le M odernization Science

News letter

Vol.4, No. 2 June 2014

FROM URBANIZATION TO URBAN ™ Special Papers DECAY: THE PROBLEMS OF FROM URBANIZATION TO URBAN DECAY: THE PROBLEMS OF MODERNIZATION, URBANIZATION AND INDUSTRIALIZATION：

MODERNIZATION, URBANIZATION AND INDUSTRIALIZATION：THE THE CASE OF

CASE OF DETROIT …………………………… Jin Feng 2 Jin Feng

MODERNIZATION AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE 20TH Lawrence Technology University, USA

CENTURY: THE CASE OF ROMANIA Catalin Turliuc 11 ……… Modernization, as a process, is usually related to Books…………………………………………………… 23 the processes of urbanization and industrialization. As Kendall (2007) points out, "Urbanization accompanied Papers…………………………………………………… 24 modernization and the rapid process of Sponsor industrialization." The modernization of the developed China Center for Modernization Research country through urbanization, industrialization, and Chinese Academy of Sciences economic policy has benefited these countries Editor‐in‐Chief economically. However these places, more or less, have Chuanqi He (E-mail: [email protected]) also experienced problems that include the growing Editor disparity between the rich and poor, the urban sprawl, Xiaomei Bi (E-mail: [email protected]) the urban center decline, and ecological issues. And along with the development of industrial Contact modernization, the urban population will increase or Email: [email protected] decrease as the relocation of industrial and commercial http://www.modernization.com.cn/Index2.htm investments, associated with urban planning policy. Tel: 8610-62539187, Fax: 8610-62539103 The city of Detroit in the United States is an extreme Address example of the urban problems in the developed world. Room 726, No.33, Beisihuanxilu

Zhongguancun, Beijing ……………… PR China, 100190

Continued on p.2.

Modernization has been a worldwide phenomenon since 18 th century approximately, and modernization science is an interdisciplinary one dealing with this phenomena. To promote the practice and study on Modernization Science, is both of the opportunity M.S.and Newsletterchallenge. To join the List of MSN, easy and free,1 just e-mail to us, then you willJune receive 2014 MSN continually. Special

FROM URBANIZATION TO URBAN DECAY: THE PROBLEMS OF

MODERNIZATION, URBANIZATION AND INDUSTRIALIZATION

—— THE CASE OF DETROIT

Jin Feng Lawrence Technology University, USA

Modernization, as a process, is usually related to the processes of urbanization and industrialization. As Kendall (2007) points out, "Urbanization accompanied modernization and the rapid process of industrialization." The modernization of the developed country through urbanization, industrialization, and economic policy has benefited these countries economically. However these places, more or less, have also experienced problems that include the growing disparity between the rich and poor, the urban sprawl, the urban center decline, and ecological issues. And along with the development of industrial modernization, the urban population will increase or decrease as the relocation of industrial and commercial investments, associated with urban planning policy. The city of Detroit in the United States is an extreme example of the urban problems in the developed world. As the capital of the American , it enjoyed the economic and cultural development and prosperity, and suffered the most traumatic urban decline and decay. This article will exam the issue of urban decay in the city of Detroit, in order to help us to understand the pitfalls in the process of modernization and urbanization, and avoid similar problems in our cities.

1. The Historical Origin

Detroit is located in Southeast . The Great Lakes provided for the early development of waterway transportation, while the original statewide primeval forest provided natural resources for the early economic development. Historically, the Civic Center in downtown Detroit started as trading post and grew into a frontier military station due to its strategic location. In 1837, when Michigan was admitted to the Union as the twenty-sixth state, Detroit was the largest city and economic center of Michigan.

2. Industrialization and Urbanization

With the dawning of the Industrial Age, new products surfaced, and the manufacture of stove

M.S. Newsletter 2 June 2014 and kitchen ranges became Detroit's leading industry. With the population rapidly multiplying, communities and businesses were prospering. was established in 1903, and the introduction of the assembly line revolutionized the auto industry. Henry Ford and other motor pioneers, William C. Durant, the brothers, , and Walter let the world believed that Detroit put America on wheels. In 1908, a passenger car known as Model T was produced in the Ford Motor Company. (Figure 1) This event can be seen as one of the most important historical events in modern time, or even in the history of human civilization, because the use of assembly line marked the beginning of a time of mass-production of industrial products. Henry Ford’s Model T initiated the world's first large-scale production line, thus increasing production efficiency, and accordingly making the car into public life possible. Therefore, we can say that Ford's Model T represents a new advanced mode of production and is the cornerstone of modern life. Understanding the relationship between production and demand, Ford increased the workers’ wages to make it possible for them to own cars. The five dollar daily wage of Ford Motor Company almost doubled the national average pay of that time. This initiative created a new corporate culture, attracting more people to seek job opportunities in Detroit, and also further brought prosperity to the city of Detroit. Detroit has become the world's automotive capital.

Figure 1. Henry Ford and Model T1

During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, many of the city's Gilded Age mansions and buildings arose. Detroit was referred to as the Paris of the West for its architecture, and also for the electrically illuminated Washington Boulevard.2 The rise of the automotive industry led the

1 http://www.solarnavigator.net/automotive_directory/car_images/ford_model_t_henry.jpg 2 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit June 28, 2013

M.S. Newsletter 3 June 2014 development of urban construction. For instance, the magnificent Hotel, built in 1924, reflects the golden age of the scene in Detroit. (Figure 2) During World War II, Detroit played a key role as the nation's "Arsenal of Democracy." Economic growth during the mid-1940s placed Detroit at the forefront of the nation's industrial fields, including salt products, electric refrigeration, seeds, adding machines, stove manufacturing, and of course, automobiles. The world's first urban freeway system below ground level was constructed during this period in Detroit. Industry urged growth during the first half of the 20th century as the city drew tens of thousands of new residents, particularly workers from the Southern states, to become the fourth largest city in the United States. In turn, the city engineers designed a massive freeway system to transport the products of the automobile industry.3

Figure 2. Cadillac Hotel, 1924

3. Decentralization and Suburbanization

With the growing of the workforce in the automotive industry, the power of the labor union grew as well. While centralized large-scale industrial production could be very efficient, the system became vulnerable to labor strikes that would give the union too much power. The automotive companies began to decentralize from their city center locations to the suburbs.4 Thereafter, the city's middle-income population began to shift to more suburban locales, and the nation's first shopping mall, Northland Mall, opened in Southfield, a suburban city northeast of downtown Detroit, in 1954. It was the harbinger of the new suburban lifestyle. Large indoor shopping center has become the center of life in the suburbs, while the city center and people's lives gradually lost connection.

3 See website: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit June 28, 2013 4 Sugrue, Thomas J. “From Motor City to Motor Metropolis: How the Automobile Industry Reshaped Urban America” http://www.autolife.umd.umich.edu/Race/R_Overview/R_Overview4.htm. Retrieved June 27, 2013

M.S. Newsletter 4 June 2014 Packard Automotive Plant is a good example showing how a landmark motor plant in the city that had symbolized the glory time of the motor city became abandoned. The plant, with a floor area of 3,500,000-square-foot (325,000 m2), was designed by , a famous architect, and is located on over 40 acres (0.142 km2) of land on East Grand Boulevard on the city's east side. (Figure 3) It included the first use of reinforced concrete for industrial construction in Detroit.5 The plant was opened in 1903 and at the time was the most modern automobile manufacturing facility. However, the factory complex was closed in 1958, though other businesses operated on the premises or used it for storage until the late 1990s. The popularity of cars changed people's lives, and also changed the city. The Hudson department store, built in 1911 in the central area of the city of Detroit, was closed down in 1983 and it was eventually demolished by implosion in 1998, and it is now ironically a parking garage. (Figure 4)This is related to the construction of a Hudson store in 1954 in Southfield. The suburban store has a large area of parking and is clearly designed for a significantly different lifestyle dependent of cars. The new store location reflected the tendencies of suburbanization. The automobiles and the system of freeways that made suburbanization into reality, and the city's suburbanization made the city center population decline, resulting in the urban decay in the city of Detroit. The final closure of the Hudson department store in downtown Detroit reflects the decline of the downtown area. It symbolizes of the rise and fall of the downtown area. The downtown Hudson department store prospered with the rise of automotive industry, but also lost its vitality because of cars produced by the automotive industry.

Figure 4. Hudson Department Store

5 Wright, Richard A. "Once teeming with auto plants, Detroit now home to only a few nameplates”. Detroit News. Jan 15, 2000

M.S. Newsletter 5 June 2014 With the construction of office buildings in the suburbs, the suburban "sleeping towns" became full-function work-and-live communities, and thus further independent from the city center. The central role of the city center gradually disappeared. In the postwar period, the city had lost nearly 150,000 jobs to the suburbs. Factors were a combination of changes in technology, increased automation, consolidation of the auto industry, taxation policies, the need for different kinds of manufacturing space, and the construction of the highway system that eased transportation. Major companies like Packard, Hudson, and , as well as hundreds of smaller companies, went out of business. In the 1950s, the unemployment rate hovered near 10 percent. 6 The deindustrialization of Detroit has been a major issue in the population decline of the city.7 It is thought by many scholars and politicians, such as economist Walter E. Williams. He points that the decline was sparked by race-based city policies which caused more affluent whites to leave the city, reducing the tax base, and leading to fewer employment opportunities and customers in the city.8

4. The Urban Renewal and the 1967 Riot

As a reaction to the gradual decline of the city center, the urban renewal effort began, trying to reverse the decline of the city center. Urban planners wanted to build a north-south highway through the Detroit urban centers to strengthen the links with the suburbs to the city center to re-energize the city center. The planned highway runs through a African American neighborhood know as Paradise Valley (also known as Black Bottom). Paradise Valley was formed in the time of racial discrimination and segregation. With the economic development in the golden age of Detroit, Paradise Valley also enjoyed economic and cultural prosperity, especially in music and dance. However, due to the construction of the proposed freeway, the African American population in the neighborhood had to be relocated. Since they would not be accepted in white neighborhoods, they moved to another African American neighborhood and made it over-crowded. The already ill-funded schools due to the urban decay became overwhelmed. Thus, the growing discontent in the community was building up and leading to social unrest – the riot of 1967. In the summer of 1967, African American riots took place in Detroit.9 Over the period of five days, forty-three people died, of whom 33 were black and ten white. There were 467 injured:

6 http://www.city-data.com/world-cities/Detroit-History.html . Retrieved June 27, 2013 7 Hardesty, Nicole (March 23, 2011). "Haunting Images Of Detroit's Decline (Photos)". The Huffington Post. Retrieved June 27, 2013 8 Williams, Walter (December 18, 2012). "Detroit's Tragic Decline Is Largely Due To Its Own Race-Based Policies". Investor's Business Daily. Retrieved June 27, 2013 9 Young, Coleman. Hard Stuff: The Autobiography of Mayor Coleman Young: p.179.

M.S. Newsletter 6 June 2014 182 civilians, 167 Detroit police officers, 83 Detroit firefighters, 17 National Guard troops, 16 State Police officers, 3 U.S. Army soldiers. The riots in July 1967 shattered the city like a terrifying earthquake. The shock was to prove painful, indeed. 2,509 stores looted or burned, 388 families rendered homeless or displaced and 412 buildings burned or damaged enough to be demolished. Dollar losses from arson and looting ranged from $40 million to $80 million.10 After the riots, thousands of small businesses closed permanently or relocated to safer neighborhoods, and the affected district lay in ruins for decades.11 Before the riot of 1967, Detroit's African American population had the highest rate of home-ownership of any African American urban population in the country, and their unemployment rate was just 3.4 percent. It was not despair that fueled the riot. It was the riot which marked the beginning of the to its current state of despair. Detroit's population today is only half of what it once was, and its most productive people have been the ones who fled. 12 Detroit city center area has never recovered. The riot was seemingly caused by accident. In fact, it was intrinsically linked to the rise and fall with the overall situation of the city. The decline of urban centers has led to the growth of social discord and intensified ethnic conflicts. Meanwhile, this extreme case also illustrates the lack of participation of disadvantaged population in urban planning decision-making process can cause grave social and economic consequences.

5. The Urban Decay

As Detroit's abandoned houses have been demolished, gaps in the previously urban environment have emerged, which is sometimes called urban prairie. Detroit reached its population peak in the 1950 census at over 1.8 million people, and decreased in population with each subsequent census; as of the 2010 census, the city has just over 700,000 residents, adding up to a total loss of 60% of the population.13 14 (Figure 5)

10 "Michigan State Insurance Commission estimate of December, 1967, quoted in the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders AKA Kerner Report". 1968-02-09. Archived from the original on June 5, 2011. Retrieved June 27, 2013 11 Sidney Fine, Violence in the Model City: The Cavanaugh Administration, Race Relations, and the Detroit Riot of 1967 (1989) 12 Williams, Walter (December 18, 2012). "Detroit's Tragic Decline Is Largely Due To Its Own Race-Based Policies". Investor's Business Daily. Retrieved June 27, 2013 13 Seelye, Katherine Q. (March 22, 2011). "Detroit Census Confirms a Desertion Like No Other". The New York Times. Retrieved March 23, 2011. 14 "Derelict Detroit: Gloomy pictures chart the 25-year decline of America's Motor City". Daily Mail. October 1, 2012. Retrieved June 27, 2013

M.S. Newsletter 7 June 2014

Figure 5. Population in Detroit15

A major change in the racial composition of the city also occurred over that same period; from 1950 to 2010 the black/white percentage of population went from 16.2%/83.6% to 82.7%/10.6%.16 Approximately 1,400,000 of the 1,600,000 white people in Detroit after World War II have left the city, with many going to the suburbs.17 The departure of middle class whites left blacks in control of a city suffering from an inadequate tax base, too few jobs, and swollen welfare rolls. In the decline of the cities, rising crime seems to be inevitable. Detroit was recently named the city with the highest crime rate in the United States. In 2012 Detroit was the most dangerous city in the United States for the fourth year in a row.18 A significant percentage of housing parcels in the city are vacant, with abandoned lots making up more than half of total residential lots in many large portions of the city.19 With at least 70,000 abandoned buildings, 31,000 empty houses, and 90,000 vacant lots, Detroit has become notorious for its urban blight.20 21 Detroit has been described by some as a ghost town.22 23Parts of the city are so thoroughly

15 http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2168161/Zombie-theme-park-Detroit-hit-flesh-brain-eating-zombie-apoca lypse.html. Retrieved June 27, 2013 16 Johnson, Richard (February 1, 2013). "Graphic: Detroit Then and Now". National Post. Retrieved June 27, 2013 17 Eagleton, Terry (July 2007). "Detroit Arcadia". Harpers.org. Retrieved April 1, 2013 18 Fisher, Daniel (October 18, 2012). "Detroit Tops The 2012 List Of America's Most Dangerous Cities". Forbes. Retrieved June 27, 2013 19 "Detroit Residential Parcel Survey". Detroit Residential Parcel Survey. February 2010. p. 26. Retrieved June 27, 2013 20 Binelli, Mark (2012-11-09). "How Detroit Became the World Capital of Staring at Abandoned Old Buildings". The New York Times. 21 Brook, Pete (2012-01-29). "Captivating Photos of Detroit Delve Deep to Reveal a Beautiful, Struggling City". Wired. 22 Brook, Pete (2012-01-29). "Captivating Photos of Detroit Delve Deep to Reveal a Beautiful, Struggling

M.S. Newsletter 8 June 2014 abandoned they have been described as looking like farmland or even completely wild. The average price of homes sold in Detroit in 2012 was $7,500; 47 houses in Detroit were listed for $500 or less, with five properties listed for $1.24 Despite the extremely low price of Detroit properties, most of the properties have been on the market for more than a year as buyers balk at the boarded up, abandoned houses of Detroit.25 When America's tallest train station Michigan Central Station was abandoned in the 1980s, continued population density decrease makes the railway passenger line meaningless. The center of a city that created the modern civilization of automobiles is dying quietly while people are enjoying the freedom of mobility given by the automobiles. While the city of Detroit was suffering in the urban decay, the political scandal of the corrupted former mayor Kwame Kilpatrick brock out. Although he was prosecuted and sentenced in 2010, the scandal seriously damaged the image of the city, and made people lose confidence in the leadership of the city government.

6. The Urban Revitalization In 1977, the Renaissance Center was built in the downtown Detroit. It represented people’s desire and effort to revitalize the decaying city center. In 1996, General Motor purchased a major portion of the building complex and used it as its world headquarter after a major renovation completed in 2005. GM's occupying the building signaled the commitment of the automotive industry in the effort of revitalization. However, it also symbolizes a dependent relationship of the city with the automotive industry. In the recent global financial crisis, the Corp. and Chrysler's bankruptcy exposed the vulnerability of Detroit that depends on the auto industry as a single economic pillar to support the city. In 2000, the IT company Compuware began to build its world headquarter in downtown Detroit on a site next to the demolished Hudson department store headquarter. The building was completed in 2003. In 2010, a major retail mortgage company Quicken Loans moved its headquarter into the Compuware building with 1700 employees. The company has been actively promoting investment in the development of the Detroit downtown area buy forming the venture capital firm Detroit Venture Partners investing in technology startups in the city, purchasing many landmark buildings in the downtown area, and building a light rail system. Universities such as the Lawrence Technological University are involved in the effort to provide ideas through design

City". Wired. 23 Koremans, Sonja (January 22, 2013). "Homes still selling for $1 in Detroit". The Courier-Mail. Retrieved June 27, 2013 24 Koremans, Sonja (January 22, 2013). "Homes still selling for $1 in Detroit". The Courier-Mail. Retrieved June 27, 2013 25 Koremans, Sonja (January 22, 2013). "Homes still selling for $1 in Detroit". The Courier-Mail. Retrieved June 27, 2013

M.S. Newsletter 9 June 2014 studio classes. Besides the actions of large corporates, there are many grassroots organization trying to revitalize the city in many different ways. For example, a group known as "Friends of the Detroit three counties," is implementing a "Hope Community" program, organizing the people in the African American community to renovate abandoned buildings to promote community economic development. More and more people become interested in urban farming on the empty land in the city. The Michigan Urban Farming Initiative is an organization promoting urban agriculture in Detroit. Its mission statement says: “Using agriculture as a platform to promote education, community, and sustainability, we seek to reduce socioeconomic disparity.”26

7. Conclusion Detroit's story tells us that a modern city with a glorious history can decay to what extent. The city is a complex integrated system, a variety of factors affect its development. Behind the prosperity of a city there are many possible pitfalls. Minute errors in the planning and management can trigger serious consequences, leading to the decline of the city and even death. Even the Automotive industry that represents the most advanced production power and social culture can be a double-edged sword to make the city prosperous or to make urban decline. Automobiles can not only provide convenience and freedom of mobility, but also pollute our environment and destroy our city. Detroit's story tells us that sustainable urban development is not easy. Modernization, industrialization, and urbanization do not guarantee a bright future for our cities, and they may lead to disastrous situation as Detroit has shown to us.

26 http://www.miufi.org/. Retrieved June 27, 2013

M.S. Newsletter 10 June 2014

MODERNIZATION AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE 20TH

CENTURY: THE CASE OF ROMANIA

Catalin Turliuc Romanian Academy, Iasi Branch

Historians usually have the difficult task to “predict” the past according to what they believed to be the truth and moreover with the needs “objectively” expressed by their contemporaries. To further complicate the situation they deal with complex and complicated concepts such as: modernization, westernization, growth poles, regional development, normative transfers etc. often poorly explained or defined in their own idiom. When they try to combine different concepts belonging to the vast sphere of sciences involved in the research of the social field everything seems to become more dazed and confused. In order to avoid such an outcome they need a solid referential system based on a subtle alchemy dedicated to the grand scope of accommodating all these concepts with the tools of their analysis. Since at least the downs of capitalism the idea of progress and evolution had captured the mind of many. Policy makers, well to do individuals, intellectuals and ideocrats and a plethora of others where mesmerized and fascinated by the prospect of constantly improving the standard of living of their contemporaries and therefore the degree of happiness in their respective societies. New words such “modern” and “civilized” – ethically charged - entered vocabulary and new forms of social agglutination emerged. The construction of the “individual” and simultaneous with it of “the social” was the distinctive mark of modernity. As Patrick Joyce put it: “The individual’s rights, obligations and conduct were measured in terms of a ‘social’ that both guaranteed their integrity and policed their excesses”27. In other words, the implementation of the human subject and of society may be seen as a true mark of modern times. “Class”, “society”, “reason”, “economy”, “the self” etc. are exemplifications of a modernity in which such concepts are the foundation of knowledge. Generally speaking, for historians and not only, the question of modernization could be described as a process taking part between “structure” and “agency” or “structure” and “action”. In many parts of the world the nation state is closely associated with modern era. The society seen as a “structure” in a period of profound and rapid changes – usually described as progress – need to be secured by a political order embodied in or by the nation state. Thus nationalism could also be seen as an autonomous social force. The uneven diffusion of modernity at a world scale but also at a national one was and still is

27 Patrick Joyce, “The end of Social History?”, Social History, 20, 1995, p.82

M.S. Newsletter 11 June 2014 a central problem for decision makers in various fields. New concepts such as regional development, growth poles, industrial locations etc. emerged in the second part of the last century in order to better asses explain and understand these facets of modernization process. Further down in my paper I shall try to blend the theoretical framework with my historical analysis focused on the Romanian case during 20-th century by answering these questions: What is the connection between westernization and modernization in Romania’s case? Was nationalism an important pillar in the modernization process in Romania? What is the relationship between national ideology and modernization process? How modernization process was conducted in capitalism versus socialism? What was the relationship between modernization and regional development? How regionalism and/or regionalization are influenced by modernization process? Is normative transfer a tool in order to accelerate modernization processes? How modernization process can be assed in Romania’s case during 20-th century? One of the most debated problems in the second half of the 20th century in social scientist's circles was the modernization process28. Modernization theory with roots in 19th century British socio-political milieu was highlighted again especially after the Second World War in direct connection to decolonisation and development processes. What is modernization? The answer to this question is still not unanimous and actually creates different trends in interpretation. The most general answer is that modernization represents all the transformations of the society and culture beginning with the European Renaissance and still continuing on a world scale. The modernization concept and theory are in strong opposition with the cyclic theory in history; it is positivistic and regards human history as a history of forms of progresses. The time for instance is perceived as a coherent matrix of changing. Nature is seen as having an inherent internal order that can be interpreted by the human mind. Scientific research is ultimately concerned with the penetration of this inherent order and technology has to be developed in order to transform nature accordingly to human needs. The role of science and technology is to change the place of the human being through social engineering and division of labour. If we perceive the modernization process in this way it seems to us that it is a comprehensive, ethically neutral concept. Unfortunately, the interpretation of modernization, its diffusion and uniformity creates large dark areas that constantly generate debates and strong disagreements. For the historians, modernization was a valuable tool in discussing the great changes marked by the Renaissance, the Reformation, and the Enlightenment and so on. For economists,

28 The theoretical studies of modernization underwent three periods: in the 50’s and 60’s the classical theory of modernization; in the 70’s and 80’s the theory was dominated by post-modernism and post- modernization approaches; in the last decades of the 20-th century new theories were formulated: ecological modernization theory, the multiple modernities theory, the second modernization theory etc. See for further details Chuanqi He (ed.) China Modernization Report Outlook (2001-2010), Peking, Peking University Press, 2010, ch. VI, pp. 77-90

M.S. Newsletter 12 June 2014 modernization is the path to be followed in order to build the market economy and to industrialize society. For law scholars, modernization means the moment in time when the contract replaced statutory rights as the principle of social order and discipline. Historians of culture – and not only them – considered secularization to be the main feature of modernity. Sociologists and social anthropologists talk about the disappearance of the extended family as a sure sign of modernization. Finally, political scientists point to the bureaucratization of societies, to mass politics, the disappearance of empires and the emerging of the nation state when they argue about modernization. All these aspects – and many more – are true, but in daily life all of the above mentioned features are mixed in various degrees. As far as I am concerned modernization means industrialization, rationalization, secularization, individualism, homogenization and bureaucratization. The concept of “multiple modernities” developed by Shmuel N. Eisenstadt will further illuminate our theoretical approach29. Usually, the most visible side of the theory of modernization was the one related to the social and economic aspects, which came to overshadow its political and also cultural/ spiritual components. The theory of modernization has mostly been associated with the theory of development and deemed the precise opposite of the theory of dependence, at least in the manner in which it was devised by scholars like Immanuel Wallerstein and his followers. The theory of modernization had many sources and many interpretations all deriving from the Eurocentric perspective whereby a process that began in Western Europe became the alternative and the model for the rest of the world (south Eastern Europe included). Among the theorists of modernization we find the so-called “evolutionists” (Walt Rostow, Alex Inkeles, Myron Weiner etc.) and another significant group of theorists who claim that full imitation is not the way to modernization because there are substitutes, “shortcuts”, alternatives, or the possibility to “condense” modernization or to “cut corners”. David McClelland30 approached the issue of modernization from the vantage point of social psychology and of motivation theory. It is quite clear that modernization involves an intellectual, technological, and social revolution altering the fundamental relationship between the human individual and time, nature and humankind. Understood in this fashion modernization appears to be an ethically neutral term. However the interpretation of modernization, its dissemination and uniformity, did raise a number of questions and lead to disputes and arguments. In this respect Eisenstadt’s concept seems a good means of dealing with the subject. Consequent to debate about economic globalization, the comparative analysis of civilizations, and the post-colonial perspectives of “alternative modernities”, Shmuel Eisenstadt introduced the concept of “multiple modernities”. Modernity as a “plural condition” is

29 Shmuel N. Eisenstadt (ed.), Multiple Modernities, Transactions Publishers, 2002 30 David McClelland, The Achieving Society, New York, Harper and Row, 1967

M.S. Newsletter 13 June 2014 the central concept of this sociological approach and perspective, which broadens the definition of modernity from exclusively denoting western European culture to a cosmopolitan definition. Gerard Delanty31 bluntly underlined in various instances that modernity cannot be reduced to westernization, and its key processes and dynamics can be found in all societies. Westernization is a concept that describes a mimetic model involving the adaptation of certain values, principles and norms which are transplanted with varying degrees of success to areas and societies where the process of historical development would not have normally allowed for their emergence within the same temporal sequence as in western ones. Westernization involves a phenomenon of rapid acculturation, including the adoption of habits related to the private sphere of the individual and of community. Of course, this adoption is nearly always achieved in a sui generis manner, with varying results and initially affecting only certain “islands” in the host societies. Westernization has complex implications, beginning, in almost all cases with a “shock phase”. The concept of westernization is closely related to that of Europeanization. Quite obviously, just like modernization, westernization carries an ethical and axiological load. As opposed to westernization, modernization is essentially non-ideological in nature. It has to do with cultural and economic interdependence, rather than with cultural and economic domination, it involves diversification and synchronization rather than integration and unification. The manner in which modern Romania adopted European models beginning with the so called “century of nationalities”, as well as the pace and the manner in which these changes were implemented since then are relevant. It is enough to mention well-known phrases such as “Romania – the Belgium of the East”, “Romania – a European Japan”, “Bucharest – the Little Paris” frequent stereotypes highlighting the importance of such a discussion. The modern framework of Romanian society and of the Romanian state placed the state on a position of centrality which was seen as a sine qua non prerequisite of development. Romania’s modernization was not a steady process, reaching impressive heights but also experiencing unjustified delays in almost all fields. In my opinion in the case of the first decades following the establishment of the modern nation-state we can talk about a dominant process of westernization, rapidly followed, in a second stage, by the process of modernization. Was nationalism an important pillar in the modernization process in Romania? Many historians and social scientists have taken the historical inevitability of the nation state and nationalism for granted but a lot of them have virtually ignored the socio-economic and political difficulties impending nation building or the distinctions between the socio-regional identities that

31 See, Gerard Delanty, Social Theory in a Changing World: Conceptions of Modernity Cambridge, Polity Press, 1999

M.S. Newsletter 14 June 2014 characterise pre-capitalist “moral economies” and those of mature capitalism32. Dominant actual social philosophy and historiography in Romania treated the nation state as the exclusive alternative to the “idiocy of rural life” and pre-capitalist parochialism and viewed nationalism as natural and primordial. Enlightened liberalism and Marxist traditions pioneered and led this outlook on the nation state. This approach was not only ethnocentric but also partisan. The structural functionalist view, which was developed by some academics, proved to us that they were influenced in their research activities by economic and state forces alone. Regarded from this perspective, a mature national identity was considered indispensable for modern man’s social and moral well-being. The omission of “evil” nationalism with its versatile forms and aspects manifested mainly throughout 20-th century stems largely from the failure of scholars and academics to distinguish between merchant capital as a social and economic category and industrial capitalism (the widely accepted sign of modernization in almost every part of the world) as a socio-economic, political and moral system, or their failure to differentiate between the spatial articulations and social solidarities of seigniorial (feudal) societies and those of industrial capitalism. Nationalism was treated as a manifest, self-evident principle upon which rationally oriented societies, products of the modernization process, could build their future. The liberal doctrine regarding nationalism is reflected in some versions of liberal modernization theory which closely linked nationalism to the early phase of modernization33. In contrast with this trend, Ernest Gellner34 in spite of similar premises asserted that: “nationalism is a phenomenon connected not so much with industrialisation or modernization as such, but with its uneven diffusion”. His model did not fit the realities of south-eastern Europe as a lot of historians observed35. The leftist thinkers - Marxists and neo-Marxists - tried in an almost uncomfortable way to blend nationalism with modernization and socialism. The conservative ones, Gideon Gottlieb36 for example, perceive nationalism as an extreme danger for the state in spite of the fact that many conservative thinkers still found inspiration and valuable ideas in the national ideology. Discussing national ideology and the modern state one can also find singular positions and attitudes expressed by a plethora of scholars37.

32 See an analysis of this topic in Catalin Turliuc, Interwind Destinies. Modern Romania and its Ethnic Groups, Iasi, Junimea, 2003, pp. 7-20 33 See the works of Karl Deutsch, John Breuilly, Yael Tamir etc. 34 Ernest Gellner, Nations and Nationalism, Oxford, Blackwell, 1983 35 See the very interesting article about this topic in connection with our subject by Bill Kissane and Nick Sitter, The marriage of state and nation in European constitutions, in Nations and Nationalism, 16 (1), 2010, pp. 49-67 36 See, Gideon Gottlieb, Nations against the State: A New Approach to Ethnic Conflicts and the Decline of Sovereignty, New York, 1993. His "states-plus-nations" approach involves status, the extension of the international system of states to allow for a system of nations too; competence, deconstructing the sovereignty of states and redistributing some of its attributes to different hands; borders, similar to urban zoning; national home distinct from state, an entity with defined geographic limits that can, but do not always, correspond to state boundaries; citizenship, adopting different layers of personal status; and forms of association, creating new unions among both nations and peoples as well as nations and states 37 Due to their number it is not possible in the context of our article to mention all their names and studies.

M.S. Newsletter 15 June 2014 Can a causal connection be established between the development of national ideology (nationalism) and the modern state (the modernization process)? Any answer at such a high level of generality is likely to be unsatisfactory, if nothing else because terms such as “nationalism” and “modernization” have, respectively, different historical and definitional references. Romanian national identity was born – as in many other cases – through different pre-existing solidarities. When the organic, “deep” solidarity was joined with the organized one belonging to the upper strata of the society, new social “cement” appeared. The modern state has its foundations in this equilibrium which was created between the “lower” and the “upper” solidarities by using the magic and the complicated chemistry of the nation and nationalism. Modern identity is closely related and connected with the appearance of the nation state and the gradual secularization of human existence. Beginning with the 19th century the public and private spheres were invaded by secularisation and the new social “cement” became the national ideology. That is the reason way it is so difficult to define nationalism in an acceptable manner for everybody38. Can there a causal connection be established between the development of capitalism and the development of nationalism? Any answer is likely to be unsatisfactory because we have already encountered diverse definitions of nationalism, as well as different positions concerning modernity. As regards capitalism, some authors39 plainly place its origins within the manufacturing and commercial centres of northern Italy and in the “Low Countries” in the middle Ages. The classical sociological tradition40, as well as many contemporary social scientists, prefer the long sixteenth century as the crucial period for the transition from feudalism (however this is defined) to capitalism. Others do not consider capitalism to become fully fledged until the industrial revolution of the mid- 18th century took place, or even better with the major technological innovations (iron, coal, railways) which only came to life in the second half of the 19th century. This quick perusal of approaches to the questions of the origins of capitalism should be sufficient to illustrate the dangers of any attempt to causally correlate capitalism and nationalism. Nationalism was often empirically included in capitalism. Considering the Romanian case, I want to point out that industrialism was not purely and simply a deus ex machina for our modernity as well as for Romanian nationalism. Industrialism may accelerate the nationalist process but it does not necessarily create it. I want now to underline the centrality of the state, conceived as a more or less autonomous entity, in generating - nationalism. In the Romanian case the structures of the modern state were “filled” with a national content as in many other different European states. Furthermore we can see a perfect parallel between the process of affirming national ideology and

38 Cătălin Turliuc, “National Ideology and the Modern State”, in Xenopoliana, VI, Nr. 1-2, 1998, pp.26-36 39 The French historian Henri Pirenne is a good example 40 Karl Marx, Max Weber

M.S. Newsletter 16 June 2014 the construction of the modern Romanian state. It is quite easy to observe that, in the Romanian case but, and not only, the formation of the modern state and the affirmation of a strong national ideology are interdependent and in a constant back and forth relationship. The mot d’ordre of modernity - no nation without a state and each state must be a nation - is still an ideal for which a lot of, but not only, nationalistic oriented individuals, had to suffer. How modernization process was conducted in capitalism versus socialism during the 20-th century in Romania? Up to the end of the WWII Romania was a sub regional power, an important economic and political actor in South Eastern Europe, with a well defined agricultural-industrial economic profile largely dominated by a Romanian neoliberal model of development (“by ourselves” slogan) in close connection with the relevant European economies and markets. The state was the biggest capitalist entity in the Romanian economy foreign investments were well represented in petrochemical industry as well as in all the modern industrial activities and the Romanian currency was freely flotating on all important financial markets. Oil and agricultural products were the main goods exported. The most important engine behind the industrialization policy was the state and the National Society for Industrial Credits established in 192341. The modernization process was seen as a necessity by all relevant policy makers. Two main paths were envisaged in order to modernize the country: the first, dominant one was promoted by the liberals and the second one by the representatives of the National Peasant Party. The first one advocate rapid industrialization, cooperation with the foreign capital but with a clear advantage for the domestic one favoring medium size and large properties in agriculture, rationalization of culture, everything under the slogan “by ourselves”. The second promoting the industrialization only in accordance with agriculture, open gates for foreign capital, the development of cooperative movement in agriculture by encouraging small land holders to associate, traditional culture everything under the slogan “open gates”. The pace and rhythm of modernization process in the first half of the last century was clearly dictated by the national liberals. During communist era the modernization process was ideologically conducted according to the needs expressed by the political regime. A strictly planned and heavily centralized economy was established. Industrialization policy was the result of ideologically motivated reasons (the need to have a large, significant, working class), the agriculture was organized according to the soviet model (land was confiscated and production cooperatives were established), the role of foreign capital was completely neglected, and culture was dominated by the socialist realist approach. Especially during the communist regime a lopsided balance between consumption and investment can be easily noticed. All successful developing economies devote part of their current income to

41 See for all relevant details V. Puscas, V. Vesa (ed), Dezvoltare şi modernizare în România interbelică 1919-1939, Bucureşti, Ed. Politică, 1988

M.S. Newsletter 17 June 2014 investment rather than consumption, so to expand their future ability to consume. That was the Romanian case beginning with the ‘60s and up to late ‘80s of the last century when almost 33% of the GDP was invested each year in the national economy. This feature ensured high rates of GDP growth, sometimes expressed with double digit figures. This kind of economic politics is very difficult to be sustained for long periods (more than several decades). A credible explanation for this situation was offered by the Noble prize winner, economist W. Arthur Lewis42 who argued that countries in the early stages of economic development usually have a small modern sector alongside a large traditional sector containing huge amounts of surplus labor – underemployed peasants making at best a marginal contribution to overall economic output. This situation has two effects. First, for a certain period of time such countries can invest heavily in modernizing their economy because they can keep absorbing new labor from the countryside. Second, political decision (mainly in communist countries) or competition from this surplus labor keeps wages low even when economy grows richer43. To sum up these radical changes is to point that in the second half of the last century (in the communist period) the modernization process was forced upon the whole Romanian society according to what was perceived to be the national interest and strict ideological criteria. The last decade of the 20-th century confronted Romanian society and economy with the prospect of European integration thus modernization process took new forms and shapes. What was the relationship between modernization and regional development? Due to a great number of factors (geographical, historical, demographical, sociological, psychological etc.) the modernization process is in a feed-back relationship with regional development. Even at the level of regional development we can find an unbalanced situation as growth pole theory argued44. Growth pole refers to a point within an area that has a great number of industries that stimulates development. As we already know the idea of growth poles has had a major role in formulating regional policy in different countries of the world. The polar development model was tested in Europe and good results were obtained in the transfer of know-how but in the field of financial and economic sectors the results weren’t spectacular. Historical data proved that the modernization process is unevenly developed and this reality largely affects regional development. In 20-th century Romania such growth poles were the large cities, especially Bucharest – the capital city –

42 In 1954 he wrote an article that discusses his concept of “dual economy” in a developing country. The “Lewis model” is largely known to economists. 43 See Paul Krugman, “Hitting China’s wall”, The Global Edition of the New York Times, Saturday-Sunday, July 20-21, 2013, p.7 44 The theory was introduced by Francois Perroux in 1950’s. He defined the growth poles in terms of what he called abstract economic space. Perroux conceived of this space to be of three types: an economic plan, a field of force or influences, a homogeneous aggregate. The aspect of dominance was important. In spite of the fact that Perroux denied that the abstract economic space could correspond to a geographic area (city or region) his theory was interpreted in this way too.

M.S. Newsletter 18 June 2014 and also few regions as Prahova Valley, where a huge petrochemical industry was constantly developing45. Romania has a long tradition of centralized organization (mimicking the French one) and this reality was further increased during the communist period at the economic level but also at the level of political decision and of the public resource administration. The administrative - territorial laws from 1925, 1929 (in a lesser degree), 1934, 1938, 1948, 1952, 1967 etc. are solid proofs in this respect. During communist regime in the ‘70s a policy of proportional and harmonious development of all areas of the country was promoted with few notable aspects. Since this policy was ideologically driven immediately after 1989 the regions targeted for this specific policy were rapidly des industrialized because their growth was somehow “artificial” and they could not resist the new capitalist competition. Furthermore, in lack of an efficient strategy and as a result of quite limited resources, after 1989, in Romania was applied the model of decentralization implemented in France in the ‘80s, renewed and adapted to our realities46. A new model of social cohesion emerged lately in the European Union but this is not yet in use in nowadays Romania. How regionalism and/or regionalization are influenced by modernization process? It is widely known that regionalization is a policy while regionalism is a historical outcome or cultural artifact in other opinions. Modernization process is closely associated with urbanization, homogenization and assimilation processes. In this respect hard liner regionalists (often belonging to different ethnic or national minorities) are usually opposing the modernization process centrally conducted by the state by arguing in favor of a modernization “culturally” adapted to their specific region or area. Usually through regionalization policy the political leaders advocate decentralization and subsequently a better use of public funds or an increased assistance (financial, technical etc.) from different institutions such as European Union. In both cases modernization is desirable but the means and objectives are perceived in a different manner. Historically speaking one can easily identify that certain regions were favored by the central authorities and decision makers in terms of implementing modernizing policies. A plethora of motives could be found (national or ethnic, ideological or propagandistic, temporary economic opportunities etc.). All these motives could be traced in Romania’s evolution in the last century. Is normative transfer a tool in order to accelerate modernization processes? In conducting modernizing processes the political elite of different countries rely sometimes heavily on legal transfers. The normative experiences of modern affluent societies were often perceived as a path to shortcut or condense modernity and in this respect mainly since the 19-th century foreign

45 In the interwar period Romania was the 7-th largest oil producers country 46 Nicolae Popa, “The Growth Poles: A Balanced option for Decentralization and Regional Development in Romania?” In Revista Romana de Geografie Politica, Year XII, November 2010, p. 206

M.S. Newsletter 19 June 2014 legislation was adapted or even copied by countries less developed. This was and still is the case of Romania as well as the case of different countries in Central and Eastern Europe. When we deal with regional development and the modernization process we can underline that a lot of normative measures were borrowed and adopted by countries belonging to this geopolitical area. A possible explanation relies on the process of establishing the nation state in the region during the 19-th century and after the First World War. Assessing the relative impact of these legal transfers in the modernization process is still a very important field to investigate not only for historians but also for policy makers and scholars in different domains. How modernization process can be assed in Romania’s case during 20-th century? Of course, statistics will be the quickest and most convincing answer. Because all the data concerning this problem could be easily found by anyone interested let me stress on a different method. I shall point out few relevant aspects which I found illustrative for my topic. When we examine the last century in Romania’s history we can detect a huge variety of modernizing elements in all fields of life, whether material, cultural or intellectual. It is clear that the process of modernization did not have the same intensity in all the domains. Also the modernization process was uneven in terms of geographical dispersion. Some provinces like Bessarabia or Dobroudja for instance were lagging behind due to their historical legacy. At the beginning of the last century Romania was largely an agricultural country while by the late ‘30s the economic profile of the country changed to an agricultural –industrial one, status which was kept up to the last decade of the previous century. Industrialization policy was bound to operate broad structural changes up to the last decade of the analyzed period. The intensity of this policy reaches its heights during communist regime while in the interwar period economic doctrines such as taylorism and fordism were considered valuable tools in the growth and modernization of Romanian economy. Although industry was the most dynamic sector of the economic development and modernization, agriculture had an important share in the GDP and formed a huge part of Romania’s export. While in the interwar period Romania was a sub regional power in terms of economy and politics, during communist regime the country become a less important factor in the region and also in the socialist camp in terms of economic power. The bureaucratization process during the whole 20-th century was developed in excess (as all the data proves). Urbanization was also a relevant marker for the modernization process (at the beginning of the 20-th century less than one fifth of the population was urbanized while by the end of the century more than half of the inhabitants of the country were urbanized). Homogenization and assimilation should be counted as processes relevant for modernization. Not only due to wars and various territorial changes occurred in 1913, 1918, 1940 and 1944 the demographic structure of

M.S. Newsletter 20 June 2014 the country changed, but also due to public policies conducted in order to create a more harmonious demographic reality. The Romanian culture become during the 20-th century a more relevant and important part of the world culture due to the modernizing aspects which were developed in this field. Starting from the premise that what I have presented so far can suggest a possible outline of the problems connected with modernization and regional development in 20-th century Romania and being aware that this subject deserves to be investigated more thoroughly and at length I suggest several conclusions: 1. Modern time involves the appearance of the “individual”, “society”, “class”, “reason” etc. as foundation for knowledge; 2. The uneven diffusion of modernity at a world scale but also at a national one was and still is a central problem for decision makers in various fields. New concepts such as regional development, growth poles, industrial locations etc. emerged in order to better asses, explain and understand these facets of modernization process; 3. The question of modernization could be described as a process taking part between “structure” and “agency” or “structure” and “action”. In many parts of the world the nation state is closely associated with modern era. The society seen as a “structure” in a period of profound and rapid changes – usually described as progress – need to be secured by a political order embodied in or by the nation state. 4. Modernization and westernization carries an ethical and axiological load. As opposed to westernization, modernization is essentially non-ideological in nature. It has to do with cultural and economic interdependence, rather than with cultural and economic domination, it involves diversification and synchronization rather than integration and unification; 5. The modern framework of Romanian society and of the Romanian state placed the state on a position of centrality which was seen as a sine qua non prerequisite of development. Romania’s modernization was not a steady process, reaching impressive heights but also experiencing unjustified delays in almost all fields. In my opinion in the case of the first decades following the establishment of the modern nation-state we can talk about a dominant process of westernization, rapidly followed, in a second stage, during last century, by the process of modernization. 6. Nationalism was treated as a manifest, self-evident principle upon which rationally oriented societies, products of the modernization process, could build their future. The liberal doctrine regarding nationalism is reflected in some versions of liberal modernization theory which closely linked nationalism to the early phase of modernization. Modern identity is closely related and connected with the appearance of the nation state and the gradual secularization of human existence. Beginning with

M.S. Newsletter 21 June 2014 the 19th century the public and private spheres were invaded by secularisation and the new social “cement” became the national ideology; 7. In the Romanian case the structures of the modern state were “filled” with a national content as in many other different European states. Furthermore we can see a perfect parallel between the process of affirming national ideology and the construction of the modern Romanian state. It is quite easy to observe that, in the Romanian case but, and not only, the formation of the modern state and the affirmation of a strong national ideology are interdependent and in a constant back and forth relationship; 8. Three different periods of the process of modernization can be distinguished in Romania’s case during 20-th century: a. Interwar period with two dominant visions (national liberal and national peasant) as a continuation on a superior scale of the process developed in the late 19-th century and before WWI; b. Communist regime period (1947-1989) with an ideological dominated vision upon modernization and, c. The last decade of the 20-th century in which modernization was perceived through European Integration process lenses; 9. Due to a great number of factors (geographical, historical, demographical, sociological, psychological etc.) the modernization process is in a feed-back relationship with regional development. Even at the level of regional development one can find an unbalanced situation in terms of how “deep” the process of modernization is involved; 10. The normative experiences of modern affluent societies were often perceived as a path to shortcut or condense modernity and in this respect mainly since the 19-th century foreign legislation was adapted or even copied by countries less developed. This was and still is the case of Romania as well as the case of different countries in Central and Eastern Europe; 11. Since the beginning of the actual century Romania entered a new phase of modernization and regional development processes in the general framework offered by the European Union hence a big part of its experience and historical tradition in this field become obsolete.

M.S. Newsletter 22 June 2014

Books

[1] Makdisi, Saree. (2014). Making England western : occidentalism, race, and imperial culture.Projected Pub. [2] Gregorian, Vartan. (2014). The emergence of modern Afghanistan : politics of reform and modernization. Stanford, California : Stanford University Press. [3] Paul Gillingham and Benjamin T. Smith, ed. (2014). Dictablanda : politics, work, and culture in Mexico, 1938-1968. Projected Pub. [4] Andrew T.H. Tan. (2014). The arms race in Asia : trends, concepts and implications. Projected Pub. [5] Harris, Lesley Ellen. (2014). Canadian copyright law: the indispensable guide for publishers, web professionals, writers, artists, filmmakers, teachers, librarians, archivists, curators, lawyers, and business people. Projected Pub. [6] Knight, Timothy (2014). Hysteria, Shocks and Wars : A Trader's Perspective on Financial Market Performance in Great Events since 1600. RAND. [7] Victor Roudometof. (2014). Globalization and Orthodox Christianity : the transformations of a religious tradition. Routledge. [8] Thomas G. Mahnken and Dan Blumenthal. ed. (2014). Strategy in Asia : the past, present, and future of regional security. International Monetary Fund. [9] Boddy Janice, Lambek Michael. (2014). Companions to Anthropology: Companion to the Anthropology of Religion. Wiley. [10] Ya-chen Chen. (2014). New modern Chinese women and gender politics : the centennial of the end of the Qing Dynasty. Routledge.

M.S. Newsletter 23 June 2014 Papers

[1] Deng, Zongyi, Douglas W. (2014). Confucianism, modernization and Chinese pedagogy (Part Two): continuing the conversation. JOURNAL OF CURRICULUM STUDIES 46(3): 301-304. [2] Canovas Izquierdo etc. (2014). Extracting models from source code in software modernization. SOFTWARE AND SYSTEMS MODELING.13(2): 713-734. [3] Arrebola, Carlos A. (2014). Financing Services of General Economic Interest: Reform and Modernization. COMMON MARKET LAW REVIEW. 51(2): 728-728. [4] Weitz, Charles A. etc. (2014). Adult Lipids Associated With Early Life Growth in Traditional Melanesian Societies Undergoing Rapid Modernization: A Longitudinal Study of the Mid-20th Century. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY. 153(4): 551-558. [5] Veile, Bolivian Amazon A. (2014). Modernization is associated with intensive breastfeeding in the Bolivian Amazon. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN BIOLOGY. 26（2）: 285-285. [6] Fieldman, Glenn (2014). Financialisation and ecological modernisation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLITICS. 23(2): 224-242. [7] Rondeaux, Giseline (2014). What are the dynamics of organizational identification in the course of modernization processesAnalysis of a Belgian administration. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF ADMINISTRATIVE SCIENCES. 80(1): 110-130. [8] Rosemblatt, Karin Alejandra. (2014). Modernization, dependency, and the global in Mexican critiques of anthropology. JOURNAL OF GLOBAL HISTORY. 9(1): 94-121. [9] Nathan, Andrew J. (2014) Chinese Industrial Espionage: Technology Acquisition and Military Modernization. FOREIGN AFFAIRS.93(2): 187-187. [10] Hadjsaid, Nouredine etc.(2014). European electric system driving its modernization. IEEE POWER & ENERGY MAGAZINE. 12(2): 18-26. [11] Mukherjee, Ambarish etc.(2014). Modernization of Ayurveda: A Brief Overview of Indian Initiatives. NATURAL PRODUCT COMMUNICATIONS. 9(2): 287-290.

M.S. Newsletter 24 June 2014

About CCMR

Established on June 6, 2002, China Center for Modernization Research is the first national scientific research unit which is devoted to interdisciplinary, international comprehensive and professional study on the modernization. Mission: To explore the principles and methods on modernization science, to evaluate the process of worldwide modernization continually, to provide the advice on the strategies of China’s modernization etc. Goals: The center will probe into the theoretic fundamentals and developing strategy of world modernization in a scientific and systematic way, and strive to be a national research institute that enjoys global reputation.

M.S. Newsletter 25 June 2014