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Considered. the Four Sources of Information for the Research Were DOCUMENT RESUME ED 026 401 24 TE 499 963 By-Radcliffe, David J. Education and Primary Development in Malaya 1900-1940; A Study of the Malay Community. Final Report. Spons Agency-Office of Education (DHEW), Washington, D.C. Bureau of Research. Bureau No- BR -7-E-111 Pub Date 31 Dec 68 Grant 0EG-0-8-070111-0200-010 Note- 77p. EDRS Price MF-$0.60 HC-$3.95 Descriptors-*Acculturation, Anthropolocjy, Community, Community Characteristics, *Community Development, *Community Education, Cultural Interrelationships, Cultural Pluralism, Group Structure, Group Unity, History, Political Attitudes, RelVous Cultural Groups, Social Change, Social Integration, *Social Sciences, Social Studies, Social Systems, Social Values, *Sociocultural Patterns, Sociology Identifiers-*Malaya This study investigated low-level primary education of rural village schools in Malaya to determine the influence of education in the development of the Malaysian community during the period from the 1890's to 1941. In addition, the concept that the "mass" can develop into an "audience with specific interests and demands was considered.Thefour sources of informationforthe research were official governmentrecords in LondonandKualaLumpur,interviews withMalay schoolteachers, the pre-war Malay press, and a local survey in the subdistrict of Ulu Langat, Selangor, Malaya. The investigation revealed that, at the es:--blishment of the colonial government (18%), the Malays of the Federated Malay States were not a homogeneous community, but a diversity of Malaysian peoples. The period of British rule saw the emergence of the Malay community as colonial policies caused both stimulation and reaction. Among the educational forces contributing to the creation of a cultural community were the government Malay vernacular primary schools, the trained Malay schoolteachers, the Islamic religious teachers, and the secular Malay vernacular press. (Author/JS) 16'4'1-E-11/ OE432 ("NJ LU FINAL REPORT Project No. 7-E-111 Grant No. OEG-0-8-070111-0200-010 EDUCATION AND PRIMARY DEVELOPMErT IN MALAYA 1900-1940 A STUDY OF THE MALAY COMMUNITY December 1968 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE Office of Education Bureau of Research U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION & WELFARE OFFICE OF EDUCATION FROM THE THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEENREPRODUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGINATINGIT. STATED DO NOT NECESSARILYREPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE OF EDUCATION POSITION OR POLICY. FINAL REPORT Project No. 7-E-111 Grant No. 0EG-0-8-070111-UM-01C) EDUCATION AND PRIMARY DEVELOTMENT IN MALAYA 1900,4940 David J. Radcliffe The University of Wisconsin Madison, Wisconsin December 31st, 1968 The research reported herein was performed pursuantto a grant with the Office of Education, U.S. Departmentof Health, Education, and Welfare. Contractors undertaking such projects underGovernment sponsorship are encouraged to expressfreely their professional judgment in the conduct of the project. Points of view or opinions stated do not, therefore, necessarily representofficial Office of Education position or policy. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE Office of Education 4 Bureau of Research 04 ii CONTENTS PAGE I Acknowledgements iii I. Summary 1 II. Introduction 4 III. Methods; Sources of Information 8 IV. Results (i) The Malay Peninsula prior to 1940 16 (ii) Ulu Langat, Selangor 21 (iii) The Basis of the System 1900-1918 29 (iv) The Other Malaya 1918-1940 43 1 I. V. Conclusions 53 s Glossary 64 Bibliography 65 Maps (i) Malaya 71 (ii) Ulu Langat 72 1 4 iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The present report was undertaken as part of the author's research for the degree of Ph.D. at the University of Wisconsin. Materials collected while I was in Malaya supported by the United States Office of Education will form the core of my dissertation, which will be completed during the academic year 1968-69.Malaya has provided the basic material and the core study, but the plan of the final dissertation will be broadened to include observations over the field of South and Southeast Asia in general. I would like here to record my thanks to those members of the History Faculty at the University of Wisconsin associated with the Programme in Comparative Tropical History, who have given me the benefit of their guidanr:e while I have been at the University.Also I wish to record my thanks to Professor Andreas Kazamias of the Department of Education, University of Wisconsin, for initiation into the complexities of education and modernisation theory, and to Mr. Karl Schwartz, my fellow student, for the give-and-take ofdebate. In Malaya I have many people to thank, those too many to name who put up with my interviews and who tried to help mesolve my prob- lems. I also wish to thank thosemembers of the University of Malaya who welcomed me and gave their assistance. The officers of the Malaysian National Archives too were particularlyaccommodating, espec- ially in bringing in at my request the files of the Kajang District Office, and giving me facilities to work through the indescribable mess that these turned out tobe. Inche Husin Kandi of the University of Malaya, who accompanied me on a number of field trips, and whoread through and surveyed a large amount of Jawi material in the University Library, deserves my particular gratitude. I owe very special thanks to Mrs. Dick, Secretaryof the Department of History, University of Wisconsin, for the care withwhich she handled my affairs while I was inMalaya, and her help with the reproduction of the final report.Mrs. Basler, of the History Office, struggled with the typing of my M.S., and earns my particulargratitude. I owe most to Professor John R.W. Small, of the Departmentof History, University of Wisconsin, my doctoraladviser, for his help, his criticism, and his tolerance. And finally there is my debt to my wife for her patience with my work, and her encouragement. I. SUMMARY This report is concerned with thedevelopment of a Malay community in British Malaya, akt FederatedMalay States, during the period from the introduction ofcolonial rule up to the outbreak of the Pacific War in1941--roughly speaking a period of half a century. The report illustrates thefact Chat the community thus discussed was by no means homogeneous at the startof this period, and that becoming Malay, and gaining awareness of a commonidentity of interests, were in every sense educational processes.The forces behind these pro- cesses were bothformal, a Malay vernacular school system set upby the colonial government, andinformal. The report essays to discuss the relationship, or lack of it,between such formal and informal processes. Secondly, the report is an attempt tocontribute to the theory of an 'audience' as a part of apolitical model describing social organisation or the interaction behind'elites' and 'audiences,' with 'brokers' acting as 'intermediaries.' If the audience is a tenable theory, in so far as audiences areextensive, undefined, and aot systematically articulate, this studyhas only met with limited success in thisself-appointed task. Paradoxically, though the scope of thestudy is indeed very general--the processes creating acommunity--it was felt that the way to tackle theproblem was to make a fairly limited study of one village or a group of villages. In the event one particularsubdistrict of the State of Selangor wasselected, containing five principal villages or nodes of settlement. A closer study of this areain At particular it was hoped would givedepth to the total research. the same time the reportcontains a very general outlineof educational provision for the Malay undercolonial rule, but has made no attempt to cover western policyin detail, since accountsof this already exist (see bibliography). Four sources of information wereused, and these can again be subdivided into sub-categories.The sources were (i)Official govern- ment records, theAnnual Administrative andDepartmental reports on records of the the Federated Malay States,and the more detailed local files of the District understudy. (This work was carried out in London and in Malaya);(ii) Personal interviewsgenerally, undertaken during the in Malaya, with Malayschoolteachers who had been active pre-war period,and with scholars and otherswho would be able to supply selected district advice and information;(iii) Local interviews in the village community, (iv) with the residents, inparticular leaders of the period, both the Malay A sampling of Malayliterature dating from this newspapers, and shortstories, reminiscences, essays,and other writings. In part the research waslimited more than had beenanticipated had been by the absence of documentaryrecords, either because these 2 lost or destroyed during the Japaneseinvasion of Malaya, or because much of the kind of informationwhich would be welcome for such a study as this was never a matter of record. It was also found that individual memories differed too widely for any toocertain construc- tions to be placed upon this factualinformation. Interviews, in these circumstances, were not highly structured,such as would be open to correlation and direct comparison, butinstead took the form of probing into certain themes and lines ofresearch as these were developed, with a considerable amount'play-back' and cross-testing of information from one interviewee toanother. Although this met with a considerable amount of contradictoryadvice from the interviewees, it didestablish the main themes of the research. The analysis has been divided intofour principal sections. There is a brief introduction to the Malay peninsula and itspeculiar pre- This war organisation,for those who may not befamiliar with this. is followed by a secondintroduction, to the mukim, orsub-district, of Ulu Langat, in the stateof Selangor, with an explanationof the reasons for choosingthis particular district, and a'setting-of-the- scene'for this central core study. Historically the account isdivided into two periods,'the Basis of the System,' describingthe formation of the colonialMalay,society up to about1918, and a section which hasbeen called 'The Other Malaya,' dealing with the remainingperiod up to 1940.
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