Pattern: The lease area is situated at Survey Nos. 129/2, 129/3 of Koodal Village, Kalanjoor Panchayat, Konni Taluk, Pathanamthitta District, Kerala in area of 0.6095 hectares. The land use pattern of site is provided at Table No. 4 above.
DISTANCES FROM THE PERIPHERY OF THE PROJECT TO THE PERIPHERY OF THE FORESTS, NATIONAL PARK, WILD LIFE SANCTUARY, ECO SENSITIVE AREAS, WATER BODIES, NOTIFIED INDUSTRIAL AREAS, CRZ AREA ETC. Particulars Name & Distance to quarry site Ecological sensitive zone (National Park, Sanctuary, Habitat None within the study area for Migratory Birds, Tiger Reserve) Critically Polluted Area as identified by CPCB None within the study area Defense installations None within the study area Archeological Features None within the study area Nearest Forests Forest: - 1. Teak forest about 500m towards SW 2. Konni Reserve Forest, 6 km, E Nearest streams/ rivers/ water bodies Water Bodies :- 1. Achankovil River œ 6 km, E 2. Achankovil drain œ 3 km., NE 3. Kallada River œ 15 km., S 4. Thodu / drain œ about 5 km, W Notified Industrial Area None within the study area CRZ Area None within the study area
4.(v) EXISTING INFRASTRUCTURE The existing infrastructure around the project site includes tarred roads, electricity supply from Kerala Electricity Board, water supply from Kerala Water Authority / Panchayat supply, storm water drains along the roads. 4.(vi) SOIL CLASSIFICATION Main rock type in the study area is charnockite granite. At places where they are exposed, the charnockite granite is medium to coarse grained with dark grey quartz. 4.(vii) CLIMATIC DATA ( From secondary sources) Based on the Climate Zone Map of India by Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE), Pathanamthitta district experiences warm humid type of climate. Further, the climatological data was referred from the nearest IMD Station and from CGWB district information booklet. The district has more or less the same climatic conditions prevalent elsewhere in the
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS & CONSULTANTS PVT. LTD. Managing Director
December, 2016 Mr. T. K. Sundaresan
PROJECT : Masonry Stone Mine (Quarry project) PRE - FEASIBILTY REPORT
APPLICANT : M/s DARSHAN GRANITES PVT. LTD. 18
State viz. dry season from December to February and hot season from March to May, the South-West monsoon from June to September and the North East monsoon from October to December. The average temperature is 32°C and the average relative humidity is 75% recorded. The normal rainfall of the district is 3133 mm. Out of this, major rainfall contribution is from SW monsoon followed by the NE. The South West monsoon is usually very heavy and nearly 73.5% of the rainfall is received during this season. NE monsoon contributes nearly 16.4% and March to May summer rain contributes nearly 9.9% and the balance 0.2% is accounted for January and February months. (Source: Central Ground Water Information Booklet )
4.(viii) SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE AVAILABLE Table 6 : Social Infrastructure Details S. No. Particulars Name, Distance & Direction from the quarry site 1. Land use Private own Land with rocky land 2. Nearest habitation About 190m towards NW 3. Nearest Town Pathanapuram about 12 km, SW 4. Width of access road to site 7m wide tarred road 5. Nearest Airport Trivandrum airport about 94 km, S 6. Nearest Highway / Major NH-183A, near Adoor about 22 km, W Roads S.H.-8 (Main Eastern Highway) about 7 km, W Mancode Padam Kalleli Road about 3.0 km, E 7. Nearest Railway Station Auvaneeswaram Station about 19 km, SW 8. Power supply The total power requirement will be 75 kW for compressors which will be operated by Diesel Engine. 9. Nearest Hospital / dispensary PHC Koodal, 10 km, SW 10. Education facility GHSS School, Mancode, about 5 km, S 11. Police Station Koodal Police Station about 10 km, SW 12. Fire Station Adoor about 25 km, W 13. Ambulance Pathanapuram about 12 km, SW 14. Church / temple / mosque Church œ St. George Catholic, Athirunkal, 6 km, NW Temple œ Sri Subrahmaya Temple, Athirunkal, 6 km, NW Mosque œ None within study area
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS & CONSULTANTS PVT. LTD. Managing Director
December, 2016 Mr. T. K. Sundaresan
PROJECT : Masonry Stone Mine (Quarry project) PRE - FEASIBILTY REPORT
APPLICANT : M/s DARSHAN GRANITES PVT. LTD. 19
5.0 PLANNING BRIEF 5.(i) PLANNING CONCEPT (TYPE OF INDUSTRIES, FACILITIES, TRANSPORTATION ETC.) TOWN AND COUNTRY PLANNING / DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY CLASSIFICATION. The mining will be done by open cast semi-mechanized method of mining. The bench height and width will be maintained 5 m. Excavated material is transported to the crusher unit available within the complex for further processing. The proposed mine will have capacity to produce 30,000 MTA of building stone. It will be used for construction of buildings & roads. Mineral will be transported by trucks / tippers to the end users. The production and development plan of the project is attached as Annexure No. 7. 5.(ii) POPULATION PROJECTION About 12 persons of employees proposed for the quarrying operation. Most of the person will be sourced from neighboring villages. Thus there will be no increase in population due to the project. 5.(iii) LAND USE PLANNING (BREAKUP ALONG WITH GREEN BELT ETC.) The land use plan including the breakup along with green belt development area is provided at Table No. 4 above. 5.(iv) ASSESSMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE DEMAND (PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL) The mine site has its own approach road and well connected to the nearest public road / highway, which will help in commutation of workers and transportation of minerals. As such there is no major infrastructure facilities planned in this project and does not call for importance. The main mining site and secondary access road will be kept in a sufficient condition to allow access. On the basis of the site visit, the infrastructure demand in the nearby villages will be assessed on the basis of need and priority. Job opportunities are limited and newer avenues of skill development for income generation are required. 5.(v) AMENITIES/ FACILITIES Following facilities are provided for the smooth working of the mine:- ‹ Mine office / Site office ‹ Magazine area for storage of explosive ‹ Parking area for vehicles ‹ Storm water collection pond ‹ Well ‹ Canteen / Mess for workers ‹ Accommodation for workers
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS & CONSULTANTS PVT. LTD. Managing Director
December, 2016 Mr. T. K. Sundaresan
PROJECT : Masonry Stone Mine (Quarry project) PRE - FEASIBILTY REPORT
APPLICANT : M/s DARSHAN GRANITES PVT. LTD. 20
‹ First aid room ‹ Store facility ‹ Toilet facility ‹ Drinking water facilities ‹ Rest shelters: Rest shelter room is provided to take lunch and rest for the mine workers.
6.0 PROPOSED INFRASTRUCTURE 6.(i) INDUSTRIAL AREA (PROCESSING AREA) The project site area is not located in an industrial area. The project is a mining project and is site specific. 6.(ii) RESIDENTIAL AREA (NON PROCESSING AREA) As the local person will be given priority in employment, no permanent residential area / housing is proposed only labour sheds are provided within the complex.
6.(iii) GREEN BELT The year wise programme of eco-restoration for life of mine will be made and about 600 trees will be planted in an area of 0.6135 ha. (0.4135 ha + 0.20 ha outside)
6.(iv) SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE The Social Infrastructure facility available around the project site is provided at Table No. same has been given in the above Table No. 5.
6.(v) CONNECTIVITY (TRAFFIC AND TRANSPORTATION ROAD / RAIL / METRO / WATER WAYS ETC.) The site is very well connected by road network to the mine, district headquarter and to the nearest towns. The area is self sufficient to cater the needs of the project.
6.(vi) DRINKING WATER MANAGEMENT (SOURCE AND SUPPLY OF WATER) The water required for the project will be sourced from the storm water reservoir and from well. The drinking water to a tune of 1 KLD will be sourced from the open well which will be treated / disinfected before consumption.
6.(vii) SEWERAGE SYSTEM The sewage to a tune of 0.80 KL will be generated daily from the mine office will be diverted to the septic tank followed by soak pit.
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS & CONSULTANTS PVT. LTD. Managing Director
December, 2016 Mr. T. K. Sundaresan
PROJECT : Masonry Stone Mine (Quarry project) PRE - FEASIBILTY REPORT
APPLICANT : M/s DARSHAN GRANITES PVT. LTD. 21
6.(viii) INDUSTRIAL WASTE MANAGEMENT There will be no industrial waste generation due to proposed project. 6.(ix) SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT (i) Topsoil Management A total quantity of 1,274 cu. m. of topsoil is proposed to be removed during the mining operations. The topsoil excavated from the quarry will be dumped / stacked separately at pre-determined place and subsequently will be utilized in spreading over reclaimed areas for plantation as part of eco-restoration. Precautions will be taken to limit the height of the topsoil dump / stacked to 5 to 6 meters in order to preserve its fertility and shelf life. It will be suitably protected from soil erosion and infertility by planting fodder grass and leguminous plants during temporary storage.
(ii) Overburden Management About 849 cu. m of overburden (OB) will be generated throughout the mine life. This waste will be utilized within the pit for lying of haul roads. At the end use, OB can be reutilized as soil base for plantation.
6.(x) POWER REQUIREMENT AND SUPPLY / SOURCE The total power requirement will be 75 kW for compressors which will be operated by Diesel Engine. The domestic supply will be met from the supply of Kerala State Electricity Board (KSEB).
7.0 REHABILITATION AND RESETTLEMENT (R & R PLAN) 7.(i) POLICY TO BE ADOPTED (CENTRAL/ STATE) IN RESPECT OF THE PROJECT AFFECTED PERSONS INCLUDING HOME OUSTEES, LAND OUSTEES AND LANDLESS LABOUR (A BRIEF OUTLINE TO BE GIVEN)
The proposed site is private own land and hence there is no rehabilitation and resettlement. It is an existing quarry and there is no habitation in the lease area, therefore rehabilitation & resettlement plan is not required / applicable for this project.
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS & CONSULTANTS PVT. LTD. Managing Director
December, 2016 Mr. T. K. Sundaresan
PROJECT : Masonry Stone Mine (Quarry project) PRE - FEASIBILTY REPORT
APPLICANT : M/s DARSHAN GRANITES PVT. LTD. 22
8.0 PROJECT SCHEDULE AND COST ESTIMATES 8.(i) LIKELY DATE OF START OF PRODUCTION AND LIKELY DATE OF COMPLETION (TIME SCHEDULE FOR THE PROJECT WILL BE GIVEN). Table 7 : Expected Time Schedule for the Project S. No. Particulars Time Schedule (in month)* Remark If any 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 1. Environmental Clearance 2. Consent To Establish Project Establishment Period 3. Consent To Operate Production Start Period *Time line may vary; subjected to rules & regulation / & other unforeseen circumstances
8.(ii) ESTIMATED PROJECT COST ALONG WITH ANALYSIS IN TERMS OF ECONOMIC VIABILITY OF THE PROJECT The proposed project cost will be about Rs. 1 Crores. Table 8 : Estimated Project Cost and Economic Viability S. No. Particulars Details 1. Quarrying Cost Rs. 200 /- Per Ton 2. Transportation with Crushing cost Rs. 250/- Per Ton 3. Royalty & Other Expenses Rs. 100/- Per Ton 4. Total Cost of Production Rs. 550/- Per Ton 5. Selling Price Rs. 650/- Per Ton 6. Gross Profit Rs. 100/- Per Ton 7. Gross Profit / Annum ( 30,000 Tons x Rs. 100/- ) Rs. 30,00,000/- Per Annum
9.0 ANALYSIS OF PROPOSAL 9.(i) FINANCIAL AND SOCIAL BENEFITS WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON THE BENEFITS TO THE LOCAL PEOPLE INCLUDING TRIBAL POPULATION, IF ANY, IN THE AREA.
No tribal population is residing in the study area. There will be social benefits from the mining operations. The core benefit of the proposed quarry project is the availability of Masonry building stone for construction industries.
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS & CONSULTANTS PVT. LTD. Managing Director
December, 2016 Mr. T. K. Sundaresan
Annexure No. 2
SITE PHOTOGRAPHS OF THE QUARRY SITE OF M/s DARSHAN GRANITES PVT. LTD. Annexure No. 3 ROUTE MAP œ SHOWING SITE OF M/s DARSHAN GRANITES PVT. LTD. Annexure No. 4 GOOGLE MAP œ SHOWING SITE OF M/s DARSHAN GRANITES PVT. LTD. KEY MAP œ QUARRY SITE OF M/s DARSHAN GRANITES PVT. LTD Annexure No. 5
4
Minerals (MT) Year Bench
I 200-195 30,000 II 195-190 30,000 III 190-185 30,000 IV 185 30,000 V 185-180 30,000
BP.NO. LATITUDE LONGITUDE BP.NO. LATITUDE LONGITUDE
1 9° 9'10.40"N 76°54'21.36"E 5 9° 9'10.74"N 76°54'24.94"E
2 9° 9'10.72"N 76°54'22.44"E 6 9° 9'9.58"N 76°54'24.65"E
3 9° 9'11.01"N 76°54'24.60"E 7 9° 9'8.24"N 76°54'21.70"E
4 9° 9'10.73"N 76°54'24.62"E 8 9° 9'8.42"N 76°54'21.36"E BP.NO. LATITUDE LONGITUDE BP.NO. LATITUDE LONGITUDE
1 9° 9'10.40"N 76°54'21.36"E 5 9° 9'10.74"N 76°54'24.94"E
2 9° 9'10.72"N 76°54'22.44"E 6 9° 9'9.58"N 76°54'24.65"E
3 9° 9'11.01"N 76°54'24.60"E 7 9° 9'8.24"N 76°54'21.70"E
4 9° 9'10.73"N 76°54'24.62"E 8 9° 9'8.42"N 76°54'21.36"E
GOVERNMENT OF KERALA
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF MINOR MINERALS (EXCEPT RIVER SAND)
Prepared as per Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) Notification, 2006 issued under Environment (Protection) Act 1986 by
DEPARTMENT OF MINING AND GEOLOGY www.dmg.kerala.gov.in
November, 2016 Thiruvananthapuram
Table of Contents Page no. 1 Introduction ...... 3
2 Drainage and Irrigation ...... 3
3 Rainfall and climate...... 6
4 Geology ...... 6
5 Geomorphology ...... 9
6 Soil types ...... 11
7 Forest ...... 11
8 Groundwater scenario ...... 12
9 Natural hazards ...... 15
10 Mineral Resources ...... 16
10.1 Minor Minerals ...... 16
10.1.1 Ordinary Earth ...... 16
10.1.2 Ordinary Clay (tile/brick clay) ...... 20
10.1.3 Ordinary Sand ...... 22
10.1.4 Laterite ...... 23
10.1.5 Granite Dimension Stone and Granite (building stone)...... 25
11 Details of minor mineral concessions and revenue collection ...... 26
List of Figures
Figure 1: Geology and mineral resources of Pathanamthitta.
Figure 2: Geomorphology of Pathanamthitta.
Figure 3: Geohydrology of Pathanamthitta.
Figure 4: Geotechnical characteristics and natural hazards map of Pathanamthitta.
List of Tables
Table1: Details of revenue collection for the period 2013-’14, 2014-’15 and 2015-‘16
District Survey Report, Pathanamthitta District, Kerala State 1
Table 2a: List of Quarrying Lease granted for Granite building stone (in force as on 22.11.16)
Table 2b: List of quarrying permits granted under CRPS for Granite building stone (valid as on 22-11-2016)
Table 2c: List of short term permits granted for Granite Building Stone (valid as on 22-11-2016)
Table 2d: List of Registered Metal Crusher Units - RMCU
Annexure 1. Geology of Kerala
District Survey Report, Pathanamthitta District, Kerala State 2
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF MINOR MINERALS PATHANAMTHITTA DISTRICT
(This report is to be submitted along with application for Environmental Clearance (EC) for mining of all minor minerals except river sand)
1 Introduction Pathanamthitta is an inland district of Kerala State covering an area of 2731 sq.km. It is bordered by Kollam district in the south and Alappuzha in the west, Kottayam and Idukki districts in the north and Tamil Nadu state in the east. It lies between North latitude 905’ and 9028’ and East longitudes 76030’ and 77017’ falling in parts of Survey of India degree sheet No.58 C and G.
The district has two revenue divisions namely Thiruvalla and Adoor and consists of five taluks as Adoor, Kozhencherry, Thiruvalla, Mallapally and Ranni. The five taluks are having 8 blocks with only three municipalities - Pathanamthitta, Adoor and Thiruvalla. There are eight blocks viz Parakode, Pandalam, Elanthoor, Konni, Mallappally, Ranni, Koipuram and Pulikeezhu. Ranni is the biggest block of Thiruvalla division with an area of 1004.6 sq.km and Konni block of Adoor division constituting an area of 841.26 sq.km. There are fifty four Grama panchayats and sixty eight revenue villages in the district.
As per census 2011, Pathanamthitta district had a population of 1,195,537 of which male and female population were 561,620 and 633,917 respectively. There was change of -3.12% in the population compared to the population as per 2001 census. The density of population is 453 in 2011 compared to 468 of 2001. There are no major industries in the district and few small scale industries exists. Agriculture based industries dominate in the district. The industrial development is more or less restricted to the coastal block of Pulikeezh.
2 Drainage and Irrigation The district is drained mainly by two rivers viz. Pamba and Kallada. The major tributaries of the Pamba River are Achenkovil, Manimala, Kakki, Arudai, Kakkad and the Kallar that drains through major part of the district. The Kallada River flows through the southern portion of the district. Both the Pamba and Kallada rivers are
District Survey Report, Pathanamthitta District, Kerala State 3
perennial with a drainage density of 0.30 km/sq.km and both are fifth order streams. These rivers with their tributaries exhibit a trellis pattern of drainage in the eastern portion of the hills, sub-trellis pattern in the middle and dendritic pattern in the western part of the district. Almost 57% of the district area is occupied by forest and only about 31% is the net area sown. Important crops are Coconut, Rubber, Paddy, Banana and Pepper. Though the total cropped area in the district is 1151 sq km, area sown more than once is restricted to 317 sq km. The irrigation facilities are confined to the valleys in the midland area. Only 2.2% of the district area has irrigation facilities i.e. 6119 hectares and groundwater irrigation is restricted to 1891 hectares only. A small part (600 hectares) of the command area of major irrigation project of Pamba falls in the district. The project uses the tail end water from the Sabirigiri hydroelectric project located in the upstream of Pamba River. Under minor irrigation schemes, surface water through lift irrigation and tanks and ground water through wells are utilised.
District Survey Report, Pathanamthitta District, Kerala State 4
District Survey Report, Pathanamthitta District, Kerala State 5
3 Rainfall and climate Wet type of climatic condition prevails in the district. The district receives an average rainfall of 3133.9 mm annually. The major rainfall contribution is from south-west monsoon season during June to September. Based on 1901-99 data, rainfall during south-west monsoon contributes nearly 56.8% to the annual rainfall. Followed by this season, the north-east monsoon season from October to December contributes about 21.7% and the balance 21.5% is received from the rainfall during January to May months.
The eastern part of the district receives maximum rainfall in comparison with the western part. The area around Konni receives the highest rainfall and the area around Adoor receives the lowest.
4 Geology Geologically, the district forms part of the Precambrian metamorphic shield comprising (i) Charnockite Group, Khondalite Group and Megmatite Complex of Archaean age, (ii) Acid intrusive of Proterozoic age and (iii) rocks of Cenozoic age (basic intrusive, Neogene and Quaternary). Charnockite group is the dominant formation of the area within which occur concordant, linear and lensoidal bodies of calc granulite and quartzite of Khondalite Group. The Charnockite Group comprises Charnockite (hypersthenes granite), pyroxene-granulite and cordierite gneiss. Charnockite is the dominant rock and its variants are charnockite gneiss, massive charnockite and hypersthenes-diopside gneiss. The rock is generally dark grey and crudely foliated. Cordierite gneiss occurs as impersistent bands within charnockite, while pyroxene granulite is seen as restites, mostly in the west. At places, charnockite is migmatised resulting in the formation of biotite gneiss, and garnet-biotite gneiss (Migmatite Complex). These rocks are predominant towards south. The area witnessed a period of igneous activity during the Proterozoic as evidenced from the granite and syeno-granite (acid intrusive) bodies. Pegmaite and quartz veins traverse the older rocks parallel to the regional foliation. Basic igneous activity, probably of Late Mesozoic age, is evidenced from the dolerite and gabbro dykes cutting across the older rocks. These dykes have a general NW-SE trend. Warkalli sediment of Neogene age are exposed near Thiruvalla. Along the western margin, the basement and sedimentary rocks have been lateritised. The
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Quaternary sediment mostly of fluvial origin, are the flood plain deposits and the valley fills (Figure 1). The geology of the district given above may be read with the “Geology of Kerala” which is given as Annexure 1 for better understanding of geological succession and stratigraphic sequence.
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Figure 1: Geology and mineral resources of Pathanamthitta. (Source: District Resource map, Pathanamthitta district, Geological Survey of India)
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5 Geomorphology Physiographically, the district can be divided into three distinct units viz. the coastal plains in the northwest, the midland region and the high hills to the east. The coastal plain is characterised by fluvial landforms, which extend further west to Alappuzha district. The coastal plain in the western part of the area is restricted to Pulikeezh block of the district with an area of 82 sq km. The mid land region in the western part of the district is of undulating terrain of low and broad valleys with some valleys becoming narrow close to the foothills. The major part of the area in this region is characterized by thick laterite cover. The midland region has elevations ranging from 30m to 300m. It is characterised by undulating topography with numerous small ridges, spurs and laterite interfluves, with moderate to gentle slope, intervened by narrow valleys. The hilly region to the east is relatively wide and occupies a major part of the district. The foothills of Western Ghats form the hill ranges in the eastern part of the district. The area is characterised by steep hills, narrow gorges and precipitous escarpments and is thickly forested. The hills that are either structural or denudational in origin are very steep with narrow summits. Some of the peaks in the east area are more than 150m high and form part of the Western Ghats (Figure 2).
Sl No. Category Area in hectares % of total area 1 Geographical area 249100 100 2 Built up land 6926 3 3 Agriculture land 139928 56 Forest 84293 34 4 Water bodies 11816 5 5 Waste land 4784 2 6 Others 447 0.18
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Figure 2: Geomorphology of Pathanamthitta.
(Source: District Resource map, Pathanamthitta district, Geological Survey of India)
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6 Soil types Based on the morphology, physical and chemical properties, the soils of the district are classified as Forest Loam, Lateritic, Brown hydromorphic, Riverine alluvium and Greyish Onattukara soils.
The diversity of the parental rock, the climatic conditions and differential weathering has led to the formation of these different soil types. Forest loam is the product of weathering of the country rock under forest cover. Forest loamy soil is encountered in the eastern parts of the district, in major parts of Ranni and Konni blocks. Lateritic soil is the most widely occurring soil type in the district. This soil is the product of lateralization of the crystallines and sedimentaries under humid tropical conditions. Brown hydromorphic soil occurs mostly in valley portions in the midland area of the district. The soil is formed as a result of transportation and deposition of material from the adjoining hill slopes under impeded drainage conditions. Riverine alluvium occurs mostly along the banks of rivers and their tributaries. Greyish Onattukara soil is having very limited occurrence in the district and is restricted to the western parts of Pulikeezh block.
7 Forest
Pathanamthitta district has a reserve forest area of 1,385.27 square kilometres (534.86 sq mi). This is approximately 50% of the total district area. The forest area can broadly be classified as evergreen, semi-evergreen and moist deciduous. The forest is the main source of raw materials for wood based industrial units. Timber is the most important produce.
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8 Groundwater scenario On the basis of groundwater potential the district is divisible into five zones: They are from east to west (i) Coastal alluvium: suitable for medium type tube wells, yield is up to
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2 lps, occasionally the water is brackish; (ii) Midland: this area is underlain by thick laterite; it is suitable for dug wells; however, borewells are feasible along fractures, the yield upto 3 lps; (iii) area underlain by thin laterite/weathered zone: valleys abd topo- lows are good for open wells, bore wells are feasible along fracture planes; (ivA) foothills and highly undulating terrain; valleys can sustain domestic wells; fractures are potential but they are site specific and (v) mountaineous area: it is generally unsuitable for water development. Valleys where thick alluvium is seen can sustain dug wells for domestic use. Pathanamthitta district is underlain by geological formations ranging in age from Archaean to Recent. About 96% of the area of the district is underlain by crystalline rocks of Archaean age, which have under gone weathering and lateralization. The Archaean group of rocks comprises charnockites and gneisses along with minor occurrence of pyroxene granulites and are traversed by pegmatite and quartz veins. There are several basic dykes of doleritic and gabbroic composition cutting across the crystalline rocks. The crystalline rocks have undergone several phases of deformation and have suffered intensive fracturing and dislocations. The regional strike of foliation in charnockites and gneisses is generally NW – SE with variation from NNW – SSE to WNW – ESE with steep southerly dips ranging between 60o and 80o. There is one major shear zone – the Achenkovil Shear trending in NW – SE direction along which the Achenkovil River flows. The rest of the area in the north-western parts of the district is underlain by Tertiary sediments equivalent to the Cuddalore and Rajahmundry sandstones of east coast with a capping of Recent Alluvium. Lithologically these rocks are composed of carbonaceous clay with lignite, sandstone and grit with alternate lenses and beds of variegated clays (Figure 3).
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Figure 3: Geohydrology of Pathanamthitta.
(Source: District Resource map, Pathanamthitta district,Geological Survey of India)
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9 Natural hazards
The area comes under zone III and indicates moderate seismicity (Figure 4).
Figure 4: Geotechnical characteristics and natural hazards map of Pathanamthitta.
(Source: District Resource map, Pathanamthitta district, Geological Survey of India)
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10 Mineral Resources
10.1 Minor Minerals
10.1.1 Ordinary Earth Ordinary earth is the common name used for the soils. Soil is made up of three main components – minerals that come from rocks below or nearby, organic matter which is the remains of plants and animals that use the soil, and the living organisms that reside in the soil. The proportion of each of these is important in determining the type of soil that is present. But other factors such as climate, vegetation, time, the surrounding terrain, and even human activities (eg. farming, grazing, gardening, landscaping, etc.), are also important in influencing how soil is formed and the types of soil that occur in a particular landscape. The formation of soils can be seen as a combination of the products of weathering, structural development of the soil, differentiation of that structure into horizons or layers, and lastly, of its movement or translocation. In fact, there are many ways in which soil may be transported away from the location where it was first formed. Soils represent one of the most complex and dynamic natural systems and are one of the three major natural resources, other than air and water. Knowledge of their chemical, physical and biological properties is a prerequisite both for sustaining the productivity of the land, e.g. agriculture, and for conservation purposes. Soil is an integral part of a terrestrial ecosystem and fulfills numerous functions including the capacity to generate biomass and the filtering or buffering activities between the atmosphere and the groundwater in the biosphere. Soils have many important functions. Perhaps the best appreciated is the function to support the growth of agricultural and horticultural crops. Soil is the mainstay of agriculture and horticulture, forming as it does the medium in which growth and ultimately the yield of food producing crops occurs. Farmers and gardeners have worked with their soils over many centuries to produce increasing amounts of food to keep pace with the needs of a burgeoning world population. The soil's natural cycles go a long way in ensuring that the soil can provide an adequate physical, chemical and biological medium for crop growth. As well as being essential to agriculture, horticulture, forestry and natural and semi-natural systems, soil also plays an important role for our fauna. The soil itself contains millions of organisms, the exact nature and role of which we are still trying to determine. Undoubtedly, the soil flora and fauna play a vital role in cycles which are fundamental to the ability of the soil to support natural and semi-natural vegetation without additions of fertilizer and other support mechanisms. They
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breakdown plant debris, take in components from the atmosphere, aerate the soil together with many other functions that make the soil such an important medium. Classification of soils (ordinary earth) commonly found in the district The topo-lithosequence along with variation in rainfall, temperature and alternate wet and dry conditions particularly from the western coast to high ranges in the east and swift flowing rivers lead to the development of different types of natural vegetation and soil. The soils can be broadly grouped into coastal alluvium, mixed alluvium, acid saline, kari, laterite, red, hill, black cotton and forest soils. Soil map given below may be referred to find out its occurrences. Mixed Alluvium These soils are developed from fluvial sediments of marine, lacustrine and riverine sediments or its combinations. They occur below 20m MSL in the lowland plains, basins, valleys and along the banks of major rivers. The mixed alluvium is mainly noticed close to coastal alluvium, Kuttanad and adjacent area and kole lands of Thrissur district. The soils are frequently flooded and submerged. The soils of depressions and broad valleys are subject to occasional flooding and stagnation. The ground water table of these soils is generally high and it reaches above the surface during rainy season. A wide variation in texture is noticed in these soils. Sandy clay loam to clay is the predominant texture. Sandy loam soils are also met with. Light grey to very dark brown is the common colour of the soil. Paddy, other annuals and seasonal crops like banana, tapioca and vegetables are grown here. Laterite soil Laterite and laterite soil are the weathering products of rock in which several course of weathering and mineral transformations take place. This involves removal of bases and substantial loss of combined silica of primary minerals. In laterite and laterite soils, over acidic rocks, induration and zonation are more pronounced. This induration is greater if the iron content is higher. These soils mainly occur in the midlands and part of lowlands at an elevation of 10 to 100m above MSL as a strip between the coastal belt and hilly mid-upland. The area comprises of mounds and low hills with gentle to steep slopes. Laterite soils are generally suitable for most of the dry land crops. It is mainly cultivated with coconut, arecanut, banana, tapioca, vegetables, yams, pepper, pineapple, fruit trees etc. The percentage of gravel content in the soil and reduced soil depth limits the choice of crops. In laterite outcropped area with shallow soils, only cashew can be grown with vegetables.
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Hill Soil The hill soils mostly occur above an elevation of 80m MSL. The area is hilly and has highly dissected denudational hills, elongated ridges, rocky cliffs and narrow valleys. The general slope range is above 10%. The texture of these soils generally ranges from loam to clay loam with average gravel content of 10 to 50%. In addition, stones and boulders are noticed in the subsoil. These soils have reddish brown to yellowish red/strong brown colour. Generally, increase in clay content is noticed down the profile. The depth of the soil varies considerably from 60 to 200 cm depending on erodability of soil and past erosion. These soils are mostly friable and subject to heavy soil erosion. The area is suitable for all dry land crops like rubber, coconut, arecanut and fruit trees based on the topography. Crops such as banana, pepper, pineapple, vegetables can be grown in foot slopes. Forest Soil These soils are developed from crystalline rocks of Archaean age under forest cover. They occur along the eastern part of the State, generally above an elevation of 300m above MSL. The area is hilly and mountainous with steep slopes, escarpments, elongated rocky summits and narrow ‘V’ shaped valleys. The depth of the soil varies considerably depending on erosion and vegetative cover. The soils are generally immature due to slow weathering process. Rocky outcrops and stones are noticed on the surface. Gneissic boulders under different stages of weathering are noticed in the subsoil. The texture of the soil ranges from sandy clay loam to clay with reddish brown to very dark brown colour. Forest trees, shrubs and grasses are grown here.
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Figure 5: Soils of Kerala
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Mining of ordinary earth Usually ordinary earth is mined for levelling of ground for construction of buildings. Since ordinary earth is very important to mankind, it is not wise to mine ordinary earth for filling purposes alone. However, for the construction of roads and other infrastructure, ordinary earth as mined after obtaining quarrying permit from the Department of Mining and Geology. Mining and transporting ordinary earth/soil without the permission of Department of Mining and Geology is an offence. Department issues pass for transport of ordinary earth. Dealer’s license is not issued for ordinary earth as it is not considered as a mineral mined for commercial purposes.
10.1.2 Ordinary Clay (tile/brick clay) Clays and clay minerals occur under a fairly limited range of geological conditions and are produced by weathering of silicate minerals containing calcium, magnesium, sodium, or potassium reacting with carbonic acid, carbonates, and bicarbonates. These soluble products are removed by ground water, while the remaining elements, aluminium, silicon, and oxygen combine with water to produce stable clay minerals. The environment of formation include soil horizons, continental and marine sediments, geothermal fields, volcanic deposits, and weathering rock formations. Extensive alteration of rocks to clay minerals can produce relatively pure clay deposits that are of economic interest. Clay formed at the site of the parent rock is known as primary or residual clay; the one carried away or transported and deposited elsewhere is known as secondary clay. For obvious reasons, the former is purer with less impurity (5%–15%), while the latter may contain mica, quartz, and iron oxide as impurities. Geological factors such as conditions at the time of deposition and post-depositional changes have an important influence on the properties of sediment. Buildings and utensils made of clay date back to the earliest periods of man's civilized development, and the use of clay is intimately associated with his history. Tile and brick kilns are closely associated with Kerala’s culture and traditional architecture, which is continued in modern buildings as well. In Kerala, tile/brick clay occurs in the wetlands/paddy fields in the lowlands and midlands. The clay extracted is used for a variety of purposes such as manufacture of roofing, flooring, and decorative tiles, wire cut (mechanically made) and ordinary bricks (manually made), and pottery wares. Studies carried out in clay mining areas of Kerala have proved that unprecedented increase in the development needs of the state and the subsequent increase in the resource extraction scenarios, especially that of clay mining, have led to rapid degradation
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of the wetlands (paddy fields), which is significantly reflected in the declining agricultural productivity of the state. Mining of clays several meters below the prescribed levels, water draining from the unaffected paddy lands into the adjacent mine pits, and subsequent pumping of water for further mining impose severe problems on the hydrological regime, lowering the water table and creating severe water shortage problems in the mining areas. The additional expenditure incurred to meet the freshwater requirements of the people living in areas adjacent to mining sites is increasing year after year, which undermines the short-term economic benefits of resource extraction. Tile and brick clay mining and its processing provide employment opportunities to a considerable section of the people in the midland and lowland areas of Kerala. Adding to this, thousands of labourers in the construction industry also indirectly depend on the products manufactured from these clays. Under these circumstances and also with respect to the demand incurred, complete restriction of extraction activities does not prove to be viable. In the study report published by National Center for Earth Science Studies on the impact of clay mining, following recommendations were given with respect to tile/brick clay mining: “It is of imminent importance to regulate random mining from the paddy fields/wetlands of Kerala by allowing only location-specific resource extraction under well-conceived guidelines. It is also crucial to limit the extraction of tile and brick clays to meet indigenous and local demand only. This is to save the prime agricultural land and also to increase the rice production in the area. The depth of mining should be demarcated so as to regulate mining with respect to the water table condition in the summer season. Also, adequate measures are to be taken to regenerate the natural ground water table using the stored water in the clay mine pits for irrigating the agricultural crops of the hinterland areas. This will enhance the net agricultural productivity of the area in addition to saturating the aquifer systems in the hinterlands. Awareness creation among the public about the adversities of clay mining and as well as the economic benefits of using clay bricks for construction purposes will serve in the protection of our wetlands/paddy fields. Recycling of building materials should also be considered in order to reduce mining of tile and brick clays. The abandoned clay mine areas left behind as fallow lands or water logged areas can be used for productive purposes such as fish farm ponds or irrigation ponds that promise some utility to the society. Also, suitable guidelines should be framed to streamline the tile and brick clay mining activities of the state on an eco-friendly basis.” The Kerala Conservation of Paddy Land and Wetland Act, 2008 and Rules made thereunder which was enacted for conservation of paddy land and wetlands of Kerala imposes restrictions
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in mining of tile/brick clays in such areas. The said Act and Rules are implemented by Revenue Department. In addition, Government have setup District Expert Committee to monitor and control the mining activities of ordinary clay. In Kerala Minor Mineral Concession Rules 2015, it is mandated that No Objection Certificate from the District Collector concerned, based on the recommendation of the District Expert Committee constituted by the Government in this regard, is to be produced by the applicant in the case of application for extraction of ordinary clay. In addition, Bank guarantee from any Nationalized or Scheduled Bank at the rate of Rs. 300/- (Rupees three hundred only) per cubic metre for the purpose of reclamation of pits that will be formed after quarrying in the area permitted, in respect of application for extraction of ordinary clay. Based on the request of the entrepreneurs working in tile/brick clay based industry, Government have instructed the Department of Mining and Geology to carry out survey to identify the mineable tile/brick clay deposits of Kerala and the work in this respect is progressing. Clay occurs south of Adoor.
10.1.3 Ordinary Sand In Kerala Minor Mineral Concession Rules, 2015, the ordinary sand is defined as sand used for non-industrial purpose. This includes both river sand and sand excavated from inland areas like palaeo-channels. Since a separate Act has been enacted by Government of Kerala namely, The Kerala Protection of River Banks and Regulation of Removal of Sand Act, 2001 (hereafter referred to as Sand Act, 2001) and since the mining of river sand is controlled by Revenue Department by virtue of the powers conferred by the said Act and the Rules made thereunder, the Department of Mining and Geology now regulates the mining of sand which do not comes under the purview of Sand Act, 2001. The ordinary sand (other than river sand) occurs in the palaeo-channels. The word palaeo- channel is formed from the words “palaeo” or “old,” and channel; i.e., a palaeo-channel is an old channel. Palaeo-channels are deposits of unconsolidated sediments or semi-consolidated sedimentary rocks deposited in ancient, currently inactive river and stream channel systems. These are typical riverine geomorphic features in a location representing drainage streams, rivers, rivulets which were flowing either ephemeral or perennial during the past time and now stands either buried or lost or shifted due to tectonic, geomorphologic, anthropogenic process/activities, as well as climatic changes. When a channel ceases to be part of an active river system, it becomes a palaeo-channel. In order to tap the ordinary sand occurring in palaeo-channels, the Department entrusted the study of identification of palaeo-channels in major river basins of Kerala to Geological Survey of India (GSI). GSI resorted to remote
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sensing studies using satellite imageries and delineated some of the palaeo-channels. However, since such deposits falls in paddy land/wetlands of Kerala, it is difficult to extract such sand on account of restrictions imposed by various Acts and Rules. The Kerala Conservation of Paddy Land and Wetland Act, 2008 and Rules made thereunder which was enacted for conservation of paddy land and wetlands of Kerala imposes restrictions in mining of ordinary sands occurring in wetlands and paddy fields. The said Act and Rules are implemented by Revenue Department. In addition, Government have setup District Expert Committee to monitor and control the mining activities of ordinary sand. In Kerala Minor Mineral Concession Rules 2015, it is mandated that No Objection Certificate from the District Collector concerned, based on the recommendation of the District Expert Committee constituted by the Government in this regard, is to be produced by the applicant in the case of application for extraction of ordinary sand. In addition, Bank guarantee from any Nationalized or Scheduled Bank at the rate of Rs. 300 (Rupees three hundred only) per cubic metre for the purpose of reclamation of pits that will be formed after quarrying in the area permitted, in respect of application for extraction of ordinary sand. The mining of ordinary sand from palaeo-channels also case some environmental concerns. Since sand is a good aquifer, the mining of aquifer system poses threat to ground water availability in surrounding areas. However in certain cases, the mining of such sand from paddy lands increase the productivity of paddy as excess sand in the paddy lands are not good for paddy. In Kerala, due to shortage of river sand and ordinary sand occurring in palaeo-channels, the construction industry now uses manufactured sand obtained by crushing of crystalline rocks. It may be noted that since the Revenue Department is taking care of all types of mining activities related to river sand and since sand auditing and other studies are carried out under the aegis of the Revenue Department, this report shall not be used for the purpose of obtaining prior environmental clearance for mining of river sand.
10.1.4 Laterite Laterite is a soil and rock type rich in iron and aluminium, and is commonly considered to have formed in hot and wet tropical areas. Nearly all laterites are of rusty-red coloration, because of high iron oxide content. They develop by intensive and long-lasting weathering of the underlying parent rock. Tropical weathering is a prolonged process of chemical weathering which produces a wide variety in the thickness, grade, chemistry and ore mineralogy of the
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resulting soils. The majority of the land area containing laterites is between the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn. Angadipuram Laterite is a National Geological Monument identified in Angadipuram town in Malappuram district. The special significance of Angadipuram to laterites is that it was here that Dr. Francis Buchanan-Hamilton, a professional surgeon, gave the first account of this rock type, in his report of 1807, as "indurated clay", ideally suited for building construction. This formation falls outside the general classification of rocks namely, the igneous, metamorphic, or sedimentary rocks but is an exclusively "sedimentary residual product". It has a generally pitted and porous appearance. The name laterite was first coined in India, by Buchanan and its etymology is traced to the Latin word "letritis" that means bricks. This exceptional formation is found above parent rock types of various composition namely, charnockite, leptynite, anorthosite and gabbro in Kerala. The laterite profiles in different types of rocks vary depending on the composition of parent rock. For example in Charnockites, the thickness of the profile ranges from 2 m to 10 m with humus zone on the top with thin pebbly zone (with ferruginous pellets in clayey matrix), underlain by vermicular laterite with tubular cavities of various shapes and size filled with kaolinitic clay. This is followed by thin layer of lithomarge. Further below completely weathered, partly weathered or fresh parent rock occur. In some places one can see hard duricrust at the top. The mineralogical study of laterites reveals that all the silicate minerals have been transformed to a mixture of goethite, hematite and kaolinite in laterite samples developed over charnockite. Further studies revealed that pyroxenes have been altered to goethite while feldspars gave rise to kaolinite. Quartz is cracked, eroded and disintegrated. Monazite and Zircons are found as accessory minerals. Laterite and bauxite show a tendency to occur together. Aluminous laterites and ferruginous bauxites are quite common. The most common impurity in both is silica. Laterite gradually passes into bauxite with decrease in iron oxide and increase in aluminium oxide. The laterite deposits may be described on the basis of the dominant extractable minerals in it: (i) aluminous laterite (bauxite), (ii) ferruginous laterite (iron ore), (iii) manganiferous laterite (manganese ore), (iv) nickeliferous laterite (nickel ore) and (v) chromiferous laterite (chrome ore). Laterite with Fe2O3:Al2O3ratio more than one, and SiO2:Fe2O3 ratio less than 1.33 is termed as ferruginous laterite, while that having Fe2O3:Al2O3 ratio less than one and SiO2:Al2O3 ratio less than 1.33 is termed as aluminous laterite. Laterite can be considered as poly-metallic ore as it is not only the essential repository for aluminium, but also a source of iron, manganese, nickel and chromium. Furthermore, it is the home for several trace elements like gallium and
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vanadium which can be extracted as by-products. In Kerala laterites are extracted as building stones which are used for construction of building. Laterite as a building stone possesses one advantage that it is soft when quarried and can be easily cut and dressed into blocks and bricks which on exposure to air become hard. In addition, laterite (aluminous laterite) is extracted for industrial purposes (for eg. Cement industry). In addition to aluminous laterite, bauxites are also mined in Kerala. Hence, while granting mineral concession for laterite it is necessary to carry out the chemical analysis to establish whether the mineral is bauxite or aluminous laterite.
10.1.5 Granite Dimension Stone and Granite (building stone) For administrative purpose the hard crystalline rocks which do not have any economic minerals are classified as granite dimension stones and granite (building stones). The definition given in the Kerala Minor Mineral Concession Rules 2015 is as follows:- ‘Granite dimension stones include all types of granites, dolerite, charnockite, leptynite and other crystalline rocks of Acid, Intermediate, basic and ultra basic groups of igneous and metamorphic origin which are suitable for cutting to pre-determined sizes, polishing, carving and amenable for making value-added products in decorative monumental and ornamental fields of industry as a high-value item. Granite (building stone) include all those group of rocks specified above which are not suitable for using as dimension stones as specified therein, but can be used as ordinary building stones, road metal, rubble and ballasts after breaking into irregular pieces by blasting or otherwise as low value item. The Rules insists that the rocks having the quality of granite dimension stone shall not be quarried for granite building stone as these two types of rocks have different values/royalties’.
The major granite dimension stone occurrence in the district forms part of Charnockite- Khondalite belt and has colour ranging from pale green with mottled red, bluish green with cordierite, deep dark green, greyish white. Charnockite is largely used as a building stone.
All Archaean and Proterozoic rocks of Kerala (refer section on Geology of Kerala) which are not listed above as granite dimension stone falls under the category of granite (building stone) and are found below ordinary earth/laterites/and other sedimentary rocks. In some cases such rocks are exposed as hillocks without any overburden.
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11 Details of minor mineral concessions and revenue collection Permission for mining will be granted on case to case basis on ascertaining the availability at the site and only if conditions stipulated in the KMMC Rules 2015 are satisfied (The reader may refer the KMMC Rules 2015 available in the website www.dmg.kerala.gov.in for more details in this regard). The concession will be granted only if other statutory licenses like Environmental Clearance, Explosive Licence, consent to operate issued by State Pollution Control Board, NOC issued by Revenue Department (as the case may be), Dangerous and Offensive Trade Licence issued by Local Self Government Institutions, NOC related to Coastal Regulation Zone (as the case may be), NOC issued by Forest (as the case may be) etc. The mineral concession will not be granted in the ecologically sensitive areas, ecological fragile zones etc. The details of valid minor mineral concessions issued by the Department are given in the table below:-
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Table1: Details of revenue collection for the period 2013-’14, 2014-’15 and 2015-‘16
Minor Minerals (2013-’14)
No. Particulars GBS LBS BC OS OE DDS 1 Royalty 392040 15000 2500 5660410 197700 2 Arrears royalty 58400 5684 50000 3 Surface rent 4957 104 3 14734 4 Arrears Surface Rent 5 Dead rent 2377 6 Arrears Dead Rent 7 Fee for Quarrying Permit 10000 1800 200 102000 8 Fee for Quarrying Lease 1000 Fee for prospecting 9 license. 10 Fee for Dealers License 1025000 7000 4000 11 Consolidated royalty 4535012 165000 12 Compounding 299640 20000 22500 468438 13 Other Departments 14 Other Receipts 15 RMCU Compounding 12650000
Grand Total 18920026 260304 25203 12684 6299582 197700
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Minor Minerals (2014-’15)
No. Particulars GBS LBS BC OS OE 1 Royalty 173392 24000 8425228 2 Arrears royalty 3 Surface rent 6661 35 12 2999 4 Arrears Surface Rent 5 Dead rent 1992 6 Arrears Dead Rent 7 Fee for Quarrying Permit 16000 1000 200 15000 8 Fee for Quarrying Lease 3000 9 Fee for prospecting license. 10 Fee for Dealers License 1388000 4000 12000 11 Consolidated royalty 24640000 115000 12 Compounding 348388 109440 169490 13 Other Departments 14 Other Receipts 29500 15 RMCU Compounding Total Grand Total 26606933 116035 137652 0 8624717
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Minor Minerals (2015-’16)
No. Particulars GBS LBS BC OS OE 1 Royalty 13128672 3600 102000 12753638 2 Arrears royalty 9551576 3 Surface rent 4812 83 26 958 4 Arrears Surface Rent 5 Dead rent 6 Arrears Dead Rent 7 Fee for Quarrying Permit 84600 9600 3000 8 Fee for Quarrying Lease 130000 9 Fee for prospecting license. 10 Fee for Dealers License 2644000 11 Consolidated royalty 11190000 825000 12 Compounding 2939954 640780 13 Other Departments 14 Other Receipts 15 RMCU Compounding 33350000 16 Registration fee for D/L 18000 17 Application fee for D/L 21500 18 Application fee for RMCU 19000
Total 73082114 838283 102026 0 13398376
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List of valid mineral concessions
Table 2a: List of Quarrying Lease granted for Granite building stone (in force as on 22.11.16)
Sl. Name of Name and address of the Date of Valid Date of Tenure Grant order No. & Dt. Extent Survey No. Village, Taluk Period Remarks No. Mineral lessee execution upto registration of land
M/s. Wimrock Granites (P) 14-07- 9 23-07- 24-10- 1 Granite 241/08-09/6700/M3/08 Ltd., Thekkummala, 0.8980 Hect., Sy. No. 396/4 Vadasserikkara, Ranni 24-07-2008 2008 years. 2017 2008 Building Vadasserikara. Stone 7.8541 Hect., Sy. No. 391/3,7,9,10, Granite M/s. Wimrock Granites (P) (395/1 -1.0880 11,12,14, 393/2, includes 09-11- 29-11- 13-02- 2 Building 502/07-08/6675/M3/07 Ltd., Thekkummala, Ha, 395/7 - 394/2,3,4,9,10,11, 12,13, Vadasserikkara, Ranni 9 years 30-11-2007 Govt. 2007 2016 2008 Stone Vadasserikara. 0.5800 Ha Govt. 395/1,2,3,4, 5,6,7, land land) 396/3,5,6, 397/4,9
K. Sadanandan, Ambadiyil 24-07- 24-10- Govt. 3 Granite 448/07-08/6786/M3/07 11-10-2007 0.3970 Hect., Sy. No. 144/3 V. Kottayam, Kozhencherry 17-10-2007 Building Granites, V-Kottayam. 2018 2007 land Stone
02-12- K. Sadanandan, Ambadiyil 24-07- 05-02- Govt. 4 Granite 653/07-08/8077/M3/07 0.3560 Hect., Sy. No. 147/6, 147/7 V. Kottayam, Kozhencherry 18-12-2007 Building 2007 Granites, V-Kottayam. 2018 2008 land Stone
K. Sadanandan, Ambadiyil 24-07- 02-08- Govt. 5 Granite 249/06-07/4348/M3/06 17/07/2006 5.2700 Hect., Sy. No. 146/3 V. Kottayam, Kozhencherry 12 years. 25-07-2006 Building Granites, V-Kottayam. 2018 2006 land Stone Granite 559/08- Shanio Metal Crusher Unit, Sy. No. 160/4, 5, 161/7, 30-12- 11-03- Building 1.5402 Hect., Thottapuzhassery, Thiruvalla 10 years 31-12-2008 6 16/12/2008 8-1, 8-2, 8-5 2018 Stone 09/10645/M3/08 Kuriannur, Thiruvalla. 1999
Granite Shanio Metal Crusher Unit, Sy. No. 160/1, 1-1, 1-2, 1- 01-04- 20-04- Building 926/11-12/654/M3/12 1.6624 Hect., Thottapuzhassery, Thiruvalla 12 years 02-04-2012 7 24/03/2012 3, 160/1-4, 160/2,3,6 2024 Stone Kuriannur, Thiruvalla. 2012
Granite M/s. A.S. Granites, 06-06- 30-06- 8 128/06-07/840/M3/06 31/05/2006 1.1557 Hect., Sy. No. 157/1-2 Konnithazham, Konni 12 years 07-06-2006 Building Payyanamon, Konni. 2018 2006 Stone
Granite 06-03- M/s. A.S. Granites, Sy. No. 569/1-1-16pt., 25-03- 9 843/11-12/516/M3/12 0.9000 Hect., Iravan, Konni 12 years 26-03-2012 Building 2012 Payyanamon, Konni. 569/1-1-16-2 2024 Stone Sy. No. 615/54-1-36, 615/54-14-1, 615/54-1- 34, 615/54-5, 615/54-8, Granite D. Sumadevi, Mallelil 03-05- 615/54, 615/52-1-28, 09-05- 03-11- Building 57/06/07-35/11/M3/06 2.1548 Hect., Konnithazham, Konni 12 years 10-05-2006 10 Industries, Attachakkal 615/54-4, 615/1-24, 2018 Stone 2006 2006 P.O., Konni. 615/54-7, 615/54-14-2, 615/54-14, 615/52-6, 615/54-5-2 Naveen Mathew Philip, 429/05-06/8952/M3/05 17-11- 08-12- 11 Granite 14/11/2005 Thekkenedumplackal, 1.0183 Hect., Sy. No. 326/2,4,5 Anikkadu, Mallappally 12 years 18-11-2005 Building dtd. 14-11-05 2017 2005 Stone Mallappally West P.O. Naveen Mathew Philip, Sy. No. 328/6, 329/9,10, 21-02- 12-03- 12 Granite 828/07-08/1053/M3/08 17/02/2008 Thekkenedumplackal, 5.1962 Hect., Anikkadu, Mallappally 12 years 22-02-2008 Building 327/1, 325/1,2, 305/10,11 2020 2008 Stone Mallappally West P.O.
District Survey Report, Pathanamthitta District, Kerala State 30 561/08- M/s. Panachayil Industries, Sy. No. 11/2,4,12/2, 3, 5, 12-01- 16-03- 13 Granite 18/02/2008 4.0541 Hect., Thottapuzhassery, Thiruvalla 12 years 13-01-2009 Building 09/10672/M3/08 West Othera, Thiruvalla. 6, 3/5 2021 2008 Stone
M/s. Panachayil Industries, 16-02- 18-04- 14 Granite 713/08-09/1025/M3/09 17/02/2009 0.7504 Hect., Sy. No. 16/2, 4-1, 4 Thottapuzhassery, Thiruvalla 12 years 02-03-2009 Building West Othera, Thiruvalla. 2021 2009 Stone
02-02- M/s. Panachayil Industries, 04-02- 26-02- 15 Granite 704/06-07/553/M3/07 1.2175 Hect., Sy. No. 10/3-1, 2-1, 4 Thottapuzhassery, Thiruvalla 12 years 05-02-2007 Building 2007 West Othera, Thiruvalla. 2019 2007 Stone
02-02- M/s. Panachayil Industries, Sy. No. 15/9Pt, 15, 7Pt, 04-02- 26-02- 16 Granite 705/06-07/554/M3/07 2.2655 Hect., Thottapuzhassery, Thiruvalla 12 years 05-02-2007 Building 2007 West Othera, Thiruvalla. 16/5, 21/5, 6Pt. 2019 2007 Stone
01-06- M/s. Panachayil Industries, 25-08- 18-11- 17 Granite 142/10-11/4223/M3/10 1.2219 Hect., Sy. No. 16/3, 17/8, 18/1 Thottapuzhassery, Thiruvalla 12 years 26-08-2010 Building 2010 West Othera, Thiruvalla. 2022 2010 Stone M/s. Plakkattu Granite Sy. No. 573/1A/34/4pt., 16-01- 17-02- 18 Granite 627/10-11/9337/M3/10 17/12/2010 Industries, Payyanamon 0.5141 Hect., Konnithazham, Konni 10 years 17-01-2011 Building 5pt 2021 2011 Stone P.O., Konni.
Granite M/s. Mavanal Granites, 11-02- 25-05- 19 677/09-10/2124/M3/10 22/03/2010 2.5476 Hect., 323/4 Kalanjoor, Konni 11 years 12-04-2010 Building Padom P.O., Kalanjoor. 2021 2011 Stone
Granite M/s. Mavanal Granites, 11-02- 25-05- 20 678/09-10/2123/M3/10 22/03/2010 1.341 Hect., 323/6 Kalanjoor, Konni 11 years 12-04-2010 Building Padom P.O., Kalanjoor. 2021 2011 Stone Alexander V. John, Granite 18-02- 07-03- Building 708/08-09/868/M3/09 Valiyaveettil, 0.8094 Hect., Sy. No. 569/1/1/18/20/2 Iravan, Kozhencherry 12 Years 19-02-2009 21 16/02/2009 2019 Stone Thottabhagom. 2009
Sy. No. 781/1-22, 781/1- Granite Kuriakose Sabu, Managing 26pt, 781/1-32, 781/1-21- 07-08- 15-08- 07-10- 22 Building 308/10-11/4078/M3/10 Partner, Kavumkal Granite, 6.0750 Hect,, 126, 781/1-16pt, 781/1- Athikayam, Ranni 10 years 16-08-2010 2010 2020 2010 Stone Chempanoli, Vechoochira. 28-22, 781/1-28-20, 781/1-30
Amity Rock Products (P) Ltd., Chungappara, Sy. No. 436/1, 443/1, lease granted order Granite Pathanamthitta.(transferred 443/1-3, 446/3, 446/3-1, 18-12- 30-12- no. 476/05- Building 163/08-09/5375/M3/08 8.7663 Hect., Kottangal, Mallappally 12 years 19-12-2005 23 10.06.2008 from Anu.T. George, 446/4, 447/1, 447/1-2, 2017 06/7132/M3/05 Stone 2005 Vadakkemuriyil(H), 447/1-3 & 448/2 dtd.12-02-2005 Kolabhagom P.O., Thadiyoor
Tomy Abraham, Sy. No. 781/1-23-1, 1- 07-02- 10-03- 24 Granite 561/09-10/62/M3/10 29/01/2010 Manimalethu, Vechoochira 2.1286 Hect., Athikayam, Ranni 12 years 08-02-2010 Building 23-2 2022 2010 Stone P.O., Ranni. Tomy Abraham, 02-09- 23-09- 25 Granite 844/10-11/2059/M3/11 15/03/2011 Manimalethu, Vechoochira 2.1286 Hect., Sy. 781/1-23-1, 1-23-2 Athikayam, Ranni 10 years 03-09-2011 Building 2021 2011 Stone P.O., Ranni.
District Survey Report, Pathanamthitta District, Kerala State 31 M/s. Darshan Granite (P) 509/04- 3.6700 Hect., Sy. No. 31/1 (Block 25-11- Govt. 26 Granite 17/11/2004 Ltd., Kulathumon P.O., Adoor, Kalanjoor 12 years 26/11/2004 Building 05/7740/M3/2004. (Govt. land) 33) Part II 2016 land Stone Kalanjoor. M/s. Darshan Granite (P) 27-09- 14-11- 27 Granite 323/11-12/6241/M3/11 26/08/2011 Ltd., Kulathumon P.O., 0.6095 hect., Sy. 129/2, 3 Koodal, Adoor 10 yrs. 28/09/2011 Building 2021 2011 Stone Kalanjoor. K.J. Thomaskutty, Sy. No. 319/2, 319/3, 19-04- 29-05- Granite 24/07-08/1971/M3/07 1.0670 Hect., 319/10 & 319/4 (Block Vadasserikkara, Ranni 12 years 20/04/2007 28 17/04/2007 Kannamthanam house, 2019 Building No. 31) 2007 Stone Vadasserikara. Granite K.J. Thomaskutty, Sy. No.317/7, 317/5, 19-04- 29-05- 29 Building 25/07-08/1970/M3/07 17/04/2008 Kannamthanam house, 0.7860 Hect., 317/4 & 317/6 (Block Vadasserikkara, Ranni 12 years 20/04/2007 2019 2007 Stone Vadasserikara. No. 31)
Granite K.J. Thomaskutty, 05-09- 05-11- 30 Building 322/07-08/5809/M3/07 17/08/2007 Kannamthanam house, 1.2382 Hect., Sy. No. 9/7Pt., 9/10Pt. Vadasserikkara, Ranni 12 years 06-09-2007 2019 2007 Stone Vadasserikara. A.I. Pothen, Mg. Partner, Mount Zion Granites, Aloth House, South Pampady P.O., lease granted Granite Kottayam. (transferred from 811/06- 21-03- Sy. No. 267/1, 2,3,4, 07-02- 30-03- order no. 616/05- 31 Building Smt.K.G. Vijayamma, 1.1660 Hect., Malayalapuzha, Kozhenchery 12 years 08-02-2006 07/470/M3/2006 2007 Block-18 2018 2006 06/470/M3/06 Stone Charanakkal, Malayalapuzha dtd. 31.01.2006 P.O.)
Jobin Varghese, Managing Granite 27-03- Director, Pyramid Granites, Sy. No. 45/1,2,4, Block- 08-04- 28-04- Building 830/06-07/692/M3/07 1.6710 Hect., Koodal, Konni 10 years 09-04-2007 32 Padappara, Athirunkal, Koodal. 32 2017 Stone 2007 2007
M/s. Kachanath Minerals & Metals (P) Ezhumattoor P.O., Mallappally (transferred from lease granted order Granite T. Mathew Abraham, 15-04- 10-01- no. 23/2008- Building 681/12-13/2293/M3/12 18-12-2012 2.1174 Hect., Sy. No. 135/2-3, 4-1, 6,7 Ezhumattoor, Mallappally 10 years 16-04-2008 33 Thekkumoottil, Vallamkulam, 2018 09/3245/M3/2008 Stone 2013 Thiruvalla) dtd.18.12.2012
V.R. Ajayakumar, Granite Valluzhathil, 16-12- Sy. No. 6/3Pt., 6/4, 5Pt., 27-12- 21-04- 34 Building 477/09-10/9529/M3/09 1.8813 Hect., Ezhumattoor, Mallappally 12 years 28-12-2009 2009 Kuravankuzhy P.O., 9/2, 3Pt., 4Pt., 5, 6Pt., 7 2021 2010 Stone Pullad, Thiruvalla.
Surya Granites, Aseena Manzil, Granite 27-01- House No. 16/789, Meenadu 31-01- 04-03- Building 549/09-10/9686/M3/09 0.6268 Hect., Sy. No. 837/1D3-2, 1D-5 Perunadu, Ranni 12 years 01-02-2010 35 East, Chathannoor, Kollam. 2022 Stone 2010 2010 Pratheesh T.M., Granite Thankayathil, Manappally 17-02- Sy. No. 572/2Pt., 3Pt., 18-02- 04-03- Building 589/09-10/1291/M3/10 0.4200 Hect., Pallickal, Adoor 12 years 19-02-2010 36 P.O., Thazhava, Kollam. 15Pt., 573/14 2022 Stone 2010 2010
T. Ajayan, Cheruvallil Granite 04-03- Sy. No. 923/1-178-3Pt., 07-03- 06-05- Building 615/09-10/163/M3/10 house, Kombayar P.O., 1.8218 Hect., Perunadu, Ranni 12 Years 08-03-2010 37 923/1-191-1Pt. 2021 Stone 2010 Idukki. 2010
District Survey Report, Pathanamthitta District, Kerala State 32 K.M. Mathew, Granite 17-08- Kuzhuvommannil, Sy. No. 2/1pt., 2pt., 3pt., 20-08- 27-09- Building 308/10-11/5587/M3/10 0.6751 Hect., Thottapuzhassery, Thiruvalla 12 years 21-08-2010 38 4pt, 5pt. 2022 Stone 2010 Kuravankuzhy P.O., 2010 Pullad.
K.M. Mathew, Kuzhuvommannil, Sy. 13/19, 13/9-1, 13/9-2 22-01- 29-02- 39 700/11-12/8178/M3/11 13-01-2012 13.80 Ares, Thottapuzhassery, Thiruvalla 7 yrs. 23-01-2012 Granite Kuravankuzhy P.O., Block 24 2019 2012 Building Pullad. Stone K.M. Mathew, Granite Kuzhuvommannil, 20-08- 21-08- 27-09- 40 Building 328/10-11/5592/M3/10 0.2410 Hect., Sy. No. 3/1pt., 2pt., 2/1pt. Thottapuzhassery, Thiruvalla 12 years 21-08-2010 2010 Kuravankuzhy P.O., 2022 2010 Stone Pullad.
Johnson Rocks, Vechoochira lease granted order Granite P.O., Ranni, Pathanamthitta 17-10- 06-01- no.379/10- Building 585/12-13/6003/M3/12 08-11-2012 (transferred from C.G. Sunu, 8.9236 Hect., Sy. No. 781/1-23-1, 23-2 Athikayam, Ranni 12 years 18-10-2010 41 2022 11/5535/M3/2010 Stone 2011 Chirayil House, Vilakkudi dtd.07-08-2010 P.O., Kunnicode, Kollam).
Johnson Rocks, Vechoochira lease granted order Granite P.O., Ranni, Pathanamthitta 17-10- 06-01- no.311/10- Building 547/12-13/6002/M3/12 25-10-2012 (transferred from C.G. Sunu, 0.8094 Hect., Sy. No. 781/1-23-1 Athikayam, Ranni 12 years 18-10-2010 42 2022 11/5534/M3/2010 Stone 2011 Chirayil House, Vilakkudi dtd.07-08-2010 P.O., Kunnicode, Kollam).
Granite Johnson Rocks, Payyanamon, 12-06- 16-02- Building 630/10-11/9359/M3/10 20-12-2010 Konni, Pathanamthitta 0.9120 Hect., Sy. 569/1-1-18-20-2-1-3 Iravan, Kozhencherry 10 years 13-06-2011 43 2021 Stone 2011 T. Mathew Abraham, Granite Southern Rock & aggregate 22-03- 22-06- Govt. Building 836/10-11/9398/M3/10 11-03-2011 mining company, 5 hect., Sy. 626/1 Pazhavangadi, Ranni 12 years 23-03-2011 44 2023 Stone Vallamkulam, Thiruvalla 2011 land
Granite K. Sadanandan, Managing 10-05- 18-06- Building 44/11-12/2104/M3/11 29-04-2011 Partner, J&S Granites, 0.3200 Hect., Sy. 152/6 V. Kottayam, Kozhencherry 10 yrs. 11-05-2011 45 2021 Stone V.Kottayam. 2011
K. Sadanandan, Managing Granite 10-05- 18-06- 46 47/11-12/2105/M3/11 29-04-2011 Partner, J&S Granites, 0.1500 hect., Sy. 146/1 V. Kottayam, Kozhencherry 10 yrs. 11-05-2011 Building 2021 2011 Stone V.Kottayam. K. Sadanandan, Managing Granite 10-05- 18-06- 47 45/11-12/2103/M3/11 29-04-2011 Partner, J&S Granites, 0.7300 hect., Sy. 152/12, 10, 14, 15, 8 V. Kottayam, Kozhencherry 10 yrs. 11-05-2011 Building 2021 2011 Stone V.Kottayam. M/s. SNAPZ Builders & Granite Properties (P) Ltd., Sy. 623/1-14, 623/1-63pt., 11-01- 17-02- Building 632/10-11/9257/M3/10 20-12-2010 Puthenveettil house, 4.4841 hect., Iravan, Kozhencherry 10 yrs. 12-01-2011 48 623/1-90 2021 Stone Pullikkanakku P.O., 2011 Kayamakulam.
District Survey Report, Pathanamthitta District, Kerala State 33 Saju Aby Mathew, Granite Kuzhuvommannilaya 19-09- 17-10- 49 Building 352/11-12/5408/M3/11 07-09-2011 0.1578 hect., Sy. 1/3-2pt. Thottapuzhassery, Thiruvalla 10 yrs. 20-09-2011 Kollakuzhiyil, Kuravankuzhy, 2021 2011 Stone Pulladu
Granite Inchappara Sand & Granite 23-10- 08-12- Building 464/11-12/5634/M3/11 20-10-2011 1.0806 hect., Sy. No. 166/2-6 Block 30 Koodal, Konni 12 yrs. 24-10-2011 50 2023 Stone (P) Ltd., Inchappara, Koodal 2011
Granite Inchappara Sand & Granite 23-10- 08-12- Building 426/11-12/5635/M3/11 07-10-2011 0.4300 hect., Sy. No. 166/1 Block 30 Koodal, Konni 8 yrs. 24-10-2011 51 2019 Stone (P) Ltd., Inchappara, Koodal 2011
Granite Inchappara Sand & Granite 23-10- 08-12- Building 463/11-12/5629/M3/11 20-10-2011 1.4810 hect., Sy. No. 166/2 Block 30 Koodal, Konni 12 yrs. 24-10-2011 52 2023 Stone (P) Ltd., Inchappara, Koodal 2011 Granite Inchappara Sand & Granite Sy. No. 166/2-10 Block 01-05- 17-05- Building 834/11-12/9938/M3/11 18-02-2012 1.0248 hect., Koodal, Konni 5 yrs. 02-05-2012 53 30 2017 Stone (P) Ltd., Inchappara, Koodal 2012
Granite Inchappara Sand & Granite Sy. No. 166/2-7, 2-9 01-05- 17-05- Building 901/11-12/9936/M3/11 19-03-2012 1.0617 hect., Koodal, Konni 10 yrs. 02-05-2012 54 Block 30 2022 Stone (P) Ltd., Inchappara, Koodal 2012
Granite Jayesh Thomas, 08-11- 04-01- Building 424/11-12/5770/M3/11 07-10-2011 Kannamthanathu, 0.2410 hect., Sy. No. 314/13. Vadasserikkara, Ranni 9 yrs. 09-11-2011 55 2020 Stone Vadasserikkara P.O. 2012 Granite Jayesh Thomas, 08-11- 04-01- Building 425/11-12/5631/M3/11 07-10-2011 Kannamthanathu, 0.2322 hect., Sy. No. 315/2. Vadasserikkara, Ranni 6 yrs. 09-11-2011 56 2017 Stone Vadasserikkara P.O. 2012 Granite N. Jagadeeswarakurup, 27-03- 03-04- Building 902/11-12/2241/M3/12 19-03-2012 Thushara, Parakkodu P.O., 0.3901 hect., Sy. 313/4pt., Block 25 Enadimangalam, Adoor 10 yrs. 28-03-2012 57 2022 Stone Pathanamthitta 2012 Granite Thomas Mathai, Chengalathu Sy. 581/1-5-7, 575/1-3-6- 03-05- 19-05- Building 68/12-13/3664/M3/12 27-04-2012 house, Pathanamthitta 2.1000 hect., Konnithazham, Konni 12 yrs. 04-05-2012 58 2 2024 Stone 2012
Granite 02-08- 21-10- Govt. 59 Building 454/13-14/8112/M3/13 07-10-2013 Mavanal Granties (P) Ltd., 4.04694 Hect., 288/1pt. (Block 32) Koodal, Konni 10 yrs. 17-10-2013 2023 land Stone Sreenikethan, Kalanjoor, 2013 Pathanamthitta
Granite K.N. Madhusoodannan, 31-03- 05-04- Govt. 60 Building 1/14-15/2535/M3/14 01-04-2014 Managing Partner, Vajra 4.4924 Hect., 251/1pt. (Block 32) Koodal, Konni 10 years 02-04-2014 2024 land Stone Rock Mining Industries, 2014 Sreenikethan, Kalanjoor J. Anandan, Kattumadathil Granite house, Naduvilemuri, 20-10- Sy. No. 251/1, 248/2, 14-11- 19-01- Dimension 472/06-07/7104/M3/06 3.1220 Hect., Koodal, Adoor 10 years 15-11-2006 61 Pallickal, Mavelikara. 248/7 2016 Stone 2006 2007
J. Anandan, Kattumadathil Granite 19-05- house, Naduvilemuri, Pallickal, 06-07- 18-08- 62 Dimension 168/08-09/6906/M3/08 1.9900 Hect., Sy. No. 288/1 Koodal, Adoor 10 years 07-07-2008 2008 Mavelikara. 2018 2008 Stone V.N. Raveendran Nair, Granite 01-09- Ravibhavan, Konni, 05-10- 19-06- 63 Dimension 330/08-09/7159/M3/08 1.0324 Hect., Sy. 185/1,9, 186/5 Koodal, Adoor 9 years 06-10-2008 2008 Pathanamthitta 2017 2009 Stone
District Survey Report, Pathanamthitta District, Kerala State 34 K.P. Granite Industries, TC No. Granite 36/999, Sreesanth, T.R. 28-10- 30-12- 28-04- Dimension 454/08-09/9211/M3/08 Sukumaran Nair, Road, 2.0925 Hect., Sy. No. 31/1Pt. Kalanjoor, Adoor 10 years 31-12-2008 64 2018 Stone 2008 Peruvanthani, 2009 Thiruvananthapuram.
District Survey Report, Pathanamthitta District, Kerala State 35 Table 2b: List of quarrying permits granted under CRPS for Granite building stone (valid as on 22-11-2016)
Sl.No. Name & Address Permit No. date panchayath Village Taluk Sy. No. Area Validity
A. Sebastian, 25/15-16/QP/CRPS/GBS/ 1 Arackaparampil, 1973/DOPTA/M/15 195/1-1, 195/1-2, 25-11- Malakara P.O. 26.11.15 Koipuram Koipuram Thiruvalla Bl-21 23.1 2016
P. Thomas, Sankarathil 26/15-16/QP/CRPS/GBS/ 2 Thomas Villa, 2062/DOPTA/M/15 20-12- Kurampala, Pandalam 21.12.15 Kodumon Angadickal Adoor 353/2-3, Bl-23 5 2016
Suresh kumar, 27/15-16/QP/CRPS/GBS/ 3 Erattakalayil, Manchalloor P.O., 2071/DOPTA/M/15 20-12- Pathanapuram 21.12.15 Enadimangalam Enadimangalam Adoor 340/1-77-3, Bl-26 9.85 2016
28/15-16/QP/CRPS/GBS/ 4 Raju. T.K., Thumbolil, 1108/DOPTA/M/15 291/1, 291/2-2, 22-12- Chalappalli P.O. 23.12.15 Ezhumattoor Ezhumattoor Mallappalli Bl-27 28 2016 N. V. Asok kumar, Pallikizhakkethi 29/15-16/QP/CRPS/GBS/ 5 Mohanavilasom, 2041/DOPTA/M/15 Vettithitta P.O., 28-12- Pathanapuram 29-12-2015 Enadimangalam Enadimangalam Adoor 340/1/102/1 29.17 2016
Sabu Kuriakose, MD, 30/15-16/QP/CRPS/GBS/ 6 Kavumkal Granites (P) ltd, Malayalapuzha Eram 2013/DOPTA/M/15 534/2, 534/9, 17-01- P.O. 18.1.16 Vadasserikara Vadasserikara Ranni 534/3 49.9 2017
31/15-16/QP/CRPS/GBS/ 7 P. Thomas, Sankarathil Thomas Villa, 1308/DOPTA/M/15 19-01- Kurampala, Pandalam 20.1.16 Erathu Erathu Adoor 557/2 10.25 2017
32/15-16/QP/CRPS/GBS/ 8 P. Thomas, Sankarathil 2224/DOPTA/M/15 Thomas Villa, 23-02- Kurampala, Pandalam 24.2.16 Pandalam Kurambala Adoor 462/7 15 2017
G. Rajeevan, 33/15-16/QP/CRPS/GBS/ 9 Jayamandiram, 898/DOPTA/M/15 188/2-1, 189/1, 25-02- Kudavattoor P.O. 26.2.16 Pramadam V-Kottayam Konni 189/1-2, Bl-32 39.96 2017
34/15-16/QP/CRPS/GBS/ 10 B. Rajan, Santhalayam, 2028/DOPTA/M/15 28-02- Vallam, Kottarakara 29.2.16 Pallickal Peringanadu Adoor 382/1, 382/1-2 19 2017
35/15-16/QP/CRPS/GBS/ 11 P.J. Joseph, Puthoor, 1265/DOPTA/M/15 09-03- Thottamon P.O., Ranni 10.3.16 Pazhavangadi Pazhavangadi Ranni 534/5, 534/4-1 24.28 2017 Mathew Daniel, Mangalathu 1/16-17/QP/CRPS/GBS/ 03-04- 12 04-04-2016 Erathu Erathu Adoor 541 25 Padinjattethil, 138/DOPTA/M/16 2017 Parakkottom P.O. Adoor
District Survey Report, Pathanamthitta District, Kerala State 36 V. Rajan, Puthuval 2/16-17/QP/CRPS/GBS/ 04-04- 13 Puthen veedu, Puvattoor, 05-04-2016 Enadimangalam Enadimangalam Adoor 340/1/87/1 24.043 337/DOPTA/M/16 2017 Kalayapuram
Raghulan Pillai, Bhavani Mandiram, Panaam 3/16-17/QP/CRPS/GBS/ 04-04- 14 05-04-2016 Koorambala Adoor 476/4, 476/7 48 Thrikkoickal, Eroor P.O., 376/DOPTA/M/16 2017 Punalur
A.D.John, Puthenveettil, 4/16-17/QP/CRPS/GBS/ 107/1pt, 107/4- 07-04- 15 Perumbramavu P.O., 08-04-2016 Kottangal Kottangal Mallappally 48.78 2063/DOPTA/M/15 1pt, 107/7, 107/8 2017 Keezhvaipur
A.D.John, Puthenveettil, 5/16-17/QP/CRPS/GBS/ 07-04- 16 Perumbramavu P.O., 08-04-2016 Kottangal Kottangal Mallappally 108/1pt, 108/3pt 35.19 2094/DOPTA/M/15 2017 Keezhvaipur
Raju Cyriac, Kuzhikattil, 6/16-17/QP/CRPS/GBS/ 10-04- 17 11-04-2016 Kottangal Kottangal Mallappally 201/5 19.31 Vayala P.O., Kottayam 2089/DOPTA/M/15 2017
G. Rajeevan, Jayamandiram, 7/16-17/QP/CRPS/GBS/ 24-04- 18 25-04-2016 Erathu Erathu Adoor 542/1, 538/2-1 19.97 Kudavattoor P.O. 44/DOPTA/M/16 2017 Kottarakkara
Krishna Moorthy, Anju Nivas, Sasthamcottah 8/16-17/QP/CRPS/GBS/ 26-04- 19 27-04-2016 Erathu Erathu Adoor 243/3, 232/2-6 16.05 P.O., Bharanikavu, 2169/DOPTA/M/15 2017 Kollam
Aby Mathew, Managing Partner, Panachayil 9/16-17/QP/ CRPS/ 10-05- 20 11-05-2016 Thottappuzhassery Thottappuzhassery Thiruvalla 20/1 46.7 Industries, West Othera GBS/455/ DOPTA/M/16 2017 P.O., Thiruvalla
Sudheer Sukumaran, Managing Director, 10/16-17/QP/CRPS/ 11-05- 21 12-05-2016 Koodal Konni 112/8-2 25.65 Aswathy Granites Pvt. GBS/600/ DOPTA/M/16 2017 Ltd., Muruinjakal P.O.
Sudheer Sukumaran, Managing Director, 11/16-17/QP/ CRPS/ 11-05- 22 12-05-2016 Koodal Konni 112/8-1 25.65 Aswathy Granites Pvt. GBS/601/ DOPTA/M/16 2017 Ltd., Muruinjakal P.O.
District Survey Report, Pathanamthitta District, Kerala State 37 Sudheer Sukumaran, Managing Director, 12/16-17/QP/CRPS/GBS/ 25-05- 23 26-05-2016 Koodal Konni 111/4 34.8 Aswathy Granites Pvt. 1095/ OPTA/M/16 2017 Ltd., Muruinjakal P.O.
Binumon.J, Udya 13/16-17/QP/CRPS/GBS/ 05-06- 24 Bhavanam, Sooranad 06-06-2016 Koodal Konni 351/1, 351/2 18.76 1087/DOPTA/M/16 2017 P.O., Kollam
N. Jagadeeswara Kurup, P.N.K. Aagencies, 14/16-17/QP/CRPS/GBS/ 07-06- 25 08-06-2016 Enadimangalam Enadimangalam Adoor 313/4 10.11 Thushara, Theppupara 1124/ DOPTA/M/16 2017 P.O., Parakkode
P.J.Joseph, Puthoor 15/16-17/QP/CRPS/GBS/ 16-06- 26 House, Thottamon P.O., 17-06-2016 Koodal Konni 196/1, 194/2 24.48 1024/ DOPTA/M/16 2017 Ranni A. Sebastian, Arackparambil, 16/16-17/QP/CRPS/GBS/ 112/9-1, 112/9-2- 26-06- 27 27-06-2016 Aranmula Kozhencherry 29.79 Malakkara P.O., 1061/ DOPTA/M/16 1, 112/7-1-1 2017 Aranmula
P.N.Sarasamma, Raj 17/16-17/QP/CRPS/GBS/ 26-06- 28 Bhavan, Kollakadavu 27-06-2016 Kottangal Mallappally 254/1 39 1187/ DOPTA/M/16 2017 P.O., Chengannoor
Johney Varghese, Konni- 18/16-17/QP/CRPS/GBS/ 136/3(old 569/1- 07-07- 29 Kochin Granites, 08-07-2016 Iravon Konni 40 1218/ DOPTA/M/16 1) 2017 Payyanamon P.O., Konni
Jobin Varghese, Managing Director, M/s. 19/16-17/QP/CRPS/GBS/ 07-07- 30 08-07-2016 Koodal Konni 46/2 25.3 Pyramid Granites Pvt. 1384/ DOPTA/M/16 2017 Ltd., Athirunkal, Koodal
Jobin Varghese, Managing Director, M/s. 20/16-17/QP/CRPS/GBS/ 07-07- 31 08-07-2016 Koodal Konni 46/1 27.17 Pyramid Granites Pvt. 1383/ DOPTA/M/16 2017 Ltd., Athirunkal, Koodal
Udayan, Kizhakekara, 21/16-17/QP/CRPS/GBS/ 19-07- 32 Erathuvadakku, Pattazhi 20-07-2016 Pallickal Pallickal Adoor 426/1, 434/12 18.8 1386/ DOPTA/M/16 2017 P.O.
Sunil kumar. N, MD, SKG Granites & Quarries 22/16-17/QP/CRPS/GBS/ 31-07- 33 01-08-2016 Aruvappulam Aruvappulam Kozhencheri 540/1-1-411 47.02 (P) ltd, Oottupara P.O, 1385/ DOPTA/M/16 2017 Konni
District Survey Report, Pathanamthitta District, Kerala State 38 Krishnankutty, 23/16-17/QP/CRPS/GBS/ 02-08- 34 Lalithabhavan, Vallam, 03-08-2016 Erathu Erathu Adoor 270/4-1 14 1438/ DOPTA/M/16 2017 Kottarakara
G. Vinod kumar, 24/16-17/QP/CRPS/GBS/ 04-09- 35 Paikarayil, Ezhumattoor 05-09-2016 Ezhumattoor Ezhumattoor Mallappally 89/2-1 21.04 1329/ DOPTA/M/16 2017 P.O.
P.J.Joseph, Puthoor 25/16-17/QP/CRPS/GBS/ 23-09- 22-09- 36 House, Thottamon P.O., Kalanjoor Koodal Konni 196/1 12 1100/ DOPTA/M/16 Ranni 2016 2017
Mathew Daniel, Mangalathu 26/16-17/QP/CRPS/GBS/ 19-10- 18-10- 37 Padinjattethil, Enadimangalam Enadimangalam Adoor 313/7 35.4 1920/ DOPTA/M/16 2016 2017 Parakkottom P.O. Adoor
G. Rajeevan, Jayamandiram, 27/16-17/QP/CRPS/GBS/ 14-11- 13-11- 38 Pramadom V-Kottayam Konni 175/1, Bl-32 10 Kudavattoor P.O. 2022/ DOPTA/M/16 2016 2017 Kottarakkara
Joseph Mathew, Pullampallil, 28/16-17/QP/CRPS/GBS/ 18-11- 17-12- 39 Pazhavangadi Pazhavangadi Ranni 491/4 49 Naranamoozhy P.O., 1868/ DOPTA/M/16 2016 2017 Athikayam
District Survey Report, Pathanamthitta District, Kerala State 39 Table 2c: List of short term permits granted for Granite Building Stone (valid as on 22-11-2016) Sl.No Name Permit no dt Quantity Panchayath Village Taluk Sy.no. Area Validity P.J. Joseph, Puthoor, 21/15- 24-01- 1 25-01-2016 2000 Kalanjoor Konni Koodal 196/1, 194/2 24.48 Thottamon P.O., 16/MM/GBS/QP/1948/DOPTA/M/15 2017 Ranni Sabu Kuriakose, M.D.,Kavumkal 2 Granites (P) ltd, Malayalapuzha 27/15- 15-03- Eram P.O. 16/MM/GBS/QP/2012/DOPTA/M/15 16-03-2016 33000 Vadasserikara Ranni Vadasserikara 528/2pt, 528/3 147.9 2017 A.M.Antony, Anithottathil, 1/16-17/MM/GBS/QP/ 03-04- 3 04-04-2016 38400 Pazhavangadi Chethackal Ranni 776/1-29, 776/3-8 78.29 Kangazha P.O., 570/DOPTA/M/16 2017 Kottayam Sunil kumar, Thekkaduthu, 7/16-17//MM/GBS/QP/ 540/1-1, 540/1-1- 21-06- 4 22-06-2016 2000 Aruvappulam Aruvappulam Konni 91.19 Govindamuttom 565/DOPTA/M/16 411 2017 P.O. Sunil kumar, Thekkaduthu, 14/16-17/MM/GBS/QP/ 31-12- 5 11-07-2016 5000 Aruvappulam Aruvappulam Konni 540/1-1-127 96.04 Govindamuttom 1240/DOPTA/M/16 2016 P.O. Vineeth.R., Eduvinampoikayil, 15/16-17/MM/GBS/QP/ 24-11- 6 25-07-2016 20000 Ezhumattoor Ezhumattoor Mallappally 137/3, 137/7 48.03 Ezhumattoor P.O., 1483/DOPTA/M/16 2016 Mallappally Sabu Kuriakose, M.D., Kavunkal 16/16-17/MM/GBS/QP/ 04-12- 7 Granites (P) ltd, 05-08-2016 20000 Vadasserikara Vadasserikara Ranni 534/5,6,8 91.7 1241/DOPTA/M/16 2016 Malayalapuzha Eram P.O. S. Raveendran, M.D., Raveendra 17/16-17/MM/GBS/QP/ 139/11, 139/3, 05-12- 8 06-08-2016 10000 Ezhumattoor Ezhumattoor Mallappally 63.9 Rock Products (P) 1331/DOPTA/M/16 139/4 2016 ltd, Ezhumattoor Sabu Kuriakose, M.D., Kavunkal 18/16-17/MM/GBS/QP/ 09-08- 9 Granites (P) ltd, 10-08-2016 30000 Vadasserikara Vadasserikara Ranni 534/6 91.7 1242/DOPTA/M/16 2017 Malayalapuzha Eram P.O.
132/5-3, 132/6-8, Naveen Mathew 137/4-4, 137/4-6- Philip, M.D., Pee 21/16-17/MM/GBS/QP/ 05-03- 10 06-09-2016 20000 Kottangal Mallappalli 1, 137/5, 137/6, 93.92 Gee Aggregates 1157/DOPTA/M/16 2017 137/7, 137/8, (P) ltd, Mallappalli 137/9, 137/10
Edayan Rocks, 22/16-17/MM/GBS/QP/ 08-01- 11 Kottangal, 09-09-2016 2000 Kottangal Kottangal Mallappally 63/1-2 67.46 1762/DOPTA/M/16 2017 Kulathoor P.O.
District Survey Report, Pathanamthitta District, Kerala State 40 M.V. Abraham, 14/1-2, 14/1-1, Pulimpallil, 23/16-17/MM/GBS/QP/ 14/2-1, 15/9, 31-12- 12 09-09-2016 10000 Ezhumattoor Ezhumattoor Mallappally 83.06 Niranam P.O., 1171/DOPTA/M/16 15/1,. 15/1-3, 2016 Kadapra 15/9-1 Sathyan.C, Sreerangam, 24/16-17/MM/GBS/QP/ 31-03- 13 Malamelbhagom, 22-09-2016 12000 Malayalappuzha Malayalappuzha Konni 270/2-2, 2-3 63.85 1799/DOPTA/M/16 2017 Kareelakulangara P.O. Babykutty Jacob, Kakkamthottil, 25/16-17/MM/GBS/QP/ 27-02- 14 28-09-2016 20000 Konni Konnithazham Konni 571/1A34-3-1 96.76 Payyanamon P.O., 1863/DOPTA/M/16 2017 Konni Sunil kumar, 540/1-1-127, Thekkaduthu, 26/16-17/MM/GBS/QP/ 27-12- 15 28-09-2016 5000 Aruvappulam Aruvappulam Konni 540/1-1-126- 99.9 Govindamuttom 1678/DOPTA/M/16 2016 2339 P.O. Thomas Philip, M.D., Delta 27/16-17//MM/GBS/QP/ 31-03- 16 Aggregates & 21-10-2016 25000 Chittar Chittar Konni 946/2 98 1963/DOPTA/M/16 2017 Sand (P) ltd, Chittar P.O. Vinod kumar. 42/12, 13,4- 28/16-17//MM/GBS/QP/ 31-03- 17 G.,Paikarayil, 16-11-2016 15000 Anickadu Anickadu Mallappalli 2,8,6,7-1,9- 62.76 2213/DOPTA/M/16 2017 Ezhumattoor P.O. 1,52/8-2
District Survey Report, Pathanamthitta District, Kerala State 41 Table 2d: List of Registered Metal Crusher Units - RMCU
Details of Quarrying Lease No. Sl. Name & address Details of RMCU registration Jaw details of Name and address of No. of RMCU pro. Order & date Q/L No. Units lessor Remarks details of primary 241/08- 50.6cmx22.86cm 5 Raju.K.Thomas, Mg. 09/6700/M3/08 dtd. M/s. Wimrock Director, M/s. Wimrock 14-7-08 Granites (P) Ltd., 1 39/2016- Granites (P) Ltd., 502/07- Thekkummala, Cone crusher 1 17/RMCU/PTA/2796/M3/2016 Thekkummala, 08/6675/M3/07 dtd. Vadasserikara. (220HP) dtd. 23.03.16 Vadasserikara. 9-11-07 nil VSI 1 448/07- 55cm x 22.5 cm 4 08/6786/M3/07 dtd. K. Sadanandan, K. Sadanandan, 11-10-07 Ambadiyil New 95/2016- Ambadiyil New 249/06- 2 Bunglow, 17/RMCU/PTA/3008/M3/2016 Cone crusher 1 Bunglow, Pannivizha, 07/4348/M3/06 dtd. Pannivizha, dtd. 01.04.2016 Adoor 17-7-06 36'' x 30'' -1 Adoor HSI 1
1 559/08- M/s Shanio Metal 75cm x 25cm 1 09/10645/M3/08 dtd 155/2016- M/s Shanio Metal Crusher Unit, 75cm x 20cm & 1 16-12-08 3 17/RMCU/PTA/3296/M3/2016 Crusher Unit, Kuriannur, Kuriannur, Cone Crusher 1 926/11- dtd. 12.04.2016 Thiruvalla. Thiruvalla. VSI 12/654/M3/12 dtd 24-03-12 75cm x 20cm 2 128/06- M/s. A.S. 48/2016- Granites, M/s. A.S. Granites, 07/840/M3/06 dtd. 4 40cm x 22.5 cm 1 17/RMCU/PTA/2880/M3/2016 31-5-06 Payyanamon, dtd. 28.03.16 Payyanamon, Konni. 36'' x24'' -1 Konni. VSI 1
(transer order M/s Mallelil Cone crusher 16/2016- M/s Mallelil Industries 57/06- No. 759/08- Industries (P) 1 5 (185HP), 17/RMCU/PTA/2688/M3/2016 (P) Ltd., Attachakkal 07/3511/M3/06 dtd. 09/7971/ Ltd., Attachakkal 1 VSI dtd. 21.03.16 P.O., Konni. 3-5-06 M3/08 dtd. 5- P.O., Konni. 3-09) 36" x24" -1 207/10- 40.64cmx 3 11/4223/M3/10 dtd. 22.86cm 01-06-10 561/08- M/s. Panachayil 75cm x 25cm 7 09/10672/M3/08 dtd. M/s. Panachayil Industries, West 18/2/08 nil 6 Industries, West Othera, Othera, 20/2016- 713/08- Thiruvalla. Thiruvalla. VSI 1 17/RMCU/PTA/2621/M3/2016 09/1025/M3/09 dtd. dtd. 22.03.16 17-2-09 704/06- 07/553/M3/07 dtd. 2-2-07
District Survey Report, Pathanamthitta District, Kerala State 42 705/06- 07/554/M3/07 dtd. 2-2-07 Cone crusher 1 M/s. Plakkattu 87/2016- M/s. Plakkattu Granite Granite Industries, VSI 1 627/10- 7 17/RMCU/PTA/3058/M3/2016 Industries, Payyanamon 40'' x24'' -1 Payyanamon P.O., 11/9337/M3/10 dtd. dtd. 01.04.2016 P.O., Konni. Konni. 17-12-10
24/2016- 677/09- 76.2cm x M/s. Mavanal 2 17/RMCU/PTA/2734/M3/2016 10/2124/M3/10 dtd. 20.32cm M/s. Mavanal Granites Granites (P) Ltd, dtd. 22.03.16 22-3-10 76cm x38cm -1 8 (P) Ltd, Padom P.O., Padom P.O., 678/09- Kalanjoor. Kalanjoor. VSI 1 10/2123/M3/10 dtd. 22-3-10 M/s. Mavanal 25/2016- M/s. Mavanal Granites 454/13- Granites (P) Ltd, Cone crusher 9 1 17/RMCU/PTA/2733/M3/2016 (P) Ltd, Padom P.O., 14/8112/M3/13 dtd. Padom P.O., (300HP) dtd. 22.03.16 Kalanjoor. 07.10.2013 Kalanjoor.
476/05- 76.2cm x (transer order M/s Amity Rock 3 55/2016- 06/7132/M3/05 dtd. 20.32cm M/s Amity Rock No. 163/08- Products (P) Ltd., 17/RMCU/PTA/2908/M3/2016 2-12-05 10 Products (P) Ltd., 09/5375/ Chungappara, Cone crusher dtd. 29.03.16 1 Chungappara, M3/08 dtd. Pathanamthitta. (220HP) Pathanamthitta. 10-06-08). nil VSI 1 509/04- M/s. Darshan 75cm x 37.5cm 2 173/2016- 05/7740/M3/04. dtd. M/s. Darshan Granites Granites (P) Ltd., 17/RMCU/PTA/5237/M3/2016 , 17-11-04 11 (P) Ltd., Kulathumon Kulathumon P.O., dtd. 14.06.16 323/11- Cone Crusher 2 P.O., Kalanjoor. Kalanjoor. 12/6241/M3/11 dtd.
26/8/11 Cone crusher K.J. Thomaskutty, 24/07- (180HP-1, 2 47/2016- Kannamthanam K.J. Thomaskutty, 08/1971/M3/07 dtd. 42" x30" -1; 36" 150HP-1) 17/RMCU/PTA/2785/M3/2016 12 house, dtd. 28.03.16 Kannamthanam house, 17-4-07 x24"-1 Vadasserikara VSI 1 Vadasserikara P.O, Ranni 25/07- 08/1970/M3/07 dtd. P.O, Ranni 17-4-08 M/s Pyramid M/s Pyramid Granites, Granites, 96/2016- Padappara, Athirunkal, 830/06- 13 Padappara, Cone crusher 1 17/RMCU/PTA/3060/M3/2016 , Koodal. 07/692/M3/07 dtd. Athirunkal, dtd. 01.04.2016 27-3-07 Koodal. V.R. Ajayakumar, 89/2016- V.R. Ajayakumar, Valluzhathil, 477/09- Cone crusher 1 17/RMCU/PTA/3019/M3/2016 , Valluzhathil, 14 Kuravankuzhy 10/9529/M3/09 dtd. dtd 01.04.2016 Kuravankuzhy P.O., P.O., Pullad, 16-12-09 36" x24"-1 Pullad, Thiruvalla. Thiruvalla. VSI 1 308/10- K.M. Mathew, Cone crusher 1 94/2016- K.M. Mathew, 11/5587/M3/10 dtd. Kuzhuvommannil, 17/RMCU/PTA/3012/M3/2016 Kuzhuvommannil, 17-8-10 15 dtd 01.04.2016 Kuravankuzhy VSI 1 Kuravankuzhy P.O., 700/11- 36" x24"-1 P.O., Pullad. Pullad. 12/8178/M3/11 dtd.
13-01-12
District Survey Report, Pathanamthitta District, Kerala State 43 (transer order 15/2016- 708/08- No. 325/09- M/s Johnson 40.64cm x 4 17/RMCU/PTA/2689/M3/2016 Susamma John, Mg. 09/868/M3/09 dtd 10/7023/ Rocks, 22.86cm dtd. 21.03.16 Partner, M/s Johnson 16-2-09 M3/09 dtd. 16 Payyanamon P.O., Rocks, Payyanamon, 24-9-09). 30" x 15" -1 Konni, Konni, Pathanamthitta 630/10- Pathanamthitta VSI 1 11/9359/M3/10 dtd. 20-12-10 T. Mathew T. Mathew Abraham, 46/2016- Abraham, Cone crusher Southern Rock & 1 17/RMCU/PTA/2786/M3/2016 Southern Rock & (150HP) aggregate mining 836/10- dtd. 28.03.16 17 aggregate mining company, Vallamkulam, 11/9398/M3/10 dtd. 36" x24" -1 company, Thiruvalla 11-3-11 Vallamkulam, VSI 1 Thiruvalla 44/11- 12/2104/M3/11 dtd. 37/2014- 29-4-11 15/RMCU/PTA/4151/M3/2014 M/s J&S Granite K. Sadanandan, Mg. 47/11- dtd. 31.03.2014 18 Company, V- 55cm x 22.5 cm 3 Partner, M/s J&S Granite 12/2105/M3/11 dtd. Kottayam Company, V-Kottayam 29-4-11 30" x24" -1 45/11- 12/2103/M3/11 dtd. 29-4-11 K.Varkey Abraham, Mg. K.Varkey Abraham, Mg. 23/08- Director, M/s 179/2016- Director, M/s Kachanathu 09/3245/M3/08 dtd 36" x24" -1 Kachanathu (transer order 19 Cone Crusher 1 17/RMCU/PTA/7933/M3/2016 Minerals & Metals (P) 07-04-08 Minerals & No. 681/12- dtd. 26.08.16 Ltd., Ezhumattoor P.O., Metals (P) Ltd., 13/2293/ Mallappally Ezhumattoor P.O., M3/12 dtd. Mallappally 18-12-12).
District Survey Report, Pathanamthitta District, Kerala State 44 References
1. District Resource Map, Pathanamthitta district, Kerala. Pubished by Geological Survey of India. 2. Detailed Information on Bauxite in India Geological Survey of India. 1994. Retrieved from http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/gsiDoc/pub/DID_Bauxite_WM.pdf 3. Rajan, T. N. and Anil Kumar, P. S. 2005. Geology and Mineral Resources of the States of India Part IX – Kerala. Geological Survey of India Miscellaneous Publication No. 30. 4. Murugan SS 2013. Ground Water Information Booklet of Pathanamthitta district, Kerala. Technical Reports: Series ‘D’. Central Ground Water Board. 5. www.kerenvis.nic.in 6. www.keralasoils.gov.in 7. www.dmg.kerala.gov.in
District Survey Report, Pathanamthitta District, Kerala State 45
Annexure 1: Geology of Kerala Geology of Kerala
Physiography
Physiographically the state can be divided into four domains from east to west, viz., the Western Ghats, the foothills, the midland and the coastal low- land.
Western Ghats
The hill ranges of the Western Ghats rise to an altitude of over 2500m above the MSL and the crest of the ranges marks the inter-state boundary in most of the places. A breach in the continuity of the ranges marks the Palghat Gap with a sinistral shift of 50 km between the shifted crests. The Wynad plateau and the Munnar (1057'00": 7731'00") upland fall within this zone.
Foothills
The foothills of the Western Ghats comprise the rocky area from 200 to 600m.above MSL. It is a transitional zone between the high -ranges and midland.
Midland region
This forms an area of gently undulating topography with hillocks and mounds. Laterite capping is commonly noticeable on the top of these hillocks. The low, flat-topped hillocks forming the laterite plateau range in altitude from 30-200m and are observed between coastal low-land and the foothills.
Coastal low- land
Coastal low-land is identified with alluvial plains, sandy stretches, abraded platforms, beach ridges, raised beaches, lagoons and estuaries. The low- land and the plains are generally less than 10m above MSL.
Rivers
Kerala is drained by 44 rivers, many of which orginate from the Western Ghats. Except Kabini, Bhavani and Pambar which are east - flowing, the rest of rivers are west- flowing and join the Arabian Sea. A few of them drain into the backwaters. Most important rivers (with their length in km in paranthesis) of the state, are Chandragiri(105), Valapatnam (110), Achankovil (120) Kallada (121), Muvattupuzha (121), Chalakudy (130), Kadalundi(130), Chaliyar (169), Pampa (176),Bharathapuzha (209) and Periyar (244).
District Survey Report, Pathanamthitta District, Kerala State 46
Geology
Geologically, Kerala is occupied by Precambrian crystallines, acid to ultra basic intrusives of Archaean to Proterozoic age, Tertiary (Mio-Pliocene) sedimentary rocks and Quaternary sediments of fluvial and marine origin (Fig.I). Both the crystallines and the Tertiary sediments have been extensively lateritised.
Based on the detailed studies by GSI during the last three decades, the following stratigraphic sequence has been suggested.
District Survey Report, Pathanamthitta District, Kerala State 47
Base not recognised
District Survey Report, Pathanamthitta District, Kerala State 48
The Archaeans
Rocks of Archaean Era encompass a wide spectrum of litho-assemblages ranging from khondalite, charnockite, gneiss and meta-sedimentary rocks occupying the Western Ghats including the foothill region. The Khondalite and Charnockite Group are correlated with the Eastern Ghat Supergroup based on the overall similarity in lithology and geochronology.
Wynad Supracrustals
The meta-sedimentary, and ultramafic rocks occurring in the Wynad District generated keen interest among the GSI geologists in 1970s. The high-grade Wynad supracrustal rocks are correlated with the Sargur Schist Complex of the Karnataka (Nair, et al, 1975; Adiga, 1980). The schistose rocks are characterised by intense deformation, medium to high-grade metamorphism, migmatisation and lack of sedimentary structures. The schist complex consists of meta- ultramafites, schist, meta-pelites, meta-pyroxenite, serpentinite, talc-tremolite rock and amphibolite.
The meta-sedimentaries occur as thin linear bodies within the migmatites. These consist of pelites, psammopelites and quartzites. The predominant rock types are corundum- mica schist, kyanite schist, quartz- mica schist and iron stone.(Anil Kumar et al,1993).
These rocks occur as narrow arcuate belts, lenses, and other forms of enclaves within Peninsular gneisses and charnockite. The group can be divided into medium-to low- grade metasedimentary rocks and meta-mafic and meta-ultramafic rocks. The lithology of the high-grade schists consist of quartz-mica schist with kyanite, quartz-sericite schists,quartzites,magnetite quartzite, fuchsite quartzite and meta-ultramafites. Their contact with the surrounding gneisses are concordant due to later co-folding. Several linear belts of such high-grade schists and ultramafite enclaves occur as isolated bands within the granulite and gneissic terrain of Kasaragod and Kannur districts.
Layered ultrabasic- basic complex
Remnants of layered basic- ultabasic complex are reported from Attappadi area(Nambiar 1982).The ultramafics are represented by meta-pyroxenite, meta-dolerite, peridotite with chromite and meta-gabbro (Lahiri et al, 1975). The anorthosite of Attappadi is only a few metre thick. Occurrences are around Narsimukku, Pudur and Melmulli areas. An east-west trending narrow lenticular body of serpentinised dunite is reported from Punalur mica mine belt.
A minor body (200 m long and 10-15m wide) of anorthosite was reported within pyroxene- granulite-charnockite terrain from Katanjari parambu of Kasargod district (Adiga, 1979).
District Survey Report, Pathanamthitta District, Kerala State 49
Another dismembered layered igneous complex consisting of alternate layers of peridotite and pyroxenite within charnockite was traced around Panathadi area of Kannur District (Adiga, 1980).
Peninsular Gneissic Complex- I (PGC-I)
The rocks of Peninsular Gneissic Complex(PGC) are exposed in the northern parts of Kerala adjoining Karnataka . This consists of a heterogeneous mixture of granitoid materials. The equivalent rocks of PGC in Kerala include hornblende-biotite gneiss (sheared), biotite- hornblende gneiss, foliated granite and pink granite gneiss. Granite gneiss is exposed along the intra-State boundary of Palakkad District as well as in Idukki District. Pink granite gneiss, though widespread, is best developed in Devikolam (1004'00": 7706'30"), and Udumbanchola (10°00'00":77°15'00") areas of Idukki District.
This consists of gneisses showing preponderance of either hornblende or biotite. The percentage of hornblende and biotite varies from place to place. This can be traced from Manantoddy to further northwest upto the west coast. West of Manantoddy, the rock is hornblende gneiss. It shows coarse granulitic to gneissic texture and is composed of hornblende, feldspar, quartz, pyroxene, biotite and garnet. Alkali feldspar shows alteration to clay and sericite. Biotite is mainly secondary after hornblende.
Around Mahe and Thalasseri, the biotite gneiss(Nair et al., 1974) is medium-grained and gneissose rock consisting of alternate layers of mafics and felsics.
Khondalite Group
The Khondalite Group of rocks include calc-granulites, quartzite and para-gneisses of pelitic parentage. Para-gneisses are ubiquitous and are well-developed in the southern part of the state, particularly, in Thiruvananthapuram and Kollam districts. Calc-granulite and quartzite occur as bands within the para-gneisses and amidst the Charnockite Group and migmatitic gneisses.
Calc-granulite
Calc-granulite occurs as linear bands mainly in the eastern part of Kollam and Thiruvananthapuram District, northeast and east of Munnar in Idukki district and in parts of Palakkad District. The rock is generally medium to coarse-grained, inequigranular and granoblastic in texture. It consists of diopside and plagioclase. Minerals like wollastonite, scapolite, calcite, garnet, spinel, sphene, quartz and apatite are also present in different proportions.
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Quartzite
Quartzite occurs as linear bands amidst the khondalitic gneiss, charnockite and migmatitic gneisses. These bands are exposed between Pathanamthitta (915'45": 7647'00"), and Muvattupuzha (959'00": 7635'00") in Ernakulam District. The rock is coarse-grained and generally white in color with a brownish coating on the weathered surface. It consists of granular quartz with subordinate feldspar, garnet and iron oxide.
Garnetiferous biotite-sillimanite gneiss
Garnetiferous biotite- sillimanite gneiss is well-developed in the southern part of the state. It occurs in close association with the migmatitic gneisses, charnockite and charnockite gneisses, mostly as weathered outcrops. Sillimanite- rich bands occur alternating with garnet - rich portions or with quartzo-feldspathic layers. Rutile and iron oxides are the common accessory minerals.
Charnockite Group
Charnockite Group shows great diversity in lithology comprising pyroxene granulite, hornblende pyroxenite, magnetite quartzite, charnockite and hypersthene-diopside gneisses and cordierite gneiss. Charnockite and charnockitic gneiss have preponderance over all other crystalline rocks covering 40 -50% of the total area of the State. The charnockites are well- exposed in the central and northern parts of Kerala including the high–hills of the Western Ghats. Char nockite has lesser predominance in Thiruvananthapuram and Kollam districts. In Attappady, the Bhavani Shear Zone is limited by the charnockite massif of the Nilgiri plateau on the north. Though the interrelationship of the Charnockite and the Khondalite is not clear, in many places there are intercalations rather than interlayering of one with the other. In Palakkad District, the Khondalite Group of rocks structurally overlie the charnockite. The occurrence of pyroxene granulite as fine and linear bodies within the charnockite of Tirur, suggests that charnockite is a product of migmatisation of pyroxene granulite(Vidyadharan and Sukumaran, 1978). Charnockite and charnockitic gneiss consist of quartz, feldspar and biotite. Garnet-bearing variants are also observed. The basic charnockite is more granulitic and contains clino- and ortho- pyroxenes, feldspar, biotite and garnet whereas the acid variety (alaskite/ enderbite) is greenish black, coarse-grained, massive to poorly foliated rock consisting of quartz, feldspar and pyroxenes. Basic charnockite has low- potash feldspar and more clinopyroxene. This is devoid of garnet and graphite, but shows a little amount of biotite(Chacko, 1922). Due to the polygenetic nature of the rock, geochemical and
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mineralogical variations do exist between charnockites reported from Kerala. In the Periyar valley region, in Idukki and Kottayam districts, pyroxenite and alaskite constitute the Charnockite Group (Nair, and Selvan, 1976).
The available age data indicate that the massive charnockites are older and their ages range between 2155 and 2930 + 50 Ma (Soman ,1997).
Also charnockite has been subjected to retrogression and migmatisation.
Archaean to Palaeo-Proterozoic
Vengad Group
A succession of schistose rocks in parts of Tellicherry taluk in Kannur district is described as Vengad Group of rocks (Nair, 1976). The Vengad Group comprises of basal conglomerate, quartzite and quartz-mica schist. The contacts are highly gradational. The conglomerate shows graded bedding and quartzite shows current-bedding.
An angular unconformity marked by conglomerate horizon extending from Kuthuparamba (1149‘30": 75 34'00") to Vengad (1153‘30":75 32'00") in Kannur district, separates the younger quartz-mica schist and quartzite from the older schistose and gneissic rocks. The lithology consists of basal oligomictic conglomerate, quartzite, quartz-biotite-muscovite schist and biotite quartzite. The schists are exposed over an area of 300 sq km having a lensoidal shape with its longer axis trending in NW-SE direction. The basement rock is gneissic or migmatitic with relicts of high-grade schists, ultramafites and quartzites of the Wynad Schist Complex. Four major occurrences of conglomerate are noticed in a NW-SE direction over a length of 10 km.
Lack of migmatisation, presence of primary structures and low-grade metamorphic minerals characterize these rocks.
Migmatite\ Gneiss\ Granitoid (PGC-II)
Quartzo-feldspathic gneiss
Migmatite includes variety of gneissic rocks which are next in importance to charnockite as a dominant litho-assemblage. Quartzo-feldspathic gneiss occurring along the contact zone between garnet-biotite gneiss and garnet-sillimanite gneiss of Thiruvananthapuram area represents an original intrusive phase. It is a feebly foliated, fine-grained, leucocratic granulitic
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rock occurring in close association with garnet-sillimanite gneiss and garnet-biotite gneiss with gradational contact relationship in the southern parts of Kerala. The origin of this rock is attributed to stress-induced injection of acid materials into the host rocks(Nageswara Rao and Raju,1970).
Garnet- biotite gneiss
Garnet-biotite gneiss is well-developed in the northeastern parts of Kollam and Thiruvananthapuram districts. This carries inclusions of pyroxene granulite and disseminations of graphite at many places (Jacob, 1965). It consists of quartz, microperthite, biotite, plagioclase and graphite. This rock also occurs in the northern parts of Palakkad District in close association with khondalite, charnockite and hornblende gneiss. These rocks are subsequently formed by retrogression and migmatisation of the Khondalite Group.
East of Kottayam and Idukki districts, light grey, pink garnet-bearing biotite gneiss is widely seen. It is a gneissic granulite. The presence of biotite and concentration of garnet in layers give the rock a banded appearance.(GSI, 1995).
Hornblende gneiss, hornblende-biotite gneiss, quartz- mica gneiss
These rock types occur within the migmatites and associated retrograded charnockite. The naming is purely based on the preponderance of the minerals and these rocks occur in the Periyar valley area east of Thodupuzha.(Nair and Selvan,1976). These medium-grained , foliated, banded rocks consist of alternate layers rich in hornblende or biotite. Bands of coarse to medium- grained light grey to pink granite traverse these rocks. Hornblende- biotite gneiss showing lit par lit relationship with the granite gneisses is the dominant rock type in the Periyar valley. This is admixed with contorted bands and enclaves of pyroxene granulite, calc- granulite and hornblende- biotite granulite. These are highly deformed.
In the Palakkad gap area, these gneisses occur over a large area, showing migmatitic structures such as agmatites, nebulites, schlierens, ptygmatic folds, quartzo-feldspathic neosomes and ferromagnesian palaeosomes.(Muraleedharan and Raman, 1989).
Proterozoic
Basic intrusives
Basic dyke emplacements within the Archaean crystalline rocks of Kerala are spread throughout the entire length and breadth of the state. Of these, dolerite dyke occurring north of the Palakkad gap had given Proterozoic age whereas in the south this dyke is of Phanerozoic
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age. The older basic dykes are metamorphosed along with the country rocks and are now recognised as epidiorite and amphibolite. Another set of dykes, apparently post-dating the regional metamorphic event are subjected to thermal metamorphism. Clouding and sericitisation of feldspars and uralitisation of pyroxenes are common in such dykes. In the absence of chronological data such dykes are considered to be of Proterozoic age. Most of the dykes are vertical in disposition and are traced as linear features. En-echelon pattern of some dyke swarms suggests that magmatic intrusion was controlled by shearing of the host rock., Mineralogically, the dykes are made up mostly of plagioclase feldspar and pyroxene(augite and aegirine-augite) with magnetite, apatite and olivine as accessories. The ENE-WSW dolerite dyke swarm of Agali- Anakkati area in Palakkad District within the Bhavani Shear zone showed in isotopic age from 1900 to 2000 Ma (Radhakrishna and Mathew Joseph, 1993). The rock is highly jointed and altered (Jacob, 1965). Similar basic intrusive bodies are traced in the Achankovil shear zone in Vazhamuttam (914'00":7646'40"), Kulasekhara pettah (916'00":7647'45") (Thomas Mathai et al, 1984). Sheet-like bodies of fine to medium- grained, dark coloured meta-gabbro occurs in Periyamuli (1113'00"; 7643'00") for about 20 km in ENE-WSW direction, Karuvarai (1104'00"; 7632'30") and few gabbro bodies south of Thuvapattu (1106'30"; 7644'45") in Attapady valley, Palakkad district. Meta-gabbro forms small hillocks east of Payyanam (1031'00"; 7621'00"), southwest of Kainur (1036'00"; 7609'00") and Chemmannur (1041'00"; 7601'00"), Vaga (1035'00"; 7606'00") and Arthat (1037'00"; 7603'00") in Trichur District (Mahadevan, 1962).
Dykes in north Kerala show , NW-SE, NE-SW and NNW-SSE trends. Host rocks are charnockite, gneisses and supracrustals(Radhakrishna et al 1991). Dykes are mainly dolerite but occasional meta-gabbro or meta-norite are also traced. In Agali- Anaikatti area of the Attapadi- Bhavani shear zone, dykes are confined within a 20-25km wide zone and extend from west of Agali to eastward for about 100km following a ENE-WSW direction.(Radhakrishna, et al, 1999).
The rock consists of 95% calcic plagioclase, 5% clinopyroxenes and subordinate amounts of magnetite. There are a number of concordant and discordant basic intrusive of dolerite and gabbro,meta-gabbro, meta-norite, meta-pyroxenite and anorthositic gabbro. These are not mappable and are seen in Pappinpra (11o06'20", 76o05'56") Velli(11o04'00":76o07'45"),
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Kalpetta (11o04'12":76o05'32). An extensive basic diorite has been mapped over an area of 25 sq km at Panavalli (11o53'30",76 o 2'30"; Nair, et al 1976).
The rock is composed predominantly of calcic plagioclase (95%) rest clinopyroxene with subordinate amount of magnetite. Another relatively small body of anorthosite is around Kalivalli (1151'30"; 7612'30") in south Wynad taluk, Wynad District.
Ultrabasic/ basic intrusive (younger)
Perinthatta Anorthosite
A major elliptical body of anorthosite spread over an area of more than 50 sq.km is reported from Perinthatta (12o10'00":75o17'30";Vidyadharan et al, 1977). The anorthosite is with a very irregular border and a tongue-like projection into the country rock of charnockite and pyroxene granulite of Kannur District.The anorthosite is coarse to very coarse-grained, and shows variations from pure anorthosite to gabbroic anorthosite and gabbro from the centre to the periphery suggestive of zoning. The modal composition corresponds to nearly 95% plagioclase
(An 58-72) and <10% clinopyroxene, apatite, calcite and magnetite. The gabbroic variants have more of mafics.
The structural configuration suggests that the anorthosite was emplaced in synformal structure as a phacolith. The flow-banding in anorthosite indicates its syntectonic emplacement. The Perinthatta anorthosite is assigned a Proterozoic age.
Ezhimala gabbro-granophyre complex
The major high-relief feature proximal to the Perinthatta anorthosite is constituted by the gabbro-granophyre Complex (Nair and Vidyadharan, 1982). The granophyre massif is fringed by the gabbro to the east and south. The Bavali fault running north of the complex is presumed to have dismembered the body from the Perinthatta anorthosite. Locally, the gabbro has anorthositic differentiates within it. Veins of granophyre traverse the gabbro at places give rise to breccia-like structures. The granophyre shows a sharp contact with the gabbro into which it intrudes. Rapakivi structure is observed within the granophyre. According to Nair and Vidyadharan (1982) rocks of Ezhimala complex display bimodal character with conspicuous basic and silicic components.
Kartikulam and Karraug Gabbro
Two gabbro bodies namely Kartikulam gabbro and Karraug gabbro are located northeast of Manantoddy bordering the Karnataka (Nair et al, 1975).The gabbro body at Kartikulam
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occupies an area of about 45 sq.km. with an elliptical shape within the gneissic terrain. The actual contact with the gneiss is concealed but it is believed to be sharp. At many places, the gabbro is agmatised by coarse quartzo-feldspathic material.
The gabbro is coarse-grained and of uneven texture consisting essentially of plagioclase and pyroxene. Variation to anorthositic composition is noticed. The plagioclase is of labrodorite composition and shows alteration to sericite at places (Rema Warrier and Venkataraman, 1986). The pyroxenes are uralitised to varying degrees.
The Karraug gabbro body is located east of it and south of the Kabini River. It shows similar features as that of the Kartikulam gabbro. The rock shows phenocrysts of feldspar set in a fine matrix of flaky minerals.
Adakkathodu gabbro
At Adakkathodu(1231'35"; 7510'25"), northwest of Manantoddy, a 8 km long meta-gabbro, is intrusive into the basement gneisses on three sides and the Wynad schists in the east. It occurs proximal to the Bavali fault/lineament. It encloses, patches of quartz-sericite schists and biotite gneiss. (Nair et al, 1975). The rock is mesocratic to melanocratic, medium to coarse grained consisting mainly of pyroxene and plagioclase. The rock shows sub-ophitic texture and consists of enstatite and intermediate plagioclase of andesine-labrodorite composition (Nair et al, 1976). While the gabbro bodies of Kartikulam and Karraug to the east are olivine- bearing, the Adakkathodu gabbro is enstatite- bearing. Olivine, augite and zoned feldspars are recorded from the eastern body while the western body is enstatite- bearing, without the zoning in feldspar.
Begur diorite
An extensive basic diorite body (25 sq.km.) has been traced north of Manantoddy in the Begur Reserve Forest (Nair, et al, 1976). It extends from Thirunelli to the Karnataka State border. The southern contact is with augen gneisses indicating emplacement along shear zones while the northern one with sillimanite gneisses. Aplite and dolerite veins are seen traversing the rock mostly parallel to the regional foliation. The rock is mesocratic to melanocratic, coarse-grained and consists of pink to grey feldspar, hornblende and biotite.
The rock is feebly gneissic and at places porphyritic (Rema Warrier and Venkataramana, 1986). The phenocrysts are mostly plagioclase. Mafics at times swerve round the phenocrysts
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giving rise to augen structure. Hornblende is altered to biotite and chlorite. Accessories include epidote, apatite, zoisite and opaques.
The diorite shows tholeiitic charcteristics.The diorite is considered as a transitional rock from the gabbro with which it is spatially associated in the nearby area with the plagioclase become more sodic.
Charnockites [younger]
The area south of Palakkad exposes charnockite over large areas.The charnockites are represented by acid microperthitic charnockite and intermediate gneissic charnockite occurring in association with garnetiferous biotite gneiss and khondalite (Narayanaswamy and Purna Lakshmi, 1967). Massive charnockites are developed on a regional scale and occur as mappable litho-units (Raju and Gopalakrishnan, 1972), around Nedumangad. The massive charnockites in majority of the cases are acid and intermediate in composition. The rock is medium to coarse-grained and shows xenoblastic texture. It is composed of quartz, feldspar, pyroxenes, garnet and graphite with accessories like biotite, zircon, apatite and monazite.
Small patches, lenses or veins of charnockite occur in the gneisses of amphibolite facies in the Thiruvananthapuram area (Nageswara Rao and Raju, 1970). Here, the incipient charnockites are thought to have formed by transformation of paragneisses. (Hansen et al, 1987; Santosh et al, 1990). A few dominant varieties of incipient charnockites have been categorized by Ravindra Kumar and Chacko (1986) on the basis of their mode of occurrence, association and chemical processes involved in their development. At Kottavattom, north of Thiruvananthapuram, the charnockite consisting of quartz, K-feldspar, plagioclase, biotite, garnet and orthopyroxene as essential minerals and graphite, zircon, ilmenite, monazite, apatite, rutile and magnetite as accessory minerals are products of transformation of gneisses into coarse-grained charnockites along a system of conjugate fractures and foliation planes. (Saritha and Santosh, 1996).
Cordierite or Charnockite Gneiss
Cordierite bearing large linear zones of charnockites were reported around Pathanamthitta (Nageswara Rao and Jacob, 1967) area. Cordierite charnockites or orthopyroxene-garnet- cordierite bearing gneisses (Sinha Roy et al, 1984; Santosh, 1987) occur as discontinuous bodies in the northern parts of Thiruvananthapuram and in selected stretches further south around Koliakode. The rock is composed of cordierite, orthopyroxene, plagioclase, K-feldspar, spinel and quartz and a little garnet and biotite.
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The growth of cordierite and orthopyroxene took place concomitantly during the conversion of gneisses to charnockites. At Nellikala in Pathanamthitta, the cordierite occurs as anhedral grains of variable sizes in the charnockites (Nandakumar, 1996).
Younger granites
The granites and its variants occur around Chengannur in Alappuzha and Pathanamthitta districts, Munnar in Idukki District, Peralimala in Kannur district and Kalpetta and Ambalavayal in Wynad District. Many of these granites occur as later emplacements along crustal fractures and faults. The Achenkovil – Tamraparni tectonic zone, the Attapadi shear zone, Bavali shear zone and the Moyar shear zone are all marked by granitic emplacements
Ambalavayal granite
The Ambalavayal (1137‘15"; 76 03‘30") granite having an oval shape covers an area of 50 sq.km. The granite is light pink in color and is composed of quartz, pink feldspar, hornblende and biotite. The pegmatites traversing the granite show occasional flakes of molybdenite. The Amabalavayal granite occurring in the proximity of the Bavali lineament is thought to be emplaced during its reactivation. The granite is intrusive into the hornblende-biotite gneiss (migmatite) and the Wynad Supracrustals (Anilkumar et al, 1993). Four types of granites are recorded, viz.,foliated granite, pink granite, grey granite and aplitic granite.
The foliated granite consists of quartz, microcline, orthoclase, plagioclase, biotite, hornblende, chlorite, calcite and zircon .The pink granite is a medium-grained consisting of quartz, microcline, plagioclase, sericite, chlorite, apatite, rutile, zircon and biotite. The grey granite is a medium-to fine-grained rock consisting of quartz, microcline, sericite, biotite, chlorite and calcite. The aplitic granite is a very fine-grained massive rock consisting of quartz, microcline, orthoclase, plagioclase, sericite, biotite, calcite, chlorite, apatite and opaques.
K-Ar age of Ambalavayal granite (560+ 30 Ma, Nair, et al,1985) is lower than Rb-Sr age (595 + 20 m.a Santhosh et al, 1986), but is higher than that of U-Pb-age(505+20ma, Odom,1982). The reason for this variation in the date may be attributed to the different techniques adopted and also to the presence of biotite of multiple generation.
Munnar granite
The Munnar (1005'00";7705'00") granite with an areal extent of 50 sq km is an E-W trending irregular body emplaced within the migmatite and apophyses extend into the surrounding gneisses. The granite dated to be 740 30 m.y (Odom, 1982) is traversed by pegmatite, aplite
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and quartz veins. Three types of granite are recorded. Foliated granite, Coarse pink granite and medium grey granite.The foliated granite consists of stringers and streaks of mafics consisting of biotite, hornblende, chlorite and magnetite alternating with felsics consisting of quartz and potash feldspar. Potash feldspar is predominantly orthoclase. The closely spaced foliations are persistent but discontinuous.This granite forms a domal structure south of Munnar. It has a sharp contact with the migmatite. Coarse pink granite consists of pink feldspar, quartz and a little amount of mafics. Mafics are biotite, sphene and hornblende. Medium grained grey granite, consists of quartz, feldspar, biotite, chlorite, zircon, sphene, epidote, calcite and sericite.
Major element data of Munnar granites do not show any significant variation amongst the three granites. Content of iron is more in medium grey granite and foliated granite. Different variation diagrams reveal a slight tendency towards alkali granite. The foliated granite shows more percentage of orthoclase than the other two granites. (Nair and Anil Kumar, 1990)
Ezhimala granophyre – granite complex
A prominent granophyre body forms the hill known as Ezhimala, covering an area of 20 sq km in Kannur District. The granophyre is associated with gabbro and granite and is traversed by dolerite dykes. Two types of granophyres have been deciphered;coarse- grained leucocratic one and medium - grained one with more mafics. Drusy type, confined to higher elevation contain numerous vug lines with secondary minerals like quartz and calcite. Rocks of Ezhimala Complex display bimodal character with conspicuous basic and silicic components and total lack of rocks of intermediate composition typical of anorogenic suites (Nair and Vidyadharan, 1982). The granophyre is pink to ash grey coloured, massive, fine to coarse- grained, holocrystalline with equigranular texture. The granites are of two types. The major light pink granite with less of mafics show gradational relationships with the more greyish porphyritic variant ( Varadan and Venkataraman, 1976 ).
Granophyre shows a typical granophyric intergrowth of quartz and feldspar forming the ground mass with phenocrysts of potash feldspar and some zoned plagioclase. The groundmass is totally of orthoclase. Augite is the chief ferro-magnesium mineral. Accessories include apatite, sphene, epidote, calcite and magnetite. Texturally the rock shows variation from coarse- grained leucocratic types with less mafics in the southern portion of the hill and medium to coarse grained type towards northern parts.
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Minor outcrops of rapakivi granites are recorded within the granophyres of Ezhimala Complex. Anorthosites of Perinthatta and Kadannappally and granite, granophyre of Ezhimala together form the Ezhimala Complex. The light pink granite with less mafics is the major variety showing a gradational relationship with the more greyish porphyritic variety. The porphyritic variety, at places, shows rapakivi structure. The porphyritic granite shows mantled feldspar megacrysts. This variety grades into porphyritic granites without mantled feldspar and at higher levels grades into granophyre.The granite contains 60% of orthoclase feldspar, 5-10% of plagioclase, 20-25% of quartz with 4% of biotite, epidote, magnetite and fluorite. The low initial Sr 87/ Sr 86 ratio indicate that the rocks have a relatively minor amount of older sialic material . The Rb-Sr age of the granophyre is estimated to be 678 m.y (Nair and Vidyadharan, 1982). The Ezhimala Complex lies in close proximity to the Bavali lineament suggesting reactivation along the lineament and intrusion of the body.
Kalpatta granite
The Kalpatta ((1136'15";7605'15") granite is an oval- shaped intrusive into the Wynad schist and covers an area of 44 sq km (Rao and Varadan, 1967). The rock is grey coloured, medium- grained, homogenous biotite granite and has sharp contact with the country rock. A feeble foliation is imparted to the granite at places by biotite flakes. Xenoliths of amphibolite / hornblende gneiss are visible near the periphery. Irregular veins of pegmatite / aplite traverse the granite and also the enclaves. The K-Ar age of the biotite from the Kalpatta granite is dated as 512 30 m.a (Nair et al, 1985) and 527 m.a (GSI). Presence of enclaves and absence of significant replacement textures along with the geochemical characteristics assign a magmatic parentage for the granite. The proximity of the pluton to the Bavali lineament probably suggests intrusion along this fracture.
Three types of granites such as coarse grained biotite-granite, fine grained biotite granite, and porphyritic granite are mapped on the basis of texture, colour and mode of occurrence. Coarse- grained granite is a massive bluish grey rock with large xenoblasts of quartz and feldspars. The accessories include biotite, zircon, apatite and sphene. Blastesis of feldspar and sphene are common. Microcline, orthoclase, and plagioclase are seen as the major feldspar. Plagioclase composition varies from albite to oligoclase. This rock is exposed in Trikkaippetta (11035'04":76008"41":), Manikkunnu (11035"41":760 07'09"), Kuttamangalam (11030'08":76007'11":) (Anilkumar et al, 1993).
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Fine biotite-granite is a fine grained massive rock exposed around Muttilmala (76006'38":11037'06"). It consists of orthoclase, quartz, microcline, biotite, sericite, zircon, sphene, apatite and opaques. Myrmekitic quartz is recorded. Pophyritic granite consists of myrmekitic quartz, microcline, sericite and biotite. Very coarse grained biotite with included crystals of orthoclase, microcline and albite are common. Except for the texture, all the three granites show similar characters. ( Anilkumar, et al 1993). Based on Rb-Sr dating , Kalpatta granite is dated 765 Ma. (Odom 1982).
Chengannur granite
The Chengannur (918'45"; 7631'00") granite in Pathanamthitta District is an oval shaped body with the long axis trending in east-west direction covering an area of 15 sq.km in and around Chengannur. The granite is intrusive into the charnockite gneisses. The body is emplaced close to the Achankovil shear zone. K-Ar date of the hornblende indicates an age of 550 m.a (Soman et al, 1983). The Chengannur granite is inferred to be a post kinematic granite of magmatic parentage.
Two types of granites are recorded. One is medium-grained pink granite and the other is coarse-grained grey granite. The former consists of quartz, perthitic feldspar, plagioclase, biotite, hornblende, apatite and zircon. The composition of plagioclase varies from albite to oligoclase. Microcline perthite is also seen. The coarse grained grey granite consists of perthite, plagioclase, hornblende, biotite, quartz with occasional occurrence of hypersthene,apatite and zircon. Hornblende and biotite are less common by occurred minerals than hypersthene. Relicts of hypersthene are also seen. This granite may be a product of granitisation of charnockite. K2O content always exceeds that of Na2O . The high SiO2,high alkali, high Fe/Mg ratio, high values of Gallium indicate that the granite belongs to alkali type. It might have an origin from recycled and rehydrated continental crust. ( Nair and Anil Kumar,1990).
Peralimala granite
The Peralimala (11°09'19":75°38'46") alkali granite is a linear intrusive body emplaced along the axial trace of a mega fold in EW direction. Peralimala intrusive body occurs as a diatreme of alkali composition with a maximum linear extension of 15 km and a width of 3 km. Based on colour, texture, composition and mode of occurrence four types of granites are identified. These are pink gneissic granite, porphyritic granite, grey granite and pink granite. Pink alkali granite is a coarse-grained rock consisting of microcline, orthoclase, plagioclase, quartz,
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hornblende, epidote, aegirine, sphene, calcite, perthite and apatite. Quartz is present in only subordinate amounts. Feldspar content is very high. The preferred orientation of feldspar gives a crude alignment. At Perumpunna, (75°44'00":11°55'28") pink gneissic granite shows preferred orientation of biotite and pyroxene. The porphyritic granite occurs as a lensoidal body containing quartz, feldspar, pyroxene and hornblende. Feldspar forms the phenocrysts in a matrix of quartz-feldspar and mafics. Grey granite is a coarse- to medium- grained rock with microcline, quartz, orthoclase, perthite, hornblende and zoisite. Light grey granite is a medium- grained rock consisting of microcline, orthoclase, plagioclase (albite to oligoclase), epidote, aegirine, hornblende and rutile. The major element chemistry of the granite do not show much variation. The pink granite shows high content of potash. A negative correlation for K2O content with respect to SiO2 is very pronounced for pink granite owing to its alkaline nature. Barium and strontium show very high values for Peralimala granite. ( Anilkumar et al,1993).
Sholayur granite
The Sholayur (1104'15";7642'00") granite, is exposed around Kuttiyadikal Mala (11001'52":76042'00") and Vachchapathi (11004'15":76044'00"). It is a homophanous medium- grained, pink coloured granite, consisting of quartz, orthoclase, microcline, oligoclase, perthite, aegirine augite, biotite, hornblende and sphene. In some places, calcite, apatite, sericite are also observed. The schlierens mark the contact zone of the granites with the host rock. This granite is emplaced within the Wynad supracrustals. SiO2 varies from 58.76 to 73%, Al2O3 14% to
17%, Na2O 1.8% to 2.4% and K2O 0.8 to 1.5%. The distribution of SiO2 is highly non-uniform within the same type of granite. The pink granite is becoming alkali granite at places.(Anil Kumar and Nair,1992).
Intermediate intrusives
The syenite body at Mannapra (1030'00";7632'00") is exposed as an elongated NW-SE trending body covering an area of 8 sq km in Thrissur District. The syenite intrusive, makes sharp contact with the charnockite near the charnockite-migmatite contact. The rock is medium to coarse- grained at its peripheries and tends to be coarse-grained towards the centre. Mineralogically, the rock is composed of alkali feldspar, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene and amphibole with minor amounts of plagioclase, biotite and opaques. A small syenite (Angadimugar syenite) body is located in Kumbala village (1235'15"; 7607'00") and about 20 km east of Kumbla in Kasaragod District. The intrusive body has an elliptical outline and covers an area of 5 sq km. The body is intrusive into the Khondalite Group and encloses
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enclaves of amphibolite in the peripheral parts. The rock is medium to coarse grained, light grey and massive.
Mesozoic intrusives
Basic intrusives
Basic intrusives in Kerala, mainly represented by dyke swarms in NNW-SSE to NW-SE trend, cut across all the metamorphic rocks and the earlier structural trends. Their unmetamorphosed nature and stratigraphic relation with the country rocks prompted their correlation to the Deccan Trap volcanism.
The basic dykes have been emplaced into the migmatites and charnockite in NNW-SSE to NW- SE and ENE-WSW directions along distensional and shear fractures respectively. Dolerite dykes of Kerala are mostly quartz tholeiites rarely clinotholeiite. The basic dykes of Pathanamthitta (9015'45":76045'30") are genetically unrelated types. These dykes have not undergone any internal differentiation during intrusion.
The variation in the chemistry of individual dykes may be due to the cogenetic differential sequence. Dolerite dykes intrude the country rocks at an angle greater than 800. The dolerite dykes of Kuttuparamba (11049'30":75034'00") in Kannur District shows cross cutting relationship with all the formations. The basic dykes of Vamanapuram (8043'00":76054'00") are either gabbroic or doleritic intruding the gneissic rocks. These are trending NNE to SSW and NNW to SSE directions and are unmetamorphosed. Mineralogically all these dykes show more or less same composition except the meta-dolerites. Variation in the trace elements like Ti, Zr can be attributed to the differential degree of partial melting of the mantle material. (Nair and Gopala Rao, 1989).
The unmetamorphosed Idamalayar gabbroic dyke with a NNW-SSE trend is traced for over 80 km in the central part of Kerala. The rock is mesocratic, medium-grained, porphyritic and is composed of plagioclase (andesine to labradorite), hornblende and opaques. The reported age of 75 m.y for the Idamalayar dyke (Subramaniam, 1976) links it in time-relationship with Deccan Trap volcanism.
The NNW-SSE trending leucogabbro dykes in central Kerala dated by whole rock K-Ar method gave an age of 81 2 m.y and the NW-SE trending dolerite dyke 69 1 m.y. The
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dolerite dykes are thought to have represented the feeder system for Deccan Trap volcanic sequences (Radhakrishna et al, 1994).
Basic dykes of Pathanamthitta area yielded ages of 99 Ma to 117 Ma and there are dykes which have yielded ages 104 + 5 Ma, 127 + Ma and 476 + Ma. These wide variations may be due to a protracted history of emplacement and the effect of Eocambrian to palaeozoic tectonothermal events affecting this region ( Sinha Roy and Ramakrishnan, 1983.)
In Thiruvananthapuram District, Anakudi and Nedumannur dolerite dykes are dated by K-Ar method and the whole rock ages are 104 5 Ma and 127 2 Ma respectively (Sinha Roy and Ramakrishnan,1983).
Tertiary Sedimentary rocks
Mio-Pliocene sedimentary rocks are fairly widespread in the southern coastal belt, their remnants being noticeable in the central and northern coastal areas. These sedimentary rocks consist of a series of variegated clay and sandstones with lenticular seams of lignite, known as Warkalli Formation, underlain by more compact marly sands with shell fragments and thin horizons of limestone (Quilon Formation).
The Tertiary sediments have a gentle dip towards west. The Warkalli Formation extends in a narrow belt from Thiruvananthapuram (828'30": 7657'20") to Kasaragod (1230'00": 7459'00") between coastal and midland regions with intervening promontories of the crystalline rocks. The Quilon Formation is mainly seen at Paravur (0848'00": 7640'00") Padappakkara (0858'30": 7638'00") and some other places around Kollam and Alappuzha districts.
Quilon Formation
The Quilon Formation consisting of fossiliferous shell limestone alternating with thick beds of sandy clays and calcareous clays have been reported from Padappakkara (type locality),Nedumgolam, Edavai (845'20";7642'00") and Varkala (844'00": 7643'00") and Cherthala (941'00":7620'00") along the west coast of Kerala. The Quilon limestone contains numerous fossils of foraminifera, corals, echinoids and molluscs. The Lower Miocene age for lower stratigraphic horizons and the Upper Miocene age for the topmost beds of the Quilon Formation indicate the lower and upper age limits of these marine sediments. The
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predominance of black clays, sandstone, bluish grey brackish water shell limestone and nodular limestone clearly indicate deposition in a lagoonal condition .
Warkalli Formation
The Warkalli Formation of Mio-Pliocene age extends all along the Kerala coast.The type section of the Warkalli Formation described by King (1882) is from the sea cliff at Varkala. The exposed section at Varkala cliff is 28-30 m thick consisting of unconsolidated sands of variegated clays, white plastic clays, and carbonaceous sandy clays enclosing impersistent seams and lenses of lignite. The carbonaceous clays and lignite are often impregnated with nodules of marcasite.
Fairly thick beds of carbonaceous clays with lignite seams occur around Nadayara kayal, Tamarakulam (908': 7637'), Puliyur (918'00": 7635'00"), Payangadi (1200'20'': 7515'40"), Nileswaram (1215'00": 7507'00"), Kanhangad (1217'40': 7505'00") and in the cliff sections near Cheruvathur (1213'00": 7509'50").The most characteristic feature of the Warkalli Formation is the impersistent nature of the constituent beds, suggestive of shallow basin margin deposits.
Laterite
Kerala is the home of the laterite as it was first named by the Dutch traveller, Buchanan 1807. Laterite is widespread in its distribution in the midland region of Malappuram, Kannur and Kasaragod districts where it forms well-defined mesas. The Archaean crystalline rocks and the Tertiary sedimentary rocks are extensively lateritised. The laterite has wide areal distribution in the State and occurs at all levels upto 2000 m, height though mostly restricted to an altitude of 50-150 m above MSL. in the coastal and midland region. A few bauxitic patches also occur within the laterites. The thickness of laterite cappings varies from a few metres to 50 metre at places. At Chovvara (821'30"; 7701'30") in Thiruvananthapuram District and Chattannur (850'30"; 7646'30") and Kundara (857'00": 7640'30") in Kollam District, a zone of about 2 m thick bauxite is recognised at the contact between the crystallines and the overlying sedimentary rocks. The overlying sedimentary column is also blanketed by laterite of varying thickness. The bauxite at the base of the sedimentaries indicates an earlier pre-Warkalli spell of lateratisation. Further, the erosional features on the top part of the bauxite horizon corroborates the antiquity of the earlier spell of lateritisation (Mallikarjuna and Kapali, 1980).
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Generally, the laterite after the crystalline rocks is compact and the top crust moderately indurated. The dark brown crust passes downward to pink and buff coloured soft laterite. Quartz veins, joints and fractures can be traced from the top to the bottom of the laterite profile. The laterite profile over pyroxene granulites, meta-ultramafites and gneisses are characterised by relict foliation that conforms to those of the subjacent rocks which indicate the insitu nature of the laterite. Porous and spongy texture is discernible in laterites, after meta-ultramafites. Laterite after the Tertiary sedimentaries is well indurated at the top for about 2 to 5 m. Downwards, the profile grades into soft laterite with remnants of gritstone and culminates into a zone of variegated clay.
Quaternary sediments
Recent to sub-Recent sediments of coastal sands, sticky black clay with carbonized wood, silty alluvium and lagoonal deposits are observed mostly in the low-lying areas from Kollam (1127'00": 7540'30") to Ponnani and between Kannur (1151'30":7521'45") and Nileswaram (1215'30":75°08'16"). Alluvium is observed along the major river valleys. At places, along coastal tracts, there are raised sandy beaches composed of fine grained reddish sandy loam known as “terri" sands. Palaeo-beach ridges alternate with marshy lagoonal clay in the coastal area.
The sandy stretches are widest between Alappuzha (930': 7620') and Kottayam (935': 7631'), upto 25 km inland from the shoreline. The Quaternaries of the coastal plain have been classified into (i) the Guruvayur Formation representing the earlier strandline deposits with an elevation of 5-10 m; (ii)the Viyyam Formation of tidal plain deposits; (iii) Periyar Formation being mainly of fluvial deposits and (iv) the Kadappuram Formation representing the beach deposits (Krishnan Nair, 1989).
A pebble bed is traced in Valapattanam and Taliparamba river banks in Kannur district. It is exposed south of Valapattanam (1155‘30": 75 21‘30"), Kambil maloth (1158‘:75 24‘), Morazha (11 58'30": 7520'30") and Arathiparamba (1206'00": 7515‘30"). The size of the pebbles ranges in dimension from 4.5 cm x 3 cm to 7 cm x 3 cm with occasional cobbles of size 13 cm x 12 cm. The base of the pebble bed is generally 20 to 40 m above MSL and at places, the pebble bed directly rests over the basement rocks. The pebbles are mostly of quartz and rarely of granite and pyroxene granulite. The distribution of the pebble bed along the major river banks demonstrate it to be flood plain deposits, probably of early Quaternary period (Nair et al, 1976). In Malappuram and Kozhikode districts, the pebble bed is traced in the riverine
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terraces at Mavur (1117'45":7559'00" ), Cheruvannur (1112'8": 7549'35") and Chellepparambu (1114'30":7559'00"). In Thiruvananthapuram District, the Quaternary pebble bed occurs at an elevation of 45 to 50 m above MSL at Pothenkode (837'00": 7648'56"), Idaikode (840'11":7650'49"), Attingal (841'49": 7648'56") and Andoorkonam (836'00": 7652'30").
Submerged upright tree trunks have been reported from a number of places in the coastal area of Kottayam and Alappuzha districts, indicating neotectonic reactivation in the area. Carbon dating of a sample from the submerged forest at Iravimangalam indicate an age of 7050 130 B.P (Pawar et al, 1983).
Structure
The structural grain of the southern Peninsula is controlled mainly by the NNW-SSE trending near longitudinal Dharwarian trend which had folded all earlier structures. Since Kerala State falls in the western limb of the mega-structure almost all the rock distribution is aligned in NW-SE direction. However, detailed structural studies carried out in selected parts of the
Kerala (Nair and Nair, 2001) had shown that (a) the earliest folds (F1) which are represented both on mesoscopic and megascopic scale are tight appressed folds of asymmetrical nature which had given rise to axial plane foliations with characteristic platy mineral alignments (b) the F2 folds on these foliations (post-folial) are open symmetrical and have developed mainly on megascopic scale and control the disposition of the major lithologies. (c) Subsequent folds
(F3) which deform F1 and F2 axial plane traces are broad folds on mega-scale identified with the longitudinal Dharwarian trends and (d) a broad swerve on these Dharwarian trends in ENE- WSW is also decipherable (Fig.2).
Detailed analysis of the remote sensing data had revealed the presence of a number of significant lineament patterns in WNW-ESE, NW-SE, NNW-SSE, NNE-SSW and ENE-WSW directions (Nair, 1990). Mega and intermediate lineaments in WNW-ESE were originally crustal fractures and shears which got sealed or obliterated by a number of igneous emplacements of alkali granite, syenite, gabbro, anorthosite, granophyre etc. The emplacements along the Bavali lineament and those along the Achenkovil lineament both of which trending in this direction had given ages ranging from 500 – 678 Ma. Hence they are iden tified to be the oldest lineament. The Bavali lineament forms the western termination of the Moyar shear. The NW-SE trending lineaments constitute mega lineaments and coincide with the basic dykes occurring throughout the length and breadth of the state. These dykes have
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given ages ranging from 61 to 144 Ma. The NNW-SSE trending lineaments are generally intermediate lineaments and are attributed to fractures, faults and major joint patterns in the area. It is recognized that the NNW-SSE trending lineaments define a weak zone along which the west coast evolved by faulting. The eastern limit of the Tertiary basin is found restricted along this lineament direction. These lineaments occurring along the west coast are be active as suggested by the progradation of the coast west of these lineaments (Nair, 1987). The lineaments in NNE-SSW are prominent and are identified with major fractures and this together with those in NNW-SSE are taken to constitute a conjugate system of faults in a N-S compressive regime due to the collision of the Indian plate. The ENE-WSW trending lineaments are intermediate lineaments and are well- developed in the northern parts of the Kerala . Since these lineaments truncate other lineaments as evidenced especially in the coastal stretches it is considered the youngest. Many a recent tremors reported are aligned in this direction and hence considered neotectonically active.
Metamorphism
The Precambrian crystalline rocks of Kerala are chiefly metapelites, charnockites with associated gneisses and granulites, schistose rocks with distinct metapelitic and metamafic / ultramafic affinity and granitic derivatives which include the Peninsular gneisses and migmatites. Except the Wynad schists and the Vengad group, the bulk of the crystalline rocks show granulite to upper amphibolite facies of metamorphism. Wynad schist displays a prograde amphibolite facies metamorphism and the retrogression of these rocks leads to lower amphibolite facies metamorphism. The vast charnockite belt occurring on either side of the Wynad schist belt, in north Kerala, shows petrographic evidences of prograde and retrograde reactions (Nambiar, 1996). The rocks of the Vengad Group show greenschist to lower amphibolite facies of prograde metamorphism. The older intrusive bodies show effects of incipient metamorphism, marked by clouding of feldspar and bending of twin lamellae.
Recent investigations on the pressure – temperature range for the formation of characteristic mineral suits within the metamorphic rocks provide a fair idea on the poly-metamorphic history of the rock suits. Rocks of the Khondalite belt of south Kerala indicate a temperature range of 650 to 850C and pressures 5 to 6 kb (Srikantappa et al, 1985). In the Thiruvanathapuram area, the temperature at the peak of metamorphism indicated by the mineral assemblages of the calc- silicate rocks is about 830ºC at 5 K bar considering the vapour absent garnet forming equilibria (Satish Kumar and Santosh, 1996). The scapolite equilibria indicates a peak metamorphic temperature of above 800ºC. Stable isotopes in the marble bands suggest that there was no
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pervasive infiltration of external fluids. Local infiltration of external carbonic fluid took place during decomposition. Synthesis of such data from different lineament/shear bound segments in Kerala indicate varying metamorphic conditions and uplift history. It is also summerised that there is a progressive decline in the uplift of different segments from north to south (Soman, 1997).
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