Leaf Level VOC Emissions of Single Plants from Amazonian and Mediterranean Ecosystems; Ontogeny and Flooding As Stress Factor for VOC Emissions

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Leaf Level VOC Emissions of Single Plants from Amazonian and Mediterranean Ecosystems; Ontogeny and Flooding As Stress Factor for VOC Emissions Leaf level VOC emissions of single plants from Amazonian and Mediterranean ecosystems; Ontogeny and flooding as stress factor for VOC emissions Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades Doktor der Naturwissenschaften am Fachbereich Biologíe der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität in Mainz vorgelegt von Araceli Bracho Núñez geboren am 26. April 1977 in Sevilla (Spanien) Mainz, 2010 Dekan: 1. Berichtstatter: 2. Berichtstatter: Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 29.10.2010 2 DANKSAGUNG Meinem wissenschaftlichen Betreuer möchte ich für die freundliche Überlassung des Themas und für den vielseitigen fachlichen Rat danken. Ich bedanke mich bei allen Kollegen meiner Arbeitsgruppe für die intensive Betreuung, mit denen ich tagelange Messungen teilen durfte und die mich stets unterstützten und ermunterten. Dr. K. verdanke ich jede erdenkliche Fürsprache, hilfreiche Unterstützung und anregende Gespräche. T. C. und V. S. möchte ich meinen besonderen Dank aussprechen, weil sie mich in jeder Phase der Arbeit sachkundig begleiteten. Ich danke auch G. S. für seine Mitarbeit. Ich möchte auch nicht den einfühlsamen und innovativen Gedankenaustausch mit Herrn Dr. S. missen. Ich danke ihm, weil er mir die Möglichkeit geboten hat, mich in eine innovative und moderne Thematik einzuarbeiten. Danke an Herrn Dr. W. und and Herrn Prof. Dr. W. für die Betreuung der Arbeit. Ich bedanke mich für die Zusammenarbeit bei den Kollegen des Botanischen Gartens der Universität Kiel in Deutschland, des Projektes INPA/Max-Planck in Manaus, Brasilien und des Institutes CEFE-CNRS in Montpellier, Frankreich. Speziell möchte ich mich für die Unterstützung von W. A., C., Prof. Dr. P., B., F. W., J. S., bedanken. Ich danke auch dem Zeichenbüro, in Person speziell Frau F., und den Technikern der Institutswerkstatt, die bei jedem Problem immer bereit waren, zu helfen. Nicht unerwähnt möchte ich jene lassen, die mir zur praktischen Umsetzung und Fertigstellung der Arbeit verhalfen. Ihnen allen, speziell H. D., V. S., T. C. und K., gilt mein herzlicher Dank. Ich bedanke mich ganz herzlich bei meinem lieben Lebenspartner und Freund, der es ermöglicht hat, diese Arbeit zu Ende zu bringen. Gracias mi vida, este trabajo también es parte de tí. Te lo dedico con mucho cariño. Vielen Dank an alle meine Freunde, in Deutschland; in Spanien; in Brasilien, in Frankreich, die mir immer wieder zugehört haben und bei mir standen. Thank you very much! Vielen Dank! Muchisimas Gracias! Muito Obrigada! Merci beaucoup! Ich will nicht meine Brüder und Schwestern vergessen, die mir immer sehr nah beistanden. Ich widme diese Arbeit meinen Eltern. Ich bedanke mich bei ihnen, wegen ihrer Hilfe in jeglicher Hinsicht. Gracias por haberme apoyado en todo momento y haber estado a mi lado. Sin vosotros nada de esto habria sido posible. 3 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Die Vegetation ist die wichtigste Quelle von organischen flüchtigen Verbindungen (auf Englisch volatile organic compounds,VOCs), die einen bemerkenswerten Einfluss auf der Chemie und Physik der Atmosphäre haben. VOCs beeinflussen die oxidative Kapazität der Atmosphäre und tragen zu der Bildung und zum Wachstum von sekundären organischen Aerosolen bei, welche einerseits eine Streuung und Reflektierung der Energie verursachen und andererseits sich an der Bildung und Entwicklung von Wolken beteiligen. Ziel dieser Arbeit war die Beschreibung und der Vergleich von VOC Emissionen aus Pflanzen aus zwei verschiedenen Ökosystemen: Mediterranes Ökosystem und Tropisches Ökosystem. Für diese Aufgabe wurden gewöhnliche Pflanzen von beiden Ökosystemen untersucht. Siebzehn Pflanzenspezies aus der Mittelmeergebiet, welches bekannt ist für seine Vielfalt an VOC emittierenden Pflanzen, wurden in die Untersuchungen einbezogen. Im Gegensatz zum mediterranen Ökosystem sind nur wenig Information verfügbar über VOC Emissionen aus Blättern tropischer Baumspezies. Vor diesem Hintergrund wurden sechsundzwanzig Baumspezies aus verschiedenen Ökotypen des Amazonasbeckens (Terra firme, Várzea und Igapó) wurden auf VOC Emissionen auf Blattebene mit einem Küvetten-System untersucht. Analysen von flüchtigen organischen Verbindungen wurden online mit PTR-MS und offline mittels Sammlung auf entsprechenden Adsorbern (Kartuschen) und nachfolgender GC-FID Analyse untersucht. Die höchsten Emissionen wurden für Isoprene beobachtete, gefolgt durch Monoterpene, Methanol und Aceton. Die meisten Mittelmeer Spezies emittierten eine hohe Vielfalt an Monoterpenspezies, hingegen zeigten nur fünf tropische Pflanzenspezies eine Monoterpene mit einen sehr konservativen Emissionsprofil (α-Pinen>Limonen>Sabinen >ß- Pinen). Mittelmeerpflanzen zeigten zusätzlich Emissionen von Sesquiterpenen, während bei der Pflanzen des Amazonas Beckens keine Sesquiterpenemissionen gefunden wurden. Dieser letzte Befund könnte aber auch durch eine niedrigere Sensitivität des Messsystems während der Arbeiten im Amazonasgebiet erklärt werden. Zusätzlich zu den Isoprenoidemissionen waren Methanolemissionen als Indikator für Wachtumsvorgänge sehr verbreitet in den meisten Pflanzenspezies aus tropischen und mediterranen Gebieten. Einige Pflanzenspezies beider Ökosystemen zeigten Acetonemissionen. VOC Emissionen werde durch eine große Vielfalt an biotischen und abiotischen Faktoren wie Lichtintensität, Temperatur, CO 2 und Trockenheit beeinflusst. Ein anderer, öfter übersehener Faktor, der aber sehr wichtig ist für das Amazonas Becken, ist die regelmäßige Überflutung. In dieser Untersuchung wir fanden heraus, dass am Anfang einer Wurzelanoxie, die durch die Überflutung verursacht wurde, Ethanol und Acetaldehyd emittiert werden können, vor allem in Pflanzenspezies, die schlechter an eine unzureichende Sauerstoffversorgung bei Flutung adaptiert sind, wie z.B. Vatairea guianensis . Die Spezies Hevea spruceana , welche besser an Überflutung adaptiert ist, könnte möglicherweise der gebildete Ethanol sofort remetabolisieren ohne es zu emittieren. Nach einer langen Periode einer Überflutung konnte allerdings keine Emission mehr beobachtet werden, was auf eine vollständige Adaptation mit zunehmender Dauer schließen lässt. Als Reaktion auf den ausgelösten Stress können Isoprenoidemissionen ebenfalls kurzfristig nach einigen Tage an Überflutung zunehmen, fallen dann aber dann nach einer langen Periode zusammen mit der Photosynthese, Transpiration und stomatäre Leitfähigkeit deutlich ab. Pflanzen Ontogenese ist anscheinend von Bedeutung für die Qualität und Quantität von VOC Emissionen. Aus diesem Grund wurden junge und erwachsene Blätter einiger gut charakterisierten Pflanzen Spezies aus dem Mittelmeerraum auf VOC Emissionen untersucht. Standard Emissionsfaktoren von Isopren waren niedriger in jungen Blättern als in erwachsene 4 Blätter. Hingegen wurden höhere Monoterpen- und Sesquiterpenemissionen in jungen Blätter einiger Pflanzenspezies gefunden. Dieser Befund deutet auf eine potentielle Rolle dieser VOCs als Abwehrkomponenten gegen Pflanzenfresser oder Pathogene bei jungen Blätter hin. In einigen Fällen variierte auch die Zusammensetzung der Monoterpen- und Sesquiterpenspezies bei jungen und erwachsenen Blättern. Methanolemissionen waren, wie erwartet, höher in jungen Blättern als in ausgewachsenen Blättern, was mit der Demethylierung von Pectin bei der Zellwandreifung erklärt werden kann. Diese Befunde zu Änderungen der Emissionskapazität der Vegetation können für zukünftige Modellierungen herangezogen werden. 5 ABSTRACT Terrestrial vegetation is the most important source of atmospheric volatile organic compounds (VOC) with significant influence on the chemistry and physics of the atmosphere. VOC influence the oxidative capacity of the atmosphere and contribute to the formation and growth of secondary organic aerosols affecting scatter and reflectance of energy as well as cloud development and precipitation. The aim of this work was to achieve a description and comparison of VOC emission from tropical and Mediterranean vegetation. For this task common plant species of both ecosystems were investigated. Sixteen plant species from the Mediterranean area, which is known for its special diversity in VOC emitting plant species, were chosen. In contrast, little information is currently available regarding emissions of VOCs from tropical tree species at leaf level; twenty-six tree species from different environments of the Amazon basin, i.e.Terra firme, Várzea and Igapó, were screened for VOCs emission at leaf level with a branch enclosure system. Analysis of volatile organics was performed online by PTR-MS and offline by collection on adsorbent tubes and subsequent GC-FID analysis. Isoprene was quantitatively the most dominant emitted compound followed by monoterpenes, methanol and acetone. Most of the Mediterranean species emitted a variety of monoterpenes whereas only five tropical species were monoterpene emitters conserving a quite conservative emission pattern ( α-pinene>limonene>sabinene >ß-pinene). Mediterranean plants showed additionally emissions of sesquiterpenes, whereas in the Amazon region no sesquiterpenes were detected probably due to lack of sensitivity of the measuring systems. On the other hand, methanol emissions were common in most of the tropical and Mediterranean species as an indicator of growth, and a few species from both ecosystems showed acetone emissions. A variety of biotic and abiotic factors affect VOC emissions, such as light intensity, temperature, CO 2 and drought. Another, usually overlooked stress factor, and very important for the Amazon region, is flooding. In this study we found out that at the beginning of
Recommended publications
  • Redalyc.Antioxidant Capacity and Total Phenol Content of Hyptis Spp., P
    Revista Colombiana de Química ISSN: 0120-2804 [email protected] Universidad Nacional de Colombia Colombia Tafurt-García, Geovanna; Jiménez-Vidal, Luisa F.; Calvo-Salamanca, Ana M. Antioxidant capacity and total phenol content of Hyptis spp., P. heptaphyllum, T. panamensis, T. rhoifolia and Ocotea sp. Revista Colombiana de Química, vol. 44, núm. 2, 2015, pp. 28-33 Universidad Nacional de Colombia Bogotá, Colombia Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=309044127005 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Geovanna Tafurt-García1,*, Luisa F. Jiménez-Vidal1, Ana M. Calvo-Salamanca1 1.Orinoquía´s Science Research Group, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, sede Orinoquia, km 9, to Caño Limón, Arauca, Colombia. *Corresponding author: [email protected]. Recibido: 19 de junio de 2015 Aceptado: 10 de julio de 2015 Antioxidant capacity Capacidad antioxidante Capacidade antioxidante and total phenol y contenido de fenoles e conteúdo de fenóis content of Hyptis spp., totales de Hyptis spp., totais de Hyptis spp., P. heptaphyllum, T. P. Heptaphyllum, T. P. Heptaphyllum, T. panamensis, T. rhoifolia Panamensis, T. Rhoifolia, y Panamensis, T. Rhoifolia, e and Ocotea sp. Ocotea sp. Ocotea sp. Química Aplicada y Analítica Abstract Resumen Resumo In this work, the possible correlation En este trabajo se evaluó la posible Neste trabalho foi avaliada a possível between the antioxidant activities and correlación entre las actividades correlação entre as atividades antioxidantes, the Total Phenolic Content (TPC) and antioxidantes, el contenido de fenoles o conteúdo de fenóis totais e a composição chemical composition of Lamiaceae (H.
    [Show full text]
  • Leaf Level Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC)
    EGU Journal Logos (RGB) Open Access Open Access Open Access Advances in Annales Nonlinear Processes Geosciences Geophysicae in Geophysics Open Access Open Access Natural Hazards Natural Hazards and Earth System and Earth System Sciences Sciences Discussions Open Access Open Access Atmospheric Atmospheric Chemistry Chemistry and Physics and Physics Discussions Open Access Open Access Atmospheric Atmospheric Measurement Measurement Techniques Techniques Discussions Open Access Biogeosciences, 10, 5855–5873, 2013 Open Access www.biogeosciences.net/10/5855/2013/ Biogeosciences doi:10.5194/bg-10-5855-2013 Biogeosciences Discussions © Author(s) 2013. CC Attribution 3.0 License. Open Access Open Access Climate Climate of the Past of the Past Discussions Leaf level emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOC) from Open Access Open Access some Amazonian and Mediterranean plants Earth System Earth System Dynamics 1,2 1 1,2 2 3 Dynamics4 3 A. Bracho-Nunez , N. M. Knothe, , S. Welter , M. Staudt , W. R. Costa , M. A. R. Liberato , M. T. F. Piedade , and Discussions J. Kesselmeier1 1Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128 Mainz, Germany Open Access Open Access 2Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, UMR5175, 54293 Montpellier, France Geoscientific Geoscientific 3Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia,ˆ Av. Andre´ Araujo,´ 2936 Manaus, Brazil Instrumentation Instrumentation 4Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Av. Djalma Batista, Chapada, 69050-010 Manaus, AM,Methods Brazil and Methods and Correspondence to: ([email protected]) Data Systems Data Systems Discussions Open Access Received: 17 August 2012 – Published in Biogeosciences Discuss.: 1 November 2012 Open Access Geoscientific Revised: 21 July 2013 – Accepted: 26 July 2013 – Published: 6 September 2013 Geoscientific Model Development Model Development Discussions Abstract.
    [Show full text]
  • Variation in Susceptibility to Phyllosticta Capitalensis-Associated Leaf Disease Among Inter-Specific Hybrids, Half-Sibs And
    Plant Pathology & Quarantine 10(1): 100–110 (2020) ISSN 2229-2217 www.ppqjournal.org Article Doi 10.5943/ppq/10/1/12 Variation in susceptibility to Phyllosticta capitalensis-associated leaf disease among inter-specific hybrids, half-sibs and high-yielding clones of Para rubber tree (Hevea) Narayanan C* and Reju MJ Botany Division, Rubber Research Institute of India, Kottayam 686 009, Kerala, India Narayanan C, Reju MJ 2020 – Variation in susceptibility to Phyllosticta capitalensis-associated leaf disease among inter-specific hybrids, half-sibs and high-yielding clones of Para rubber tree (Hevea). Plant Pathology & Quarantine 10(1), 100–110, Doi 10.5943/ppq/10/1/12 Abstract High susceptibility of many commercial clones of Para rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) makes disease management very difficult warranting development and use of disease tolerant clones. Hence, hybridization was carried out using high-yielding and susceptible clones of H. brasiliensis viz. RRII 105, RRII 414 and RRII 430 and two disease tolerant species viz. H. spruceana and H. camargoana and two wild Rondônia germplasm accessions viz. RO 380 and RO 2871. The progenies from the breeding are under various stages of evaluation for their growth and rubber yield. During the course of evaluation, it was observed that many progenies were affected by a serious leaf disease in the form of spots which affected only mature leaves. In all leaf samples examined, conidiomata and ascomata were observed from the initial stages of leaf spot symptoms. Based on characteristic morphology of conidiomata and ascomata, the fungus which was consistently detected in the spots was identified as Phyllosticta capitalensis.
    [Show full text]
  • Field Guide to the Culture of Tambaqui (Colossoma Macropomum, Cuvier, 1816) Field Guide to the Culture of Tambaqui ( Colossoma Macropomum , Cuvier, 1816)
    ISSN 2070-7010 FAO 624 FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE TECHNICAL PAPER 624 Field guide to the culture of tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum, Cuvier, 1816) Field guide to the culture of tambaqui ( Following a short introduction to the species and its closest commercially viable related species, namely pirapatinga (Piaractus brachypomus) and pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus), this field guide provides practical information on the culture and reproduction of tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum). Colossoma macropomum As a field guide it aims to support the understanding and dissemination of applicable technologies for the culture and reproduction of tambaqui, i.e. what should be done – as well as when and how it should be done – in order to achieve success in the artificial propagation as well as the fingerling and table fish production stages. The concise technical descriptions in this guide are accompanied by self-explanatory illustrations and a reader-friendly glossary of technical terms, which is important for tambaqui aquaculture farmers. , Cuvier, 1816) ISBN 978-92-5-131242-1 ISSN 2070-7010 978 9251 312421 FAO CA2955EN/1/01.19 Cover photographs: ©FAO/András Woynárovich. Illustrations and photos in this Technical Paper are courtesy of András Woynárovich. Images and photos courtesy of other authors are indicated separately. FAO FISHERIES AND Field guide AQUACULTURE TECHNICAL to the culture of tambaqui PAPER (Colossoma macropomum, 624 Cuvier, 1816) by András Woynárovich FAO Consultant Budapest, Hungary and Raymon Van Anrooy Fishery Industry Officer Fisheries and Aquaculture Department Rome, Italy FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 2019 Required citation Woynárovich, A. and Van Anrooy, R. 2019. Field guide to the culture of tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum, Cuvier, 1816).
    [Show full text]
  • Exigências Nutricionais Do Tambaqui – Compilação De Trabalhos, Formulação De Ração Adequada E Desafios Futuros
    ISSN 1517-3135 Novembro, 2011 91 Revisão de Literatura: Exigências Nutricionais do Tambaqui – Compilação de Trabalhos, Formulação de Ração Adequada e Desafios Futuros ISSN 1517-3135 Novembro, 2011 Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária Embrapa Amazônia Ocidental Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento Documentos 91 Revisão de Literatura: Exigências Nutricionais do Tambaqui – Compilação de Trabalhos, Formulação de Ração Adequada e Desafios Futuros Jony Koji Dairiki Thyssia Bomfim Araújo da Silva Embrapa Amazônia Ocidental Manaus, AM 2011 Exemplares desta publicação podem ser adquiridos na: Embrapa Amazônia Ocidental Rodovia AM 010, Km 29, Estrada Manaus/Itacoatiara Caixa Postal 319 Fone: (92) 3303-7800 Fax: (92) 3303-7820 www.cpaa.embrapa.br Comitê de Publicações da Unidade Presidente: Celso Paulo de Azevedo Secretária: Gleise Maria Teles de Oliveira Membros: Edsandra Campos Chagas Jeferson Luis Vasconcelos de Macêdo José Clério Resende Pereira Kátia Emídio da Silva Lucinda Carneiro Garcia Maria Augusta Abtibol Brito Maria Perpétua Beleza Pereira Paulo César Teixeira Rogério Perin Ronaldo Ribeiro de Morais Sara de Almeida Rios Revisor de texto: Maria Perpétua Beleza Pereira Normalização bibliográfica: Maria Augusta Abtibol Brito Diagramação: Gleise Maria Teles de Oliveira Capa: Gleise Maria Teles de Oliveira Fotos da capa: Neuza Campelo e Rodrigo Roubach 1ª edição 1ª impressão (2011): 300 Todos os direitos reservados. A reprodução não autorizada desta publicação, no todo ou em parte, constitui violação dos direitos autorais (Lei nº 9.610). CIP-Brasil. Catalogação-na-publicação. Embrapa Amazônia Ocidental. Dairiki, Jony Koji. Revisão de literatura: exigências nutricionais do tambaqui – compilação de trabalhos, formulação de ração adequada e desafios futuros. / Jony Koji Dairiki e Thyssia Bomfim Araújo da Silva.
    [Show full text]
  • C3 Primitive Angiosperms
    Magnoliids & other Primitive Angiosperms Revised 5th of May 2015 Angiosperm, pl angiosperms; Angiospermae n (Greek anggeion (angeion), vessel, small container, & Greek σπέρµα, sperma, seed) A major division of the plant kingdom, commonly called flowering plants as their reproductive organs are in flowers, having seeds which develop in a closed ovary made of carpels, a very reduced gametophyte, & endosperm develop from a triple fusion nucleus; flowering plant producing seeds enclosed in a structure derived from the ovary; flowering plant, plants with ovules enclosed in ovary. A division of the seed plants (spermatophytes) that bear ovules & seeds in closed megaspores (carpels) in contrast to gymnosperms, which have exposed ovules & seeds, born “naked” on the megasporophylls. Angiosperms are distinguished by a unique process of sexual reproduction called “double fertilization”. According to the number of leaves (cotyledons) present in the embryo, two major groups are distinguished, the Monocotyledons & the Dicotyledons. Angiosperms are commonly referred to as “flowering plants: even though the reproductive organs of some gymnosperms are also borne in structures that fulfill the definition of a flower. Cf gymnosperm. Angiosperms have traditionally been split into monocotyledons & dicotyledons, or plants with one or two seed leaves respectively. One group of plants that have two seeds leaves was problematic, as it also had primitive flowers & some traits in common with monocots. This group is the Magnoliids, or primitive angiosperms. The remainder of the dicots are called Eudicots, the prefix eu-, from Greek ἐὐς, eus, good, meaning the good dicots. Magnoliids (Eumagnoliids?) About 8,500 (5,000-9,000) spp in 20 angiosperm families, of large trees, shrubs, vines, lianas, & herbs that are neither eudicotyledons nor monocotyledons, distributed in tropical & temperate areas.
    [Show full text]
  • Chemical Diversity and Biological Activities of Essential Oils from Licaria, Nectrandra and Ocotea Species (Lauraceae) with Occurrence in Brazilian Biomes
    biomolecules Review Chemical Diversity and Biological Activities of Essential Oils from Licaria, Nectrandra and Ocotea Species (Lauraceae) with Occurrence in Brazilian Biomes Júlia Karla A. M. Xavier 1 , Nayara Sabrina F. Alves 2, William N. Setzer 3,4 and Joyce Kelly R. da Silva 1,2,* 1 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-900, Brazil; [email protected] 2 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-900, Brazil; [email protected] 3 Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA; [email protected] 4 Aromatic Plant Research Center, 230 N 1200 E, Suite 102, Lehi, UT 84043, USA * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +55-91-3201-7297 Received: 26 April 2020; Accepted: 28 May 2020; Published: 5 June 2020 Abstract: Lauraceae species are known as excellent essential oil (EO) producers, and their taxa are distributed throughout the territory of Brazil. This study presents a systematic review of chemical composition, seasonal studies, occurrence of chemical profiles, and biological activities to EOs of species of Licaria, Nectandra, and Ocotea genera collected in different Brazilian biomes. Based on our survey, 39 species were studied, with a total of 86 oils extracted from seeds, leaves, stem barks, and twigs. The most representative geographic area in specimens was the Atlantic Forest (14 spp., 30 samples) followed by the Amazon (13 spp., 30 samples), Cerrado (6 spp., 14 samples), Pampa (4 spp., 10 samples), and Caatinga (2 spp., 2 samples) forests.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogenomics of Piranhas and Pacus (Serrasalmidae) Uncovers How Convergent Diets Obfuscate 2 Traditional Morphological Taxonomy
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.02.973503; this version posted March 4, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 1 Phylogenomics of piranhas and pacus (Serrasalmidae) uncovers how convergent diets obfuscate 2 traditional morphological taxonomy. 3 4 Kolmann, M.A.1,2, Hughes, L.C. 1,3, Hernandez, L.P. 1, Arcila, D. 4,5, Betancur, R. 4,5, Sabaj, M.H. 6, 5 López-Fernández, H. 7, & Ortí, G. 1,3 6 7 Affiliations: 8 1George Washington University, 2029 G St. NW, Washington, DC 20052 9 2Royal Ontario Museum, 100 Queens Park, Toronto, ON M5S 2C6 10 3Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, 10th St. & Constitution Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20560 11 4Sam Noble Museum, 2401 Chautauqua Ave, Norman, OK 73072 12 5University of Oklahoma, 660 Parrington Oval, Norman, OK 73019 13 6Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University, 1900 Benjamin Franklin Pkwy, Philadelphia, PA 19103 14 7University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, 3600 Varsity Dr, Ann Arbor, MI 48108 15 16 ABSTRACT 17 The Amazon and neighboring South American river basins harbor the world’s most diverse 18 assemblages of freshwater fishes. One of the most prominent South American fish families are the 19 Serrasalmidae (pacus and piranhas), found in nearly every continental basin. Serrasalmids are keystone 20 ecological taxa, being some of the top riverine predators as well as the primary seed dispersers in the 21 flooded forest. Despite their widespread occurrence and notable ecologies, serrasalmid evolutionary 22 history and systematics are controversial.
    [Show full text]
  • Seeds and Plants Imported
    IawdJnly 30,1122. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. BUREAU OF PLANT*- INVENT( SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED BY THE OFFICE OF FOREIGN SEED AND PLANT INTRODUCTION DURING THE PERIOD FROM APRIL 1 TO JUNE 30, 1919. (No. 59; Noa. 47349 TO 47864.) WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1022. Issued July 20, 1922. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. INVENTORY OF SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED BY THE OFFICE OF FOREIGN SEED AND PLANT INTRODUCTION DURING THE PERIOD FROM APRIL 1 To JUNE 30, 1919. (No. 59; Nos. 47349 TO 478*34.) WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. vyi-2. CONTENTS Page. Introductory statement 5 Inventory 9 Index of common and scientific names 71 ILLUSTRATIONS. Page. PLATE I. A clump of Guatemala grass at Miami, Fla. (Tripsacum laxum Nash., S. P. I. No. 47390) 16 II. A dish of the acorn. (Dloacorca latifolia Benth., S. P. I. No. 47564) 16 III. The queen of magnolias as it grows at Darjiling, India. (Mag- nolia campbellii Hook. f. and Thorns., S. P. I. No. 47714) 50 IV. A single flower of Campbell's magnolia, much reduced. (Mag- nolia campbellii Hook. f. and Thorns., S. P. I. No. 47714) 50 3 INVENTORY OF SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED BY THE OFFICE OF FOREIGN SEED AND PLANT INTRO- DUCTION DURING THE PERIOD FROM APRIL 1 TO JUNE ;H), 1919 (NO. 59; NOS. 47:549 TO 41864). INTRODTJCTOBY STATEMENT. The peculiar character of these inventories can not be emphasized too often. The}7 are not catalogues of plants now growing in ar- boreta or botanical gardens. They do not represent a reservoir of living plant material kept in stock for the experimenters of the country, for it would be quite impossible to maintain such a thing except at tremendous expense.
    [Show full text]
  • Plano De Manejo Do Parque Nacional Do Viruâ
    PLANO DE MANEJO DO PARQUE NACIONAL DO VIRU Boa Vista - RR Abril - 2014 PRESIDENTE DA REPÚBLICA Dilma Rousseff MINISTÉRIO DO MEIO AMBIENTE Izabella Teixeira - Ministra INSTITUTO CHICO MENDES DE CONSERVAÇÃO DA BIODIVERSIDADE - ICMBio Roberto Ricardo Vizentin - Presidente DIRETORIA DE CRIAÇÃO E MANEJO DE UNIDADES DE CONSERVAÇÃO - DIMAN Giovanna Palazzi - Diretora COORDENAÇÃO DE ELABORAÇÃO E REVISÃO DE PLANOS DE MANEJO Alexandre Lantelme Kirovsky CHEFE DO PARQUE NACIONAL DO VIRUÁ Antonio Lisboa ICMBIO 2014 PARQUE NACIONAL DO VIRU PLANO DE MANEJO CRÉDITOS TÉCNICOS E INSTITUCIONAIS INSTITUTO CHICO MENDES DE CONSERVAÇÃO DA BIODIVERSIDADE - ICMBio Diretoria de Criação e Manejo de Unidades de Conservação - DIMAN Giovanna Palazzi - Diretora EQUIPE TÉCNICA DO PLANO DE MANEJO DO PARQUE NACIONAL DO VIRUÁ Coordenaço Antonio Lisboa - Chefe do PN Viruá/ ICMBio - Msc. Geógrafo Beatriz de Aquino Ribeiro Lisboa - PN Viruá/ ICMBio - Bióloga Superviso Lílian Hangae - DIREP/ ICMBio - Geógrafa Luciana Costa Mota - Bióloga E uipe de Planejamento Antonio Lisboa - PN Viruá/ ICMBio - Msc. Geógrafo Beatriz de Aquino Ribeiro Lisboa - PN Viruá/ ICMBio - Bióloga Hudson Coimbra Felix - PN Viruá/ ICMBio - Gestor ambiental Renata Bocorny de Azevedo - PN Viruá/ ICMBio - Msc. Bióloga Thiago Orsi Laranjeiras - PN Viruá/ ICMBio - Msc. Biólogo Lílian Hangae - Supervisora - COMAN/ ICMBio - Geógrafa Ernesto Viveiros de Castro - CGEUP/ ICMBio - Msc. Biólogo Carlos Ernesto G. R. Schaefer - Consultor - PhD. Eng. Agrônomo Bruno Araújo Furtado de Mendonça - Colaborador/UFV - Dsc. Eng. Florestal Consultores e Colaboradores em reas Tem'ticas Hidrologia, Clima Carlos Ernesto G. R. Schaefer - PhD. Engenheiro Agrônomo (Consultor); Bruno Araújo Furtado de Mendonça - Dsc. Eng. Florestal (Colaborador UFV). Geologia, Geomorfologia Carlos Ernesto G. R. Schaefer - PhD. Engenheiro Agrônomo (Consultor); Bruno Araújo Furtado de Mendonça - Dsc.
    [Show full text]
  • Análise Morfoanatômica De Folhas De Ocotea Puberula (Rich.) Nees, Lauraceae
    Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia Brazilian Journal of Pharmacognosy 15(3): 250-255, Jul./Set. 2005 Recebido em 19/01/05. Aceito em 19/08/05 Análise morfoanatômica de folhas de Ocotea puberula (Rich.) Nees, Lauraceae Paulo V. Farago1*, Jane M. Budel2, Márcia R. Duarte2, Tomoe Nakashima2 Artigo 1Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Av. Carlos Cavalcanti 4748, 84030-900, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brasil, 2Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Av. Lothário Meissner 3400, 80210-170, Curitiba, PR, Brasil RESUMO: Ocotea puberula (Rich.) Nees é uma espécie arbórea nativa, que ocorre por toda a América tropical e subtropical, em quase todas as formações fl orestais. É conhecida como guaicá, canela-guaicá e canela-sebo, sendo utilizada por comunidades indígenas no tratamento de tumores e afecções da pele. Este trabalho analisou a morfoanatomia das folhas da espécie, a fi m de fornecer subsídios anatômicos à sua identifi cação. O material botânico foi fi xado e submetido a técnicas usuais de microscopia fotônica e eletrônica de varredura. As folhas são alternas, simples, inteiras, elípticas ou elíptico-lanceoladas e revolutas na base. A anatomia foliar revela a ocorrência de estômatos paracíticos e tricomas tectores unicelulares na face abaxial, mesofi lo dorsiventral, nervura mediana biconvexa, com sistema vascular constituído de feixe único do tipo colateral em arco aberto. Na estrutura anatômica da folha, são observadas células secretoras de substâncias lipofílicas e mucilaginosas. Unitermos: Ocotea puberula, Lauraceae, morfoanatomia. ABSTRACT: “Leaf morpho-anatomical analysis of Ocotea puberula (Rich.) Nees, Lauraceae”. Ocotea puberula (Rich.) Nees is a native woody species.
    [Show full text]
  • Seed Features of Important Timber Species from the Floodplain Várzea Forest: Implications for Ex Situ Conservation Programs in the Amazon
    SEED FEATURES OF IMPORTANT TIMBER SPECIES FROM THE FLOODPLAIN VÁRZEA FOREST: IMPLICATIONS FOR EX SITU CONSERVATION PROGRAMS IN THE AMAZON CARACTERÍSTICAS DE SEMENTES DE ESPÉCIES ARBÓREAS DE IMPORTÂNCIA ECONÔMICA DA FLORESTA DE VÁRZEA: IMPLICAÇÕES PARA PROGRAMAS DE CONSERVAÇÃO EX SITU NA AMAZÔNIA. Auristela Conserva 1; Denise Garcia de Santana 2; Maria Teresa Fernandez Piedade 3. 1 Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá, e-mail: [email protected] 2 Universidade Federal de Uberlândia 3 Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA KEY WORDS: ABSTRACT As an integral part of plant regeneration ecology, the ability of seeds to survive desiccation is an important Seed biometrics; functional feature. For the purpose of conservation, studies have investigated the responses of stored seeds Floodplain forests; to the desiccation process. In order to enhance the knowledge on seeds ecology of Amazonian floodplain trees, eight common tree species of the várzea floodplain forest with high economic value, were selected Germination; and their seeds classified according to their attributes. The selected species represent 80% of the number and total volume of the timber species selectively extracted from Mamirauá Sustainable Development Orthodox seeds; Reserve, Central Amazon. Smaller seeds with lower water content (Calycophyllum spruceanum (Benth.) Hook. f ex K. Schum., Hura crepitans L. and Piranhea trifoliata Baill.), which remained viable and germi- Recalcitrant seeds. nated after desiccation and storage, were classified as tolerant to desiccation. The species Guarea guidonia (L.) Sleumer., Laetia corymbulosa Spruce ex Benth., Ocotea cymbarum Kunth., Tabebuia barbata (E. Mey.) Sandwith, and Sterculia apetala (Jacq.) H. Karst., were classified as sensitive to desiccation because their seeds did not germinate in the same treatment and thus cannot be effectively stored.
    [Show full text]