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World Applied Sciences Journal 38 (5): 422-426, 2020 ISSN 1818-4952 © IDOSI Publications, 2020 DOI: 10.5829/idosi.wasj.2020.422.426

Animation Techniques and Styles

Hind Ali Alhumaidhi

Collage of Science and Humanities, Al-Quwailyah - Shaqra University, Shaqra, KSA

Abstract: The field is one of the very large and highly demanded fields, as enters into several fields such as , all types of animation and games. Animation is a method in which figures are manipulated to appear as moving images. The animation is the process of making the illusion of motion and change by means of the rapid display of a sequence of static images that minimally differ from each other. Also, animation can used in advertising, information, games, websites and education. This article deals with the definition of animation, a historical snapshot of it, the importance of animation. Also, it shows many types and styles of animation such as tradition animation, and animation.

Key words: Animation Types Stop Motion Animation,

INTRODUCTION It can be said that are artists who specialize in creating and making animation and animation recording Animation is the art of making an illusion of motion using motion picture , analogue media, a flipbook, through the use of rapid progression of sequential images videotape and digital media which including formats with [1]. Animation is the process of creating the illusion of animated GIF, digital and . motion and shape change by means of the rapid display Wells [5] argues that animation is "the most of a sequence of static images that minimally differ from important creative form of the twenty-first century. each other. Animated films (cartoons) are popular Also, it is theomnipresent pictorial form of the modern era. throughout the world [2]. The animation is all around us, It is considered an entertainment industry is one of the be it yours admire , tv commercials, movies or even highest income earners in the 21st century. The animation you can detect the stop motion animation type. is not the art of making move only, but rather it Techniques of movement creationmerge both the is the art of motion based on the constancy of conventional traditional animation and stop motion vision and animation is represented as the rest of all films, animation techniques of two and three-dimensional what distinguishes it is an illusion of the flow of motion shapes, for instant, patterns, paper sets, and clay while in fact, it is a series of static graphics moving at figures. Keeping Stop motion as the base of all animation, great speed, up to twenty-four frames In a second it gives different styles of animation techniques can beused to the appearance of movement. create the animated sequences. The world of animation is usually known through The animation is a word used to describe a board cartoons emanating from , the United States, the range of practices in which the illusion of movement UK and France [6]. In 2015, approximately, 244billion created through the incremental movement of forms, dollars was the volume of the global animation industry. displayed sequentially as a motion picture [3]. From the This includes Japan, United States, France, Canada and of the psychologists, animated films play a others. The total rate of the development of theanimation great role in child’s socialization process [1]. How children industry in the World is five percent yearly according to internalize the message presented by these animated films the Federation ofIndian Chamber of Commerce (FICCI) helps them in their socialization and interaction processes. report (2017). For the Arabic community, the animated films have been The first animated filmsin the Arab World originated used to teach various moral and religious lessons to the from Egypt and continued thriving in the country believers and the general society [4]. during the 1960s, Donmez-Colin [7]. It is believed that

Corresponding Author: Hind Ali Alhumaidhi, Collago of Science and Humanities, Al-Quwailyah-Shaqra University, Shaqra, KSA. 422 World Appl. Sci. J., 38 (5): 422-426, 2020

Egypt, initiated the establishment of Arabic animation [8]. Animation today is used in many fields such as TV The story of Arabic animation can be traced to the times programs and series, multimedia, game design, web when Egyptbegan picture story-telling through hand- design, films and TV advertisements. Though, drawn images that delivered certain moral lessons to the despite its prominence in the world's popular viewer's [8]. Alharbi and Baines [9] showed that the entertainment industry, there is a animation film industry in Saudi Arabia is still in its substantialabsence of established Arabic animation embryo stage. Also, evidence illustrates that there are and for the domestic market. This is some limitations that Saudi animation facesdue to the evident from the tendency of importing foreign limited experience, poor production, the absence of animated productions for the Arabaudience [11]. infrastructure andregulatory policy and low availability of skilled labor. Also, the author reported that the A Brief History of Animation: The history of animation animation industry in Saudi Arabia needs attention started long before the development of . because of its poor performance that has been evidenced Animation is a word used to describe a board range of by low revenues. Addressing such a problem leads to the practices in which theillusion of movement created creation of jobs, diffusion of technology, improvement of through the incremental movement of forms, the entertainment industry and enhancing creativity. displayedsequentially as a motion picture [3]. The story ofanimation started with a consecutive drawing of animals The Current Work Reviews Animation Types and on cave walls thousands of yearsago. Also, others said Techniques: Ranzato [1] defined animation is the art of that the story began about 1900 with early attempts to making an illusion of motion through the use of rapid fuse themoving-picture camera and single drawings to progression of sequential images. Animated films are create the illusion of movement [12]. may have those films inwhich , individual drawings, or attempted to depict movement in a time as far back as the illustrations are photographed or drawn into aframe by Paleolithic period. Much later, the play of shadow and the frame, which is an art also known as stop-frame magic lantern (since about 1659) gave famous cinematography. Animated films have some great performances with images projected onto the screen, significance in the modern society. moving as a result of manipulation of the hand and / or small mechanics. In 1833, the stroboscopic disc (known as The Importance of Animation Is: the ) introduced the stroboscopic principles of modern animation, which decades later Used to deliver lessons that directly involve the would also provide a basis for cinematography. communities in one way or the other. Most of the Between 1895 and 1920, during the rise of the animation films' lessons are common social issues cinematic industry, several different animation techniques such as developing stories in politics, economic were developed, including stop-motion with objects, issues and other affairs [1]. It is also believed that puppets, clay or cutouts and drawn or painted animation. animated films help the community to grasp what Hand-drawn animation, mostly animation painted on behaviors are considered socially acceptable and , was the dominant technique throughout most of the socially unacceptable [1]. It also helps to teach and became known as traditional animation certain traditional values as well as teaching children [13]. how the world functions. The early 20th century, is considered to be the The second important role that animated films have beginning of theatrical showings ofcartoons, especially is entertainment. Animatedfilms involve aspects that in France and the United States. While Bray served to enthrall the viewers and this aspect of entertainment launch thecareers of the artists (cartoonists) that created is often seen on the youngsters. Socialists and , and Woody Woodpecker psychologists have considered animation as [14]. animportant art and science in the development of children as it enhances the growth anddevelopment Different Types of Animation and Animation Style of children by triggering the growth of cognitive Traditional Animation: Traditional animation was the skills, intelligence andother aspects that are essential process used in most animated films of the twentieth in their development [1, 10, 11]. century. Single frames for traditional animated film are

423 World Appl. Sci. J., 38 (5): 422-426, 2020 images of drawings that are first drawn on paper. To make Armatures: Armatures are structural frameworks that the illusion of movement, each drawing is slightly actas a base for stop motion models. The complexity of different from the one before it. Animation drawings are the armature depends on the necessities of the animation. traced or copied onto transparent acetate sheets called A simple wire armature will suffice for simplemovements sailings filled with paints of custom colors or tones on the and a shorterproduction, however a ball-and-socket opposite side of the line drawings. The completed armature made of steel or wood will provide a durable and characters were one by one on a movie theater on a reusable base [21]. background drawn by the platform's camera [15, 16]. Puppets: Puppets have a long-standing history in our Animation: Before computer-driven animation, culture, particularly in Eastern Europe and Asia where this method was commonly used for 2D animation. they have been employed to explain and pass on Pictures that are slightly different from each other are myths and legends [18]. stop motion animation traced onto transparent sheets and then animated; but simply refers to any animation that employs puppets. this technology is costly and time consuming. This puppet can be complex and have a builtin armature, or it can be a simple hand puppet. Stop-Motion Animation: Stop motion animation is a technique thatinvolves creating the illusion of‘motion’ Claymation (): Pioneered by Helena Smith through the physical manipulation of objects, both Dayton around 1917, claymation is a form of animation inanimate and living. Incrementally moving an object and that involves the construction and manipulation of photographing individual frames which are then pieced characters, sets and props with . Plasticine is a together, creates the illusion of movement. Below is a common medium in stop motion due to its pliability and general list of the different types of stop motion animation sturdiness. It can be used for simple and more according to Andrew Selby [17]. complex productions with the addition of armatures [18]. There are many different stop-motion animation styles, which are usually named after the type of media Model and : Though the name is rather used to make the animation. broad, model and object animation refer to stop motion which is used in conjunctionwith live-action, such as Sand and Oil-Paint Animation: Sand and oil-paint thework of , who will be discussed animation involves placing a substance such as sand or further in the history of stop motion [18]. oil onto a non-porous surface. The oil or sand is manipulated by the and photographed using a : Graphic animation uses flat, camera that is secured above by a rig [18]. Even though unpainted visual graphic materials (photographs, this method creates beautiful results thatcan be further newspaper clippings, magazines, etc.), which are manipulated withlight, thereis the downside of the original sometimes manipulated frame by frame to create artwork being lost in creation [19]. movement. Other times, the graphics remain static, while the stop motion camera is panned to create movement on Simple Paper Cut-Outs: Using paper cut-outs is arather the screen [22]. self-explanatory and simple form of stop motion which Pixilationis a stop motion technique; live actors are involves taking pieces of paper, card or cloth, cutting, used as a frame-by-frame subject in an animated film, by tearing or folding them into desired shapes and then, as repeatedly posing while one or more frame is taken and with any stop motion technique, manipulating them changing pose slightly before the next frame or frames. incrementally between photographs [20]. Selby [20] places The actor becomes a sort of living stop motion puppet. this type of animation under the same two-dimensional This technique is usually used as a way to blend live category as sand and paint animation; how-ever I omitted actors with animated ones in a movie. The examples of this distinction due to my own experience with the include The Secret Adventures of Tom Thumb medium. While it is common to work on a flat surface and and shorts [22]. employ a rig for paper cut-outs, when I used the technique in 2011, I opted to keep everything upright and Paint on Glass Animation: The oil paints are created gave the animation some dimension by keeping distance on glass panels and dry slowly to create a feeling between the different elements. of movement. It is a rare but popular technology.

424 World Appl. Sci. J., 38 (5): 422-426, 2020

Seven award winning films produced by Russian artist applications) to present content interactively to achieve Aleksander Pterov. It can be a drain on time and energy to one or more specific goals. Or it could be saidthatterm learn these techniques [23]. of multimedia refers to visual and audio materials into one common presentation that can be played in a Computer Animation: Computer animationis the process computer, including CD ROM or , internet, used to create animation digitally. The more general term web technology, audio or video streaming and data is "computer-generated images [24]. 2D animation projection system etc. techniques depended on processing images, while 3D techniques usually build virtual worlds in which CONCLUSION characters and objects move and interact. 3D animation can create images that look real to the viewer. The animation film industry is considered one of the Mayer and Moreno [25] state that animation is a form of important, useful and promising industries in the Arab pictorial presentation-a definition which also refers to world and it must be taken care of, starting with computer-generated motion picturesshowing associations education. This industry must be encouraged and between drawn figures. Things which correspond to this supported by emerging talents. So the Arabic animation idea are motion, picture and simulation. film industry needs much work and support from the governments to grow and reach the world stage. 2D Animation: 2D animationshapeswere created or edited on the computer using 2D raster graphics and 2D vector REFERENCES graphics [26]. This type of animation includes automated computerized versions of traditional animation 1. Ranzato, I., 2011. Manipulating the classics: Film techniques, interpolatedmorphing, and dubbing as an extreme form ofrewriting: Challenges interpolated [27, 28]. 2D animation has many for the 21st century: Dilemmas, ambiguities, directions. applications, including flash animation, analog Roma: Adelphi Edizioni Publishers. animation and Power Point animation. Cinemagraphs are 2. Yoon, H. and E.J. Malecki, 2009. : still photographs in the form of an animated GIF file of Worlds of production and globalproduction which part is animated [16]. networks in the animation industry. Industrial and Corporate Change, 19: 239-271. 3D Animation: 3D animation is always computer 3. Thames, Hudson, 2016. A new history of animation. generated, objects can be moved, changed and appear in New York. Offest Printing Co. Ltd. a 3D space. Also, 3D animation is digitally designed and 4. Hassan, M.M.G., 2013. Production of animation films manipulated by an animator maker. The animator usually in Arab-Islamic media. Jordanian Journal of Arts, starts by creating a 3D polygon mesh to manipulate it. 6: 219- 240. The network usually includes many heads connected by 5. Wells, P., 2002. Animation: and authorship. edges and faces, which give the appearance of model to London: Wallflower Press. a 3D object or 3D environment. Sometimes, the network 6. Lent, J.A. and X. Ying, 2013. : isgiven an internal digital overhead structure called a Anhistroical and contemporary analysis. J. Asian motorthat can control the network by weighting the Pacific Communication, 23(1): 19-40. heads. This process is called rigging and can be used in 7. Donmez-Colin, G., 2006. Cinemas of the other: A conjunction with keyframes to make a motion [29]. personal journey with film-makers from the Middle East and Central Asia. : Intellect Books. Mechanical Animation: Instead of robotics, 8. Bassiouney, R., 2014. Language and identity in can be moved using the mechanical animation modern Egypt. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University technology. Instead of creating the original , Press. creating these mechanical animations, allows the 9. Alharbi, O. and E. Baines, 2015. Challenging barriers illustrator to understand how the machine works. to the evolution of the Saudi animation industry These machines' functionsare straightforwardto explain life-cycle. World Academy of Science, Engineering by this type of animation technique [23, 30]. and Technology. 10. Alrimawi, T., 2014. Issues of representation in Arab Multimedia: It is a widespread term that refers to animation cinema: Practice, history and theory using and integrating several different media such as (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from Google (text, sound, graphics, animation, video and interactive Scholar. Loughborough University, UK.

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